MnO_(2)/carbon nanocomposite based on silkworm excrement for high-performance supercapacitors

MnO_(2)/biomass carbon nanocomposite was synthesized by a facile hydrothermal reaction.Silkworm excrement acted as a carbon precursor,which was activated by ZnCl_(2) and FeCl_(3) combining chemical agents under Ar atmosphere.Thin and flower-like MnO_(2) nanowires were in-situ anchored on the surface of the biomass carbon.The biomass carbon not only offered high conductivity and good structural stability but also relieved the large volume expansion during the charge/discharge process.The obtained MnO_(2)/biomass carbon nanocomposite electrode exhibited a high specific capacitance(238 F·g^(-1) at 0.5 A·g^(-1))and a superior cycling stability with only 7% degradation after 2000 cycles.The observed good electrochemical performance is accredited to the materials’high specific surface area,multilevel hierarchical structure,and good conductivity.This study proposes a promising method that utilizes biological waste and broadens MnO_(2)-based electrode material application for next-generation energy storage and conversion devices.

Analysis and Countermeasure on Present Conditions of Animal Excrement Pollution in Heilongjiang Province

Attaching more importance to the problem of animal excrement pollution is the premise of realizing the sustainable development of animal husbandry in Heilongjiang Province. With the constant expansion of the scale of breeding industry, the amount of animal excrement will increase greatly, corresponding to the increasing pressure on water and land. Therefore, for the sake of promoting the coordinated development of animal husbandry and the environment, this paper analyzed the status of animal excrement pollution in Heilongjiang Province. On this base, the paper suggested that we must control animal excrement pollution proceeding from reality by using administrative means, legal means, economic means and technical means.

Elemental and Isotopic Signatures in the Sediments Influenced by Seal Excrement on Antarctic Fildes Peninsula and Their Potential Paleoecological Applications

The elemental and isotopic signatures in the sediments influenced by seal excrement on Antarctic Fildes Peninsula are examined for their potential palaeoecologlcal applications. The seal hair abundance in sediments exhibits remarkable fluctuation versus depth, indicating similar changes in historical populations of the seals visiting the marine terrace. The combination of δ^13 C, total organic carbon concentration （TOC）, total nitrogen concentration （TN） and atomic C/N ratio shows that the organic matters in sediments with numerous seal hairs have a marine origin and are predominantly derived from seal excrements. The large δ15 N values in sediments are attributed to trophic enrichment and NH3 vollatilization processes. The large variations in the δ^15 N values and the negative correlation between the δ15 N values and the seal hair abundances seem to be the results of changes in the paleoclimates and the volatilization rates of the ammonia produced in the seal excrements. The 87 Sr/86 Sr ratios in the acid-soluble fraction of sediments are interpreted as a mixture of the ones from the seal excrements （30%-50%） and the chemically weathered local bedrocks （70%-50%）. The calculated proportion of seal-derived Sr based on the ^87 Sr/^86 Sr ratios has a significant correlation with seal hair abundances in sediments. These results suggest that δ15 N values and the ^87 Sr/^86 Sr ratios in the acid-soluble fraction of sediments were influenced by seal excrements, similar to seal halt numbers, and thus can potentially be used to estimate the historical seal population in the Antarctic region.

Experimental Method for Measuring Non-toilet Mountaineer＇s Excrement

The increasing number of mountain climbers made them a significant source of anthropopression. The paper is focused on the devastating impact of non-toilet human waste on high-mountain environment and discusses the scale of this phenomenon. Four male members, of mean age 31.5 （±0.5） years, volunteered for this study. The study was conducted above 12,286 feet （3,745 m）, and consisted of 12 days of measuring human excrement output, as well as calorie and liquid consumption. The average results showed the amount of human excrement remains left by climbers in high-mountain environment on a daily scale; i.e., feces of approximately 128 g （32 g without water） and approximately 1.8 L of urine. During this study, the average daily diet consisted of 4,000 （± 500） calories and average 3.6 （± 1.1） quarts （3.8 ± 1 L） of water. Based on these data, an example calculation of quantitative values of human feces and urine left by climbers in 2013 on Denali （Mount McKinley） was conducted. Results show that the 1,151 people that climbed Denali within 18 days （the mean residence time in the massif） left behind over 660 kg of feces and more than 37 thousand liters of urine in the massif in 2013 alone.

Research Progress on Production of Chlorophyll and Other Products with Silkworm Excrement and Industrial Development over the Past 50 Years

The development of sericultural industry in the Pearl River Delta has contributed greatly to good ecological environment and economic prosperity of the people’s livelihood.Comprehensive utilization of sericulture resources can turn waste into valuable resources and expand the development approaches of sericultural industry.For example,using abundant silkworm excrement to produce chlorophyll is one of the good practices in comprehensive utilization of sericulture resources,which has leading technologies and good economic benefits.In addition to chlorophyll,the products produced from silkworm excrement can be used as the main raw materials of medicine,food,plant growth regulator and cosmetics.For instances,phytol,the important raw material for synthesis of vitamin E and vitamin K,was extracted from silkworm excrement,enabling China to become an important production base of vitamin E and vitamin K.Triacontanol extracted from silkworm excrement is a new crop growth regulator,which can increase the yield of rice and vegetable.Pectin,dietary fiber and carotenoid extracted from silkworm excrement as well can be used as natural raw material in many fields.China is the biggest manufacturer and supplier of silkworm excrement products in the world,which has a development history of about 50 years and generated high export revenue.It is believed that close combination of academic research and industry development is the only way to promote the industrial development of silkworm excrement resources.

Utilization of human excrement in pre-modern China,its theoretical interpretations and ecological significance

The use of human excrement as fertilizer is a characteristic of traditional Chinese agriculture..The application of excrement from urban residents in agriculture since the Song Dynasty has ensured the cleanliness and hygiene of ancientChinesecities.As early as the Ming Dynasty,the Chinese people defined the principle of fertilizing fields with human excrement from the perspective of materialcirculation.The concept Peri-URban ecosystems(PURE)provides inspiration forurban-rural symbiosis regarding circulareconomy.The use of human excrement in fertilization is a major attribute differentiating the Chinese traditional agriculture from the agriculture in other regions around the world.Despite the fact that the exact record showing that human excrement was used as fertilizer in China emerged in the Western Han Dynasty(B.C.202-A.D.8),such records did not become prevalent until the Southern Song Dynasty(A.D.1127-1279).In the Ming and Qing eras(A.D.1368-1912),human excrement was even considered"top-class fertilizerand servedas themost essential fertilizerin farmland fertilization.The importance of human excrement in the Ming and Qing was mainly reflected by farmers'purchase of human excrement from urban areas.As fertilization practices became increasingly popular during the period,men of letters built a localized theoretical system centering on human excrement.Although the use of human excrement had both positive and negative impacts on public health and the ecological environment,the positive overshadowed the negativeas a whole.Today,it is worth pondering on how the utilization of human excrement as an agricultural resource can be improved so that a material cycle system can be rebuilt to re-connect the urban and rural areas.

油茶壳-蚕沙不同碳氮比堆肥的腐熟效果

【目的】探明油茶壳-蚕沙不同碳氮比(C/N)堆肥的腐熟效果,为油茶壳和蚕沙无害化、资源化利用提供依据。【方法】以油茶壳与蚕沙为堆肥原料进行好氧堆肥试验,研究不同碳氮比油茶壳-蚕沙堆肥处理(CK:纯油茶壳50 kg,C/N=100;T_(1):油茶壳50 kg,蚕沙45 kg,C/N=20;T_(2):油茶壳50 kg,蚕沙31 kg,C/N=25;T_(3):油茶壳50 kg,蚕沙23 kg,C/N=30;T_(4):油茶壳50 kg,蚕沙18 kg,C/N=35)堆肥过程中物理、化学和生物指标的变化。【结果】与CK比,不同C/N油茶壳-蚕沙处理pH呈中性或弱碱性,且最高温度和高温持续时间均较高,其中,C/N=20和C/N=25的油茶壳-蚕沙处理高温持续时间分别为17 d和13 d,达《畜禽粪便无害化处理技术规范》(NY/T 1168—2006)要求。不同C/N油茶壳-蚕沙处理的C/N、有机质、木质素和纤维素含量均随发酵进程而逐渐降低,全氮、全磷和全钾含量均有所增加,堆肥发酵结束时,C/N=20和C/N=25油茶壳-蚕沙处理的总养分含量较高,分别为5.10%和4.28%,符合《有机肥料》(NY/T 525—2021)要求;有机质、纤维素、木质素的降幅较大,分别降17.1百分点、11.2百分点、8.4百分点和15.8百分点、6.8百分点、6.3百分点;GI均稳定在70%以上,对植物毒性小。不同C/N油茶壳-蚕沙处理堆肥后的重金属(Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg)含量较堆肥前均有所提高,但均低于标准限量值。【结论】添加适量比例的蚕沙可有效促进油茶壳腐解,调节堆肥初始C/N在20~25有利于油茶壳-蚕沙堆肥的腐熟。

岩鸽排泄物对壁画损害特征研究

鸟类排泄物是造成石窟寺壁画、彩塑污染的主要因素之一,科学剖析鸟类排泄物对壁画的损害特征是此类污染物有效清除的前提。本研究利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法分析了炳灵寺石窟壁画表面岩鸽排泄物成分,采用扫描电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)、便携式显微镜、偏光显微镜(PLM)表征了鸟类排泄物对模拟壁画的微观损害特征。结果表明,岩鸽排泄物成分主要由尿酸、纤维素、多肽类有机物,以及以石英为主的无机盐组成。排泄物造成壁画覆盖污染、颜料层和地仗层侵蚀、颜料颗粒间原始粘附结构破坏,导致颜料层起甲、脱落,可溶盐活动及其他生物侵蚀。研究结果对于古代壁画的科学保护与修复具有指导意义。

麦积山石窟松鼠科动物排泄物清洗及其驱避防治

动物在古代壁画及彩塑表面活动常造成极难清除的排泄物污染,影响文物美学价值并引起其他类型病害。复齿鼯鼠(Trogopterus xanthipes)与岩松鼠(Sciurotamias davidianus)是常年活动于麦积山石窟及周边的两种松鼠科动物,其棕黑色的固液排泄物大量分布在石窟文物、喷锚崖体、栈道表面以及栿孔内部。本研究通过生物酶及表面活性剂配以4%吸水性树脂(SAP)的方法对污染区域进行贴敷处理,以筛选最适清洗试剂及工艺。结果表明,人工唾液处理前后色差最大,与对照区差异显著(色差值为8.311±0.798 CIELab单位,P<0.05),且洗净率最大(59.6%),是理想的清洗试剂。在此基础上分别采用金属驱避刺、辣椒素(CAP)以及超声波驱避器开展致害物种现场驱避实验。监测发现,三种驱避措施有一定差异性:金属刺对岩松鼠具有很强的驱避性,布设后其无法在有刺范围内活动,而喷洒辣椒素可明显降低复齿鼯鼠单日最大活动时长和日平均活动次数,两种松鼠科动物均可快速适应超声波,驱避有效期仅有5d左右。因此,针对不同物种可复合多种措施综合驱避。本研究可对遗产地动物排泄物清洗及有害物种驱避提供科学依据和实践指导。

蚕沙基生物多孔炭的制备及对杀虫单/呋虫胺的协同吸附与缓释性能

以桑蚕业废弃物蚕沙为原料,氯化锌为活化剂,在900℃下高温活化得到蚕沙基生物多孔炭(biochar of silkworm excrement,BCSE)。利用氮气吸脱附、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射及傅里叶变换红外光谱对BCSE的理化性质进行表征分析,并测试其对农药杀虫单和呋虫胺的协同吸附与脱附性能,以及吸附农药后的贮藏稳定性。结果表明:BCSE具有丰富的孔道结构,其最优材料BCSE-3的BET比表面积可达833.0m^(2)/g,对杀虫单和呋虫胺的单独吸附分别可达0.83mmol/g和1.43mmol/g,双组分协同吸附时两种农药的吸附容量和吸附速率与单组分相比都显著提升。同时贮藏稳定性结果也证明在54℃下两种农药在BCSE-3中都拥有长达35d以上的稳定性(农药降解率<2%),远超农业农村部对农药贮藏稳定性的要求。最后通过分子模拟计算发现,呋虫胺上高电子密度的含氧五元杂环与BCSE上苯环形成π-π相互作用是呋虫胺具有更高吸附量和更快吸附速率的主要原因,而杀虫单和呋虫胺间的氢键作用是二者混合吸附量大于单组分吸附量的主要原因。

智能清粪机器人系统的设计与试验

针对现代化封闭式养殖舍内漏粪板上粪污不能完全掉落至集粪槽的问题,设计了一种智能清粪机器人。设计基于ROS系统和激光雷达,以SLAM算法为基础,利用小型工控机为上层控制器,ARM系列芯片为底层控制器,融合红外和超声波传感器技术,实现所需功能;采用万向轮与两个对称驱动轮形成三点支撑行走架构,保持机体运行稳定;前后各设水喷头用于干固粪污的湿润及刮后漏粪板的清洗;刮粪板采用耐磨橡胶材质,避免与地面发生刮刺,影响漏粪板平整及刮粪板使用寿命,刮粪板置于机身前端下部,跟随整机行走,实现清粪功能。试验结果表明:清粪机器人能实现自动行走、自主建图、自动充电与加水,有较好的识别障碍物及路径规划功能,能实时清理猪舍粪污;在同等清洁度要求下,可减少人工,降低劳动强度。研究结果可为大栏畜禽养殖舍内漏粪板上粪污智能化清理设备提供参考。

饲料中添加蚕沙对草鱼生长性能、肝肠组织形态和肌肉品质的影响

试验旨在研究饲料中添加蚕沙对草鱼生长性能、肝肠组织形态和肌肉品质的影响。选取初始体重为(932.34±36.9)g的草鱼300尾,随机分为2组,每组3个重复,每个重复50尾鱼。在93 d饲养期中,对照组投喂常规基础饲料,10%蚕沙组投喂添加10%蚕沙的饲料,2种试验饲料等氮等脂。结果显示:(1)与对照组相比,10%蚕沙组饲料系数显著升高(P<0.05),增重率、特定生长率、成活率、脏体比、肥满度和肝体比无显著差异(P>0.05)。(2)与对照组相比,10%蚕沙组肠绒毛高度显著增加(P<0.05),肠绒毛宽度和肌层厚度无显著差异(P>0.05);对照组和10%蚕沙组草鱼肝脏细胞形态正常,细胞核结构清晰,无细胞空泡化和细胞核偏移现象。(3)与对照组相比,10%蚕沙组肌肉蛋氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、半必需氨基酸含量显著升高(P<0.05);蛋白质、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、鲜味氨基酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、脯氨酸、必需氨基酸和必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸含量极显著增加(P<0.01);水分含量显著降低(P<0.05);10%蚕沙组脂肪、灰分、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、丝氨酸、甜味氨基酸、必需氨基酸/总氨基酸和肌苷酸含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。10%蚕沙组肌纤维直径极显著低于对照组(P<0.01);肌纤维密度和硬度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);内聚性、胶着性和咀嚼性极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);两组间弹性、回复性和剪切力无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上,饲料中添加10%的蚕沙不影响草鱼的生长性能,不会损伤草鱼肝脏和肠道的组织形态,会降低肌肉的水分含量,显著提高肌肉的蛋白质、鲜味氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量,改善草鱼肌肉质构特性,提高肌肉品质。

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定畜禽排泄物中20种磺胺类药物的残留

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定畜禽排泄物中20种磺胺类药物残留量的分析方法。样品经冷冻干燥后粉碎过筛,90%酸化乙腈提取,HLB固相萃取柱净化,UPLC-MS/MS检测,基质匹配校准外标法定量。结果显示,20种磺胺类药物在2~250 ng/mL浓度范围内,线性良好,相关系数均>0.99,检出限为2μg/kg,定量限为5μg/kg。在添加浓度分别为5、10、500μg/kg时,平均回收率为78.0%~117%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.1%~14.2%。该方法具有较低的检出限、定量限及较高的回收率和稳定性,可应用于畜禽排泄物中20种磺胺类药物残留量的监测。

响应面法优化柞蚕蚕沙总黄酮提取工艺及体外抗氧化活性分析

目的:优化柞蚕蚕沙总黄酮提取工艺,并考察其体外抗氧化活性。方法:以黄酮得率为评价指标,考察提取过程中乙醇体积分数、提取温度、料液比和超声功率对得率的影响。在单因素试验结果的基础上,采用Box-behnken中心组合设计原理优化工艺条件。以DPPH、ABTS法测定所得总黄酮的抗氧化能力。结果:最优提取工艺为乙醇体积分数62%,提取温度64℃,料液比1:23,超声功率384 w,总黄酮得率为3.6%。柞蚕蚕沙总黄酮对DPPH自由基清除率和ABTS自由基清除率的IC50分别为0.405 mg/mL、0.115 mg/mL。结论:优化后的提取工艺稳定可靠,所得柞蚕蚕沙总黄酮具有良好的抗氧化活性。

蚕沙的营养特征、处理工艺及其在动物生产中的应用研究进展

蚕沙是桑蚕产业的副产物,具有产量丰富和价格低廉,富含粗蛋白质、粗纤维、粗脂肪等常规营养成分及钙、磷、铜、铁、锌、锰等矿物元素,同时含有黄酮、多酚、维生素、生物碱等活性成分的特点,可作为一种优质的非常规饲料原料。然而,蚕沙中含有大量微生物、纤维素、亚硝酸盐、单宁、果胶、植酸等有毒有害或抗营养物质,直接饲喂会对动物健康产生消极影响,这严重限制了蚕沙的饲料化利用。采用一些技术手段,特别是微生物发酵技术不仅可降解蚕沙中的果胶、纤维素、亚硝酸盐、木质素、植酸、单宁等抗营养物质,抑制有害微生物的繁殖,而且还能提高其粗蛋白质、粗脂肪等营养物质含量,进而改善蚕沙的营养结构和营养价值,这对推进蚕沙的饲料化利用和缓解中国饲料资源紧缺等问题意义重大。在动物生产中,饲粮中适宜的蚕沙添加或替代水平具有提高动物生产性能、改善动物产品品质、调控机体免疫和代谢等作用,在畜牧领域具有广泛的发展应用前景。作者就蚕沙的营养特点和组成成分、处理工艺,以及蚕沙在动物生产中的应用进行归纳总结,以期为蚕沙的饲料化利用提供参考。

草食性动物排泄物制备氧压酸浸炼锌中分散剂的研究与应用

对木质素在牧草中的分布进行了详细论述,对牧草的体外消化情况进行了分析,归纳了木质素的制备方法,创新地提出了草食性动物排泄物富集—提纯木质素—制备氧压浸出分散剂的技术新思路,利用草食性动物消化—分解—吸收植物中蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉和粗纤维等营养物质,使得木质素残留在排泄物中,实现了木质素的天然富集,并以草食性动物排泄物为原料制备了木质素磺酸盐,提高了木质素磺酸盐单位产出量,降低了处理成本。该技术结合了冶炼企业与草原生态的特点,充分利用当地草原牧草、草食性动物排泄物为锌氧压浸出提供制备木质素的原材料,形成了植物-动物-锌冶炼多领域相结合的特色工艺。

超高效液相色谱 串联质谱法同时测定畜禽排泄物中15种喹诺酮类药物

建立了应用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定畜禽排泄物中15种喹诺酮类药物残留量的分析方法。样品经冷冻干燥后粉碎过筛,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)和0.1 mol·L^(-1)盐酸溶液混合提取,HLB固相萃取柱净化,UPLC-MS/MS检测,基质匹配校准外标法定量。结果表明:15种喹诺酮在2~50 ng·mL^(-1)浓度范围内线性良好,决定系数(R^(2))>0.99,检出限为5μg·kg^(-1),定量限为10μg·kg^(-1),添加量为10、20、500μg·kg^(-1)浓度时,平均回收率为76.2%~109.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.3%~12.4%(n=6)。该方法实现了较低的检测限、定量限,较高回收率和稳定性,可应用于畜禽排泄物中喹诺酮类药物残留量的监测,为畜禽排泄物在种植业中的科学施用提供准确指导,为间接监测养殖过程中各喹诺酮类药物的含量提供技术方法,指导养殖企业合理使用抗菌药物。

蚕沙有机肥对雷竹林土壤理化性质和酶活性的影响

为了解蚕沙有机肥对雷竹林土壤的改良效果,以浙江省德清县舞阳街道城山村雷竹林土壤为研究对象,雷竹林土壤单施化肥作为对照(CK),蚕沙有机肥施肥量分别为7500 kg·hm^(-2)(T1处理)、15000 kg·hm^(-2)(T2处理)、22500 kg·hm^(-2)(T3处理),比较不同蚕沙有机肥施肥量的雷竹林土壤理化性质和酶活性的差异。结果表明:蚕沙有机肥对土壤理化性质和酶活性有显著影响(P<0.05)。与对照(CK)相比,施用蚕沙有机肥(T1、T2、T3处理)显著提高了土壤有机碳和碱解氮质量分数(P<0.05),且随着蚕沙有机肥施肥量的增加而增加;表层(0~20 cm)土壤硝态氮和有效磷质量分数显著提高(P<0.05),与碳氮磷转化相关的土壤酶活性显著提高(P<0.05)。土壤总孔隙度、土壤通气度、总有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、硝态氮是影响土壤综合质量的重要指标,施用蚕沙有机肥提高了雷竹林土壤综合质量。因此蚕沙有机肥可以改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤养分有效性和酶活性。

蚕沙有机肥对雷竹笋产量和品质的影响

为了探明蚕沙有机肥对雷竹Phyllostachys violascens‘Prevernalis’笋产量和品质的影响,本研究以不施肥(CK)雷竹林作为对照,比较不同蚕沙有机肥施肥量(T1处理:低量施肥7500 kg·hm^(-2),T2处理:中量施肥15000 kg·hm^(-2),T3处理:高量施肥22500 kg·hm^(-2))对雷竹笋产量和品质的影响,为雷竹林科学高效经营和高品质雷竹笋生产提供参考。结果表明:3种蚕沙有机肥施肥量对雷竹笋的产量和品质均有显著影响(P<0.05)。与CK相比,3种蚕沙有机肥施肥量均显著提升了雷竹笋产量(P<0.05),分别为CK的1.44、1.54和1.87倍;3种蚕沙有机肥施肥量均显著提升了雷竹笋中蛋白质、总黄酮、维生素C和总氨基酸含量以及鲜味氨基酸含量和所占比例(P<0.05),提高了雷竹笋的营养成分;3种蚕沙有机肥施肥量均显著降低了雷竹笋的可溶性糖、木质素和纤维素含量以及苦味氨基酸含量和所占比例(P<0.05),低量和中量蚕沙有机肥处理显著降低了雷竹笋中的单宁含量(P<0.05),中量和高量蚕沙有机肥处理显著降低了雷竹笋中的草酸含量(P<0.05),降低了雷竹笋的酸涩感、粗糙度,提高了其适口性。因此,适量的蚕沙有机肥可以促进雷竹笋增产和竹笋品质提升。