m^(6)A modification of lncRNA in middle ear cholesteatoma

Objective:Middle ear cholesteatoma is a non-tumorous condition that typically leads to hearing loss,bone destruction,and other severe complications.Despite surgery being the primary treatment,the recurrence rate remains high.Therefore,exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying cholesteatoma is crucial for discovering new therapeutic approaches.This study aims to explore the involvement of N6-methyladenosine(m^(6)A)methylation in long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)in the biological functions and related pathways of middle ear cholesteatoma.Methods:The m^(6)A modification patterns of lncRNA in middle ear cholesteatoma tissues(n=5)and normal post-auricular skin tissues(n=5)were analyzed using an lncRNA m^(6)A transcriptome microarray.Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analyses were conducted to identify potential biological functions and signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of middle ear cholesteatoma.Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation(MeRIP)-PCR was used to validate the m^(6)A modifications in cholesteatoma and normal skin tissues.Results:Compared with normal skin tissues,1525 lncRNAs were differentially methylated in middle ear cholesteatoma tissues,with 1048 showing hypermethylation and 477 showing hypomethylation[fold change(FC)≥3 or<1/3,P<0.05].GO enrichment analysis indicated that hypermethylated lncRNAs were involved in protein phosphatase inhibitor activity,neuron-neuron synapse,and regulation ofα-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid(AMPA)receptor activity.Hypomethylated lncRNAs were associated with mRNA methyltransferase activity,secretory granule membrane,and mRNA methylation.KEGG analysis revealed that hypermethylated lncRNAs were mainly associated with 5 pathways:the Hedgehog signaling pathway,viral protein interaction with cytokines and cytokine receptors,mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signaling pathway,cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction,and adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes.Hypomethylated lncRNAs were mainly involved in 4 pathways:Renal cell carcinoma,tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway,transcriptional misregulation in cancer,and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction.Additionally,MeRIP-PCR confirmed the changes in m^(6)A methylation levels in NR_033339,NR_122111,NR_130744,and NR_026800,consistent with microarray analysis.Real-time PCR also confirmed the significant upregulation of MAPK1 and NF-κB,key genes in the MAPK signaling pathway.Conclusion:This study reveals the m^(6)A modification patterns of lncRNAs in middle ear cholesteatoma,suggests a direction for further research into the role of lncRNA m^(6)A modification in the etiology of cholesteatoma.The findings provide potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of middle ear cholesteatoma.

Potential otogenic complications caused by cholesteatoma of the contralateral ear in patients with otogenic abscess secondary to middle ear cholesteatoma of one ear:A case report

BACKGROUND Otogenic brain abscess caused by middle ear cholesteatoma is a potentially serious and life-threatening complication in the ear,nose,and throat clinic.The mortality rate associated with otogenic brain abscesses is 8%–26.3%.Recently,in China,the incidence of brain abscess secondary to middle ear cholesteatoma has started to increase due to antibiotic resistance.CASE SUMMARY A 55-year-old male presented hearing loss in the right ear and headache for 1 mo in 2018.Computed tomography(CT) showed an area of low density in the right middle ear and mastoid and auditory ossicle defects and a small amount of soft tissue density in the left middle ear.The parietal wall of the right tympanic cavity and the posterior wall of the mastoid sinus were thin and less continuous.Cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed an area of low intensity encapsulated by an area of high intensity in the right temporal lobe.We diagnosed him with a brain abscess secondary to middle ear cholesteatoma.He received surgery to drain the abscess followed by a modified radical mastoidectomy.The patient visited our department 3 years later because of intermittent otorrhea in the left ear.CT revealed that the area of the soft tissue density in the left middle ear and mastoid was significantly increased.The posterior wall of the mastoid sinus was destroyed,leaving the left middle ear connecting with the brain.The patient underwent a modified radical mastoidectomy in the left ear CONCLUSION Regular follow-up and timely treatment of contralateral ear disease are vital for the prevention of otogenic complications in patients with otogenic abscesses secondary to middle ear cholesteatoma in the unilateral ear.

Endoscopic ear surgery in middle ear cholesteatoma

Objective:Endoscope has been used as diagnostic tool for recidivism and as an adjunct to microscopic technique in the management of cholesteatoma.At present transcanal endoscopic ear surgery(TEES)is being used as a minimally invasive alternative for microscopic approach.We aim to evaluate the feasibility,structural,functional and quality of life outcomes of endoscopic technique in middle ear cholesteatoma.Method:This prospective study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital from January 2017 to January 2018 including 32 adult patients who were treated by TEES for middle ear cholesteatoma.Feasibility of endoscopic technique was assessed by the conversion rates,visualization of middle ear structures and complications.Structural outcomes were evaluated in terms of graft uptake at the third month follow-up and presence of residual or recurrent disease.Functional outcomes were evaluated in terms of postoperative air-bone gap closure at third month follow-up.Patient outcomes in terms of post-operative pain,cosmetic score,day of return to daily activities and patient comfort scores were evaluated.The quality of life outcomes were evaluated using chronic ear survey(CES)and short form questionnaire12 version 2(SF-12V2)which are disease specific and general quality of life assessment tools respectively.Result:Out of 32 patients,endoscopic intact canal wall mastoidectomy was done for 28 and endoscopic canal wall down mastoidectomy in 4 patients.One(3.1%)patient had to be converted to microscopic technique.Median follow-up period was 32.8 months(9e46 months).There were no post-operative complications in any of our patients.The mean middle ear structural visibility index score was 8.4±1.4 with the use of zero-degree endoscope.Graft uptake rate at third month follow-up was 100%.Two(6.3%)patients had recurrent disease at 6 months follow-up and were treated by revision endoscopic surgery.The air conduction(51.3±20.2 dB vs.34.5±20.4 dB,p<0.001),and air-bone gap(33.5±11.1 dB vs.16.9±11.8 dB,p<0.001)has been significantly improved.The mean pain score at 0 hours,6 hours and 24 hours after surgery were 2.5/10,1.6/10 and 0.75/10 respectively.At the discharge,the mean patient comfort score was 9.3±0.6 out of 10.Mean cosmetic score was 9.3±0.5 at the third month follow-up.There was significant post-operative improvement in the sub-scale and total scores of CES and SF-12V2.Conclusion:Endoscopic approach to middle ear cholesteatoma is feasible and confers excellent structural,functional as well as patient related quality of life outcomes.

Clinical characteristics of patients with labyrinthine fistulae caused by middle ear cholesteatoma

Background Labyrinthine fistula （LF） is a very common clinical complication mainly caused by middle ear cholesteatoma. Whether the presence of different degree LF caused by middle ear cholesteatoma aggravates neurosensory hearing loss （NSHL） and what is the degree of the hearing loss caused by LF were still under controversial. This study aimed to investigate whether the LF degree is correlative with the age distribution, disease duration and hearing loss degree for cholesteatomatous patients. Methods The files of 143 patients with middle ear cholesteatoma were selected and reviewed in a retrospective study. Seventy-eight patients with LF were divided into three types according to the degree of destruction of labyrinth. Sixty-five patients without LF were randomly chosen for control. Then, we compared the clinical characteristics of patients with or without labyrinthine fistulae caused by middle ear cholesteatoma. Results According to the study, cholesteatomatous patients with LF were older and suffered longer disease duration than those without LF. Hearing loss is severe with high frequencies both in patients with and without LF. Moreover, inner ear impairment is correlative with the degree of destruction in labyrinth, and more severe destruction in labyrinth follow the more severe symptoms correlative with inner ear impairment. Conclusion Surgical intervention should be performed as early as possible for these cholesteatomatous patients.

Application of high resolution computer tomography in external ear canal cholesteatoma diagnosis

Objective: To evaluate High Resolution Computer Tomography(HRCT) in the diagnosis of external ear canal cholesteatoma.Methods: In this retrospective study, HRCTs of 27 patients with external ear canal cholesteatoma were reviewed. The changes in the external ear canal, tympanic membrane(TM), scutum, tympanum and mastoid were measured and categorized.Results: Fourteen patients showed no or mild destruction in the external ear canal(stage Ⅰ group). Eight patients had obvious enlargement in the external ear canal(stage Ⅱ group) but showed limited destructions of the mastoid bone and no damage of the tympanums. Five patients had serious destruction of the mastoid bone and damage of the tympanum(stage Ⅲ group). All patients in the stage Ⅲ group showed a compression of manubriums and TMs, with 3 having damages on ossicular chain. Bone destruction of the vertical section of facial nerve canal was discovered in one case in the stage Ⅲ group.Conclusion: HRCT can provide detail information about the extent of external ear canal cholesteatoma. Such information can be used to identify special situations with serious complications and to differentiate external ear canal cholesteatoma from middle ear cholesteatoma.

Modification of closed tympanoplasty in middle ear cholesteatoma

Background Classic mastoidectomy and modified mastoidectomy are traditional surgical procedures for middle ear cholesteatoma with goals of eradicating diseases, creating dry ears and preventing severe complications. However, the drawback of these procedures is the lack of hearing improvement. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the effects and safety of a modification of closed tympanoplasty for middle ear cholesteatoma. Methods Eighty-three patients were recruited in this study based on the following two criteria： each patient had middle ear cholesteatoma in one ear; the affected ears had a functional eustachian tube and had neither intracranial nor extracranial complications. All the patients received a modification of closed tympanoplasty which included ossicular reconstruction with total ossicular replacement prosthesis （TORP） or partial ossicular replacement prosthesis （PORP） and membrane repair with conchal cartilage-perichondral complex. Results All the 83 cases had dry ears with membranes healed within 4-6 postoperative weeks. After 6 postoperative months, there were 3 cases with re-perforation at the tympanic membrane center and after 1.5 postoperative years, there were 5 cases with cholesteatoma recurrence （6.02%）. Function tests after one postoperative year exhibited an improvement of pure tone audiometry （PTA） in 27 cases that was more than 30 dB, in 33 cases between 20-29 dB, 14 cases with improvement between 10-19 dB, and in 9 cases there was no improvement. Conclusions The modified closed tympanoplasty procedure for middle ear cholesteatoma in the present study has all the advantages of both close-cavity and open-cavity procedures. It has low recurrence rate and good hearing improvement.

Congenital cholesteatoma of the middle ear-a report of 10 cases

Objectives To study clinical, imaging features and treatment outcomes of congenital cholesteatoma of middle ear (CCME). Methods This is a retrospective review of 10 CCME cases selected from 952 cholesteatoma cases treated between January 1995 and December 2005 at the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital. The main outcome measures were the site of origin, clinical features, surgical findings, imaging characteristics and hearing results. Results The mean age of the 10 patients was 16 years(ranged from 10 to 24 years), with 6 being older than 18 years. There were 7 males and 3 females. The average delay to diagnosis was longer than 2 years. The mean preoperative PTA was 55 dB HL, with a mean ABG of 45 dB. Typical cholesteatomas were seen behind the tympanic membrane in the superoposterior quadrant on otoscopy only in 2 patients. High resolution CT was completed in all patients. Most of the patients(8/10) were diagnosed with otosclerosis or ossicular abnormality before operation. All patients underwent a one-stage tympanoplasty following transmeatal explorative tympanotomy and complete cholesteatoma removal, except one, who underwent a CWU mastoidectomy due to extensive cholesteatoma involvement. The choleasteatoma lesion was confined to the superoposterior mesotympanum in all patients. The mean postoperative PTA was 20 dB HL. All patients were followed-up for at least 1.5 years postoperatively. Revision procedures were performed in 2 patients for hearing deterioration. No residual or recurrence of cholesteatoma was found. Conclusion CCME is a rare disease that often gets delayed diagnosis. Residual lesions and the prognosis mainly depend on the extent of the lesion.

Pediatric Middle Ear Congenital Cholesteatoma: A Case Report

Congenital cholesteatoma（CC）is a rarely seen benign tumor of the temporal bone. There are five general sites of extradural occurrence: the middle ear, external auditory meatus, mastoid, squamous portion and the petrous apex of the temporal bone. CC grows slowly and presents no symptoms at the early stage. Delayed and mis-diagnosis are common with this condition. Case report A 10-year-old boy presented with a 3-month history of hearing loss on right side. There was no history of otorrhea, facial palsy, previous otological procedures or trauma. Otoscopy revealed a bulging posterosuperior quadrant in the otherwise intact right tympanic membrane （Fig.1）. Pure tone audiometry showed an average threshold of 51 dB for 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000Hz, with a 40 dB air-bone gap, suggesting a moderate conductive hearing loss（Fig.4）. CT scan of the temporal bone showed an isolated soft tissue density lesion in the middle ear（Fig.2）.

PTHrP促进RANKL诱导巨噬细胞分化为破骨细胞参与中耳胆脂瘤骨破坏

目的:骨质进行性吸收破坏是中耳胆脂瘤最重要的临床特征之一,可导致一系列颅内外并发症,而目前中耳胆脂瘤骨破坏的机制尚未明确。本研究旨在探究甲状旁腺激素相关蛋白(parathyroid hormone-related protein,PTHrP)参与中耳胆脂瘤骨破坏的机制。方法:收集后天性中耳胆脂瘤患者的25例胆脂瘤标本和13例外耳道正常皮肤组织标本。采用免疫组织化学染色方法检测PTHrP、核因子κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator for nuclear factor-kappa B ligand,RANKL)和骨保护素(osteoprotegerin,OPG)在中耳胆脂瘤和外耳道正常皮肤组织中的表达,抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase,TRAP)染色法检测中耳胆脂瘤和外耳道正常皮肤组织中是否存在TRAP阳性多核巨噬细胞。选取小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞进行干预,分为RANKL干预组和PTHrP+RANKL共同干预组,采用TRAP染色法检测2组破骨细胞的生成情况,实时聚合酶链反应(real-time polymerase chain reaction,real-time PCR)检测干预后2组破骨细胞相关基因TRAP、组织蛋白酶K(cathepsin K,CTSK)和活化T细胞核因子1(nuclear factor of activated T cell cytoplasmic 1,NFATc1)的mRNA表达水平,骨吸收陷窝实验检测2组破骨细胞的骨吸收功能。结果:免疫组织化学染色结果显示,PTHrP和RANKL在中耳胆脂瘤组织中的表达均显著增高,OPG表达降低(均P<0.05),且PTHrP的表达与RANKL、RANKL/OPG比值均呈显著正相关,与OPG表达呈显著负相关(分别r=0.385、r=0.417、r=-0.316,均P<0.05)。同时,PTHrP、RANKL的表达水平与中耳胆脂瘤的骨破坏程度均呈显著正相关(分别r=0.413、r=0.505,均P<0.05)。TRAP染色结果显示中耳胆脂瘤上皮周围基质中有大量TRAP阳性细胞,并存在细胞核数量为3个或3个以上的TRAP阳性破骨细胞。RANKL或PTHrP+RANKL联合干预5 d后,与RANKL干预组相比,PTHrP+RANKL联合干预组的破骨细胞数量显著增加(P<0.05),且破骨细胞相关基因TRAP、CTSK和NFATc1的mRNA表达水平均升高(均P<0.05)。骨吸收陷窝扫描电镜结果显示RANKL干预组、PTHrP+RANKL联合干预组的骨片表面均形成骨吸收陷窝;与RANKL干预组相比,PTHrP+RANKL联合干预组的骨片表面骨吸收陷窝数量显著增加(P<0.05),面积也更大。结论:PTHrP可能通过促进RANKL诱导胆脂瘤组织周围基质中的巨噬细胞分化为破骨细胞,参与中耳胆脂瘤骨破坏。

Middle ear foreign body causing cholesteatoma and external auditory canal granuloma: a case report

Objective Patients with unilateral ear discharge and hearing loss often have external or middle ear diseases. We present a 55-year-old man who suffered from persistent ear discharge and hearing loss in the left ear. Local findings showed that his left ear canal was filled with a large amount of granulation tissue, with purulent, foul-smelling discharge. Computed tomography indicated left middle ear cholesteatoma and mass shadow in the left external auditory canal. Modified radical mastoidectomy was performed. A piece of white plastic stick was found in the middle ear during the operation. Foreign body-induced cholesteatoma and external auditory canal granuloma in adults are very rare. We present this rare case so that these conditions can be better recognized and understood.

影像学在儿童外耳道胆脂瘤诊治中的应用价值

目的探讨儿童外耳道胆脂瘤(external auditory canal cholesteatoma,EACC)的高分辨率CT(HRCT)及MRI特征性表现。方法回顾性分析经病理证实的40例(45耳)儿童EACC患者的HRCT及9例MRI影像征象及临床治疗价值。结果45耳儿童EACC均表现为外耳道内软组织影,7耳软组织呈含气条片状,38耳软组织呈团块状实性致密影,3耳MRI呈T2高信号/T1等信号,DWI高信号,ADC低信号。30耳位于外耳道中内侧且覆盖鼓膜,28耳外耳道局部扩大,17耳无扩大。7耳单下壁受累;38耳多骨壁受累,其中上壁23耳,下壁25耳,6耳各壁均受累。33耳骨边缘不规则。11耳鼓室盾板变钝或消失。15耳鼓室受累,15耳砧骨长脚受压吸收破坏;8耳砧骨短脚吸收破坏;2耳镫骨吸收破坏;5耳伴发乳突炎。乳突气化型37耳,混合型7耳,板障型1耳。结论EACC病变位置局限,多位于外耳道中内侧,伴局部骨质破坏,累及中耳者少,未见合并耳周感染者。术前常规耳部HRCT及MRI扫描有助于精准定位及定性,根据病变范围选择合适手术方式,是清除胆脂瘤、提高听力及减少复发的有效方法。

两种生活质量量表在慢性化脓性中耳炎中的差异比较

目的使用慢性中耳炎疗效调查量表(chronic otitis media outcome test,COMOT-15)和苏黎世慢性中耳炎量表(Zurich chronic middle ear inventory,ZCMEI-21)评估慢性化脓性中耳炎(chronic suppurative otitis media,CSOM)及中耳胆脂瘤患者健康相关生活质量(health-related quality of life,HRQoL)的总体情况,比较两份问卷相关性及差异。方法回顾性选取2020年5月—2022年5月在兰州大学第二医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科行手术治疗的101例CSOM和中耳胆脂瘤患者为研究对象,采用COMOT-15及ZCMEI-21,结合患者性别及气导平均听阈(air conduction-pure tone average,AC-PTA)比较患者的HRQoL,采用Cronbach'sα评价内部一致性并作为信度指标,使用Pearson相关性分析量表之间的相关性及与患耳AC-PTA间的相关性,使用Mann-Whitney U检验探究性别与量表间的相关性。结果101例患者两种量表得分均呈正态分布,除COMOT-15耳部症状维度(Cronbach'sα=0.602)和ZCMEI-21耳部症状维度(Cronbach'sα=0.473)外,两份问卷总维度和子维度均表现出满意的内部一致性。CO-MOT-15和ZCMEI-21的总维度与子维度之间存在中等到强的相关性;术侧患耳AC-PTA与两份量表总维度、耳部症状、听力、社会心理维度之间存在较好的相关性;耳部症状维度与两份量表总维度、听力、社会心理维度之间存在较好的相关性;COMOT-15和ZCMEI-21在性别方面存在不同程度的差异。结论两种量表具有较高的内部一致性、强相关性,但侧重点不同。COMOT-15侧重听力,涉及不同场景下的听力情况,适合以听力为重点的研究。ZCMEI-21提供了慢性中耳炎耳部症状的综合评估,如眩晕、耳流脓等症,在社会心理、就医问题上,更能反映患者心理健康及对医疗需求的真实情况,同时应严格规范量表的时间窗以确保数据的真实有效性。

儿童中耳胆脂瘤合并颅内并发症的临床特征及诊疗分析

目的探讨儿童中耳胆脂瘤合并颅内并发症的临床特点和诊治要点。方法回顾性选取2020年6月—2023年2月河南省儿童医院和首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院收治的3例儿童中耳胆脂瘤合并颅内并发症的病例资料,总结耳流脓、发热、头痛、呕吐、意识障碍等临床表现,以及治疗方式、多学科会诊、术中情况、治疗结局等特点。结果3例患者中,男1例,女2例,均有耳流脓病史,伴有发热、头痛,其中1例出现喷射性呕吐、意识障碍等颅内压增高的表现。3例患者入院时均完善头颅CT及MRI、颞骨CT,2例合并硬脑膜外脓肿,1例合并小脑脓肿。入院后均经验性应用广谱抗菌药物治疗。3例患者均进行多学科会诊,制定围手术期方案,首先解决患儿高热、头痛、喷射性呕吐、意识障碍等急症,在颅内症状控制后与神经外科医师联合在全身麻醉下行根治性手术,并根据细菌培养及药敏试验改用敏感抗菌药物治疗,3例患者均治愈出院,术后随访无复发。结论对儿童中耳胆脂瘤患者,当出现高热、头痛时,一定要警惕颅内并发症的出现,及时行头颅CT及MRI,并与多学科协作进行围手术期管理,在患者病情稳定后给予根治性乳突开放术,清除病变,通畅引流,以达到安全治愈的目的。

中耳胆脂瘤乳突改良根治术中面神经裸露的相关危险因素分析及关联性研究

目的探讨中耳胆脂瘤乳突改良根治术中面神经裸露情况,并分析相关危险因素,为临床医师提供手术参考。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2023年9月因“中耳胆脂瘤”于广东省梅州市人民医院行乳突改良根治术的296例(301耳)患者的临床资料。采用单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析探讨性别、年龄、病程、手术耳、外半规管瘘、硬脑膜暴露、乙状窦暴露、外耳道后壁破坏、乳突气化类型、镫骨破坏以及盾板破坏与面神经裸露的关联性。结果301耳中耳胆脂瘤乳突改良根治术中有118耳发现有面神经裸露,发生率为39.2%,最常见发生部位是鼓室段83.1%(98/118)。单因素分析显示:面神经裸露(+)组和面神经裸露(-)组的外半规管瘘、硬脑膜暴露、镫骨破坏、乙状窦暴露、外耳道后壁破坏、盾板破坏比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示:外半规管瘘(β=0.993,OR=2.700,95%CI=1.380~5.279)、镫骨破坏(β=1.794,OR=6.014,95%CI=3.453~10.477)、外耳道后壁破坏(β=1.124,OR=3.078,95%CI=1.587~5.971)为面神经裸露的危险因素(P<0.05)。同时随着共存危险因素个数增加,出现面神经裸露的风险随之增高,特别是当外半规管瘘+镫骨破坏+外耳道后壁破坏三个危险因素累积共存时,面神经裸露的风险提高了16.3倍(β=2.791,OR=16.290,95%CI=3.704~71.643)。结论中耳胆脂瘤面神经裸露率为39.2%,好发于鼓室段。外半规管瘘、镫骨破坏、外耳道后壁破坏为面神经裸露的危险因素,当上述多个危险因素累积时,面神经裸露风险进一步增加。

中耳胆脂瘤病因及发病机理的研究进展

中耳胆脂瘤是位于中耳内由角化的鳞状上皮细胞、上皮下的结缔组织以及角化碎片构成的囊性结构,由于具有过度增生及骨质吸收破坏等病理生理特性,临床上常可有听力下降、面瘫等颅内、外并发症,严重的甚至危及生命。其病因及发病机制仍未完全清楚。通过查阅复习医学文献,综合临床诊治体会,从多学科、多领域探讨中耳胆脂瘤的病因病机,提升对中耳胆脂瘤的认识,以期在临床上减少或避免并发症的发生,提高患者的生活质量。

自体移植外耳道后壁重建联合鼓室成形术治疗中耳胆脂瘤的效果观察

目的:探讨中耳胆脂瘤患者采用自体移植外耳道后壁重建联合鼓室成形术治疗的临床效果。方法:抽取我院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科2019年6月—2023年6月收治的中耳胆脂瘤患者108例为研究对象,采用随机数表法分为对照组和试验组,各54例。对照组行完壁式乳突切除+鼓室成形术治疗,试验组行自体移植外耳道后壁重建+鼓室成形术治疗。评估两组治疗效果,观察两组炎症因子、听力指标变化情况及并发症发生情况。结果:(1)试验组术后3个月白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);(2)试验组术后3个月0.25~4.0kHz频率下气导听阈水平显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);(3)试验组治疗总有效率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);(4)两组并发症总发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:针对中耳胆脂瘤患者给予自体移植外耳道后壁重建联合鼓室成形术治疗,可改善炎症因子水平,促进听力恢复,提高疗效,且该术式并发症少、安全性高。

Endoscopic Management of Pediatric Cholesteatoma

Pediatric cholesteatoma occurs in one of two forms:congenital cholesteatoma,developing from embryonic epidermal cell rests or acquired cholesteatoma,associated with a focal defect in the tympanic membrane.This disease has been traditionally managed with the operating microscope,often requiring mastoidectomy for adequate visualization of and access to the middle ear and mastoid cavities.Recently,advances in endoscopic equipment have enabled otologists to manage most cases of pediatric cholesteatoma via a minimally-invasive,transcanal endoscopic approach.This review discusses the current literature relating to the etiopathogenesis,assessment and endoscopic management of pediatric cholesteatoma.Early outcomes of endoscopic treatment,emerging trends and technologies are also reviewed.

经耳道全耳内镜技术在儿童中、内耳手术中的应用

目的探讨耳内镜技术用于儿童中耳、内耳手术的适应证、术前评估及术中要点。方法收集2016年1月~2021年1月于北京儿童医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科行经耳道全耳内镜手术患儿的临床资料,记录其年龄、病种、术前颞骨CT所见、听力、术中所见及术后随访情况,归纳术前评估要点,总结诊疗路径。结果①共收集经耳道全耳内镜手术123例(123耳),其中鼓室成形术70例(70耳),中耳胆脂瘤切除术30例(30耳),脑脊液耳漏修补术23例(23耳)。②年龄最小1岁1个月,最大17岁,鼓室成形术的中位年龄为8岁5个月,中耳胆脂瘤切除伴听骨链重建术的中位年龄为4岁3个月,脑脊液耳漏修补术的中位年龄为4岁2个月。③颞骨CT测量耳道宽度:鼓室成形术患儿外耳道横径5.0~7.15 mm,纵径4.5~6.5 mm;中耳胆脂瘤切除术患儿外耳道横径4.6~6.0 mm,纵径4.5~6.5 mm;脑脊液耳漏修补术外耳道横径4.5~6.0 mm,纵径4.5~6.5 mm。④中耳胆脂瘤患儿病变范围:局限于中鼓室5例、局限于上鼓室5例;病变位于中鼓室及上鼓室10例;合并侵犯咽鼓管上隐窝和(或)鼓室窦10例。其中6例合并鼓室窦病变患儿术中联合应用0°及70°内镜。⑤脑脊液耳漏修补术漏口均位于前庭窗,取出镫骨后可见底板不同程度骨质缺损。⑥鼓室成形分型:Ⅰ型66例,Ⅱ型1例,Ⅲ型3例。⑦转归:鼓室成形和中耳胆脂瘤切除术后患儿听力均有不同程度提高(P<0.001);2例(2/66)Ⅰ型鼓室成形术患儿术后半年存在鼓膜小穿孔,余患者鼓膜愈合良好;胆脂瘤随访至今无复发病例;脑脊液耳漏术后2例因再次出现耳溢液,行耳内镜下二次封堵术,后随访至今无复发。结论儿童经耳道全耳内镜可适用于中、内耳手术,并获得良好预后;术前针对耳道宽度、病变范围、漏点定位等评估,是顺利完成耳内镜手术的保障。

胰岛素样生长因子-1和Ki-67在中耳胆脂瘤中的表达

目的 探讨胰岛素样生长因子-1(insulin-like growth factor-I,IGF-I)和细胞核增殖相关抗原Ki-67在中耳胆脂瘤上皮中的表达及意义。方法 30例中耳胆脂瘤组织标本为实验组,10例耳后正常皮肤组织为对照组,实验组依骨质破坏程度分为轻度组和重度组,采用免疫组化二步法检测中耳胆脂瘤上皮及正常皮肤表皮中IGF-I及Ki-67的表达,计算Ki-67增殖指数(proliferation index,PI)。结果 胆脂瘤组上皮中IGF-I的表达高于对照组(0.24±0.08 vs.0.06±0.04,t=7.26,P=0.000,P<0.001),重度组IGF-I的表达高于轻度组(0.29±0.05 vs.0.19±0.06,t=4.80,P=0.000,P<0.001)。胆脂瘤组上皮的PI高于对照组(19.6%±8.8%vs.5.6%±2.1%,t=8.04, P=0.000,P<0.001),重度组的PI高于轻度组(23.4%±6.6%vs.15.9%±9.4%,t=2.52,P=0.018,P<0.05)。胆脂瘤组上皮中的PI与同一标本相邻切片中IGF-I的表达密切相关(r=0.51,P=0.004,P<0.05)。结论 IGF-I在中耳胆脂瘤上皮中呈高表达,IGF-I与中耳胆脂瘤上皮细胞过度增殖及骨质破坏程度密切相关。

耳内镜与显微镜下手术治疗中耳胆脂瘤的临床对照研究

目的研究耳内镜与显微镜下手术治疗耳胆脂瘤的临床效果。方法回顾性选择福建医科大学附属泉州第一医院2016年1月—2021年1月诊断为中耳胆脂瘤的患者106例临床资料,依据不同的手术方法分为两组,各53例,耳内镜下手术治疗者为内镜组,显微镜下手术治疗者为微镜组。比较两组患者术后干耳时间,统计治疗的效果,术后不良症状表现、随访复发情况。结果内镜组患者术后干耳时间与微镜组相比更短,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。内镜组患者治疗总有效率98.11%(52/53)高于微镜组86.79%(46/53),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。内镜组患者术后不良症状及随访复发率均稍低于微镜组,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在耳胆脂瘤患者的手术方案的选择中,耳内镜下手术与显微镜治疗均为手术治疗可以选择的手术方法,术后有效干耳,但均有可能发生术后不良反应及复发,但前者手术术后干耳时间更短,所获得的手术治疗效果更佳。