The proposition on capitalism was one of the most popular topics since 1950s in the Chinese academia,but its concept is actually related with early modern British history.Some hypotheses of“agrarian capitalism”deriv...The proposition on capitalism was one of the most popular topics since 1950s in the Chinese academia,but its concept is actually related with early modern British history.Some hypotheses of“agrarian capitalism”derived from the classics of Marxism on the agrarian questions,such as the form of farm,land holding,social class and social property relations in British agriculture.However,that concept is still not clear in historian’s usage,and often confused with the agrarian commercialization.And,it is diffi cult to give a defi nite time of the rise of“agrarian capitalism”in England.Also,we need to pay attention to whether the origin of capitalism from agriculture or manufacture,countryside or city in early modern Britain.These refl ections regarding“agrarian capitalism”will inspire a new generation of historians to collect new historical materials and put forward new ideas for understanding the truth of social evolution.展开更多
Shame as a disciplinary weapon constituted a crucial part of premodern British penal regime.But in contrast to the substantial studies of capital punishment,shaming penalties remains relatively unexplored by historian...Shame as a disciplinary weapon constituted a crucial part of premodern British penal regime.But in contrast to the substantial studies of capital punishment,shaming penalties remains relatively unexplored by historians.This article fills this gap by exploring some of the very basic,but rather neglected questions about the nature,mechanism,and problems of shaming punishments in early modern Britain.It argues that the use of shame was not random;behind it was an often unspoken but shared idea that shaming punishments should direct at offences which were customarily deemed“shameful”.Shameful was not just a moral judgement;it represented a disapproving emotion towards the offender,and a moral emotion that the convict and audience were expected to have for the purposes of reformation and deterrence.However,from the eighteenth century,the growing infl iction of shame on offenders whose transgressions were not commonly deemed shameful degraded public shaming into a violent,chaotic,and counter-productive exercise unable to evoke or inculcate the moral sense of shame.These problems made shame a subject of debate among legal writers,who criticized the excessive use of shaming techniques,but continually recognized the importance of shame as a virtuous emotion and an important penal strategy.展开更多
文摘The proposition on capitalism was one of the most popular topics since 1950s in the Chinese academia,but its concept is actually related with early modern British history.Some hypotheses of“agrarian capitalism”derived from the classics of Marxism on the agrarian questions,such as the form of farm,land holding,social class and social property relations in British agriculture.However,that concept is still not clear in historian’s usage,and often confused with the agrarian commercialization.And,it is diffi cult to give a defi nite time of the rise of“agrarian capitalism”in England.Also,we need to pay attention to whether the origin of capitalism from agriculture or manufacture,countryside or city in early modern Britain.These refl ections regarding“agrarian capitalism”will inspire a new generation of historians to collect new historical materials and put forward new ideas for understanding the truth of social evolution.
文摘Shame as a disciplinary weapon constituted a crucial part of premodern British penal regime.But in contrast to the substantial studies of capital punishment,shaming penalties remains relatively unexplored by historians.This article fills this gap by exploring some of the very basic,but rather neglected questions about the nature,mechanism,and problems of shaming punishments in early modern Britain.It argues that the use of shame was not random;behind it was an often unspoken but shared idea that shaming punishments should direct at offences which were customarily deemed“shameful”.Shameful was not just a moral judgement;it represented a disapproving emotion towards the offender,and a moral emotion that the convict and audience were expected to have for the purposes of reformation and deterrence.However,from the eighteenth century,the growing infl iction of shame on offenders whose transgressions were not commonly deemed shameful degraded public shaming into a violent,chaotic,and counter-productive exercise unable to evoke or inculcate the moral sense of shame.These problems made shame a subject of debate among legal writers,who criticized the excessive use of shaming techniques,but continually recognized the importance of shame as a virtuous emotion and an important penal strategy.
