BACKGROUND The SETD1B gene is instrumental in human intelligence and nerve development.Mutations in the SETD1B gene have been linked in recent studies to neurodevelopmental disorders,seizures,and language delay.CASE S...BACKGROUND The SETD1B gene is instrumental in human intelligence and nerve development.Mutations in the SETD1B gene have been linked in recent studies to neurodevelopmental disorders,seizures,and language delay.CASE SUMMARY This study aimed to analyze the clinical manifestations and treatment of three patients suffering from mental retardation,epilepsy,and language delay resulting from a new mutation in the SETD1B gene.Three individuals with these symptoms were selected,and their clinical symptoms,gene test results,and treatment were analyzed.This article discusses the impact of the SETD1B gene mutation on patients and outlines the treatment approach.Among the three patients(two females and one male,aged 8,4,and 1,respectively),all exhibited psychomotor retardation,attention deficit,and hyperactivity disorder,and two had epilepsy.Antiepileptic treatment with sodium tripolyvalproate halted the seizures in the affected child,although mental development remained somewhat delayed.Whole exome sequencing revealed new mutations in the SETD1B gene for all patients,specifically with c.5473C>T(p.Arg1825trp),c.4120C>T(p.Gln1374*,593),c.14_15insC(p.His5Hisfs*33).CONCLUSION Possessing the SETD1B gene mutation may cause mental retardation accompanied by seizures and language delay.Although the exact mechanism is not fully understood,interventions such as drug therapy,rehabilitation training,and family support can assist patients in managing their symptoms and enhancing their quality of life.Furthermore,genetic testing supplies healthcare providers with more precise diagnostic and therapeutic guidance,informs families about genetic disease risks,and contributes to understanding disease pathogenesis and drug research and development.展开更多
BACKGROUND Non-ketotic hyperglycaemic(NKH)seizures are a rare neurological complication of diabetes caused by hyperglycaemia in non-ketotic and non-hyperosmotic states.The clinical characteristics of NKH seizures are ...BACKGROUND Non-ketotic hyperglycaemic(NKH)seizures are a rare neurological complication of diabetes caused by hyperglycaemia in non-ketotic and non-hyperosmotic states.The clinical characteristics of NKH seizures are atypical and lack unified diagnostic criteria,leading to potential misdiagnoses in the early stages of the disease.CASE SUMMARY This report presents a rare case of NKH seizures in a 52-year-old male patient with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus.We performed comprehensive magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)studies at admission,12 d post-admission,and 20 d post-discharge.The imaging techniques included contrast-enhanced head MRI,T2-weighted imaging(T2WI),fluid-attenuated inversion recovery(FLAIR),diffusion-weighted imaging,susceptibility-weighted imaging,magnetic reso-nance spectroscopy(MRS),and magnetic resonance venography.At the time of admission,T2WI and FLAIR of the cranial MRI showed that the left parieto-occipital cortex had gyrus-like swelling and high signal,and subcortical stripes had low signal.MRS showed a reduced N-acetylaspartate peak and increased creatine and choline peaks in the affected areas.A follow-up MRI 20 d later showed that the swelling and high signal of the left parieto-occipital cortex had disappeared,and the low signal of the subcortex had disappeared.CONCLUSION This case study provides valuable insights into the potential pathogenesis,diagnosis,and treatment of NKH seizures.The comprehensive MRI findings highlight the potential utility of various MRI sequences in diagnosing and characterizing NKH seizures.展开更多
Certain amino acids changes in the human Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase pump,ATPase Na^(+)/K^(+)transporting subunit alpha 1(ATP1A1),cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2(CMT2)disease and refractory seizures.To develop in viv...Certain amino acids changes in the human Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase pump,ATPase Na^(+)/K^(+)transporting subunit alpha 1(ATP1A1),cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2(CMT2)disease and refractory seizures.To develop in vivo models to study the role of Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase in these diseases,we modified the Drosophila gene homolog,Atpα,to mimic the human ATP1A1 gene mutations that cause CMT2.Mutations located within the helical linker region of human ATP1A1(I592T,A597T,P600T,and D601F)were simultaneously introduced into endogenous Drosophila Atpαby CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing,generating the Atpα^(TTTF)model.In addition,the same strategy was used to generate the corresponding single point mutations in flies(Atpα^(I571T),Atpα^(A576T),Atpα^(P579T),and Atpα^(D580F)).Moreover,a deletion mutation(Atpα^(mut))that causes premature termination of translation was generated as a positive control.Of these alleles,we found two that could be maintained as homozygotes(Atpα^(I571T)and Atpα^(P579T)).Three alleles(Atpα^(A576T),Atpα^(P579)and Atpα^(D580F))can form heterozygotes with the Atpαmut allele.We found that the Atpαallele carrying these CMT2-associated mutations showed differential phenotypes in Drosophila.Flies heterozygous for Atpα^(TTTF)mutations have motor performance defects,a reduced lifespan,seizures,and an abnormal neuronal morphology.These Drosophila models will provide a new platform for studying the function and regulation of the sodium-potassium pump.展开更多
Epilepsy is synonymous with individuals suffering repeated“fits”or seizures.The seizures are triggered by bursts of abnormal neuronal activity,across either the cerebral cortex and/or the hippocampus.In addition,the...Epilepsy is synonymous with individuals suffering repeated“fits”or seizures.The seizures are triggered by bursts of abnormal neuronal activity,across either the cerebral cortex and/or the hippocampus.In addition,the seizure sites are characterized by considerable neuronal death.Although the factors that generate this abnormal activity and death are not entirely clear,recent evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role.Current treatment options include drug therapy,which aims to suppress the abnormal neuronal activity,or surgical intervention,which involves the removal of the brain region generating the seizure activity.However,~30%of patients are unresponsive to the drugs,while the surgery option is invasive and has a morbidity risk.Hence,there is a need for the development of an effective non-pharmacological and non-invasive treatment for this disorder,one that has few side effects.In this review,we consider the effectiveness of a potential new treatment for epilepsy,known as photobiomodulation,the use of red to near-infrared light on body tissues.Recent studies in animal models have shown that photobiomodulation reduces seizure-like activity and improves neuronal survival.Further,it has an excellent safety record,with little or no evidence of side effects,and it is non-invasive.Taken all together,this treatment appears to be an ideal treatment option for patients suffering from epilepsy,which is certainly worthy of further consideration.展开更多
Introduction: Neonatal seizures are one of the most challenging situations for paediatricians. The objective of this work was to study the epidemiological and diagnostic aspects and short-term outcomes of neonatal sei...Introduction: Neonatal seizures are one of the most challenging situations for paediatricians. The objective of this work was to study the epidemiological and diagnostic aspects and short-term outcomes of neonatal seizures at Issaka Gazoby Maternity Hospital in Niamey. Patients and Methods: This was a prospective study from November 2020 to April 2021 in the neonatology department of Issaka Gazoby Maternity Hospital. All newborns aged 0 to 28 days hospitalized for seizures and/or having convulsions during hospitalization were included. Neonatal characteristics, diagnostic aspects, and their outcomes were studied. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Results: Of the 3.068 newborns admitted, 69 cases of neonatal seizures were recorded (2.24%). The sex ratio was 1.22, and 94.2% of neonates were born at term. Generalized crises were found in 50.7%. The main etiologies were perinatal asphyxia (46.4%) and early-onset neonatal infection (40.6%). The death rate was 20.3%. Neonates died between one (1) and three (3) days of age in 42.9%. The main death causes were perinatal asphyxia (50%) and early-onset neonatal infection (21.4%). Conclusion: Neonatal seizures are uncommon frequent, with a semiology dominated by generalized seizures. Mortality is high. The reinforcement of preventive measures is necessary.展开更多
Background: Moderate to severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in neonates is often treated with hypothermia. However, some neonates may experience epileptic seizures during therapeutic hypothermia (TH). Data on...Background: Moderate to severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in neonates is often treated with hypothermia. However, some neonates may experience epileptic seizures during therapeutic hypothermia (TH). Data on the electrophysiologic and evolutionary aspects of these seizures are scarce in African countries. Objectives: To determine the types of epileptic seizures caused by HIE in neonates in Brazzaville;to describe the evolution of background EEG activities during TH and rewarming;to report the evolution of epileptic seizures. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted from January 2020 to July 2022. It took place in Brazzaville in the Neonatology Department of the Blanche Gomez Mother and Child Hospital. It focused on term neonates suffering from moderate or severe HIE. They were treated with hypothermia combined with phenobarbital for 72 hours. Results: Among 36 neonates meeting inclusion criteria, there were 18 boys and 18 girls. Thirty-one (86.1%) neonates had grade 2 and 5 (13.9%) grade 3 HIE. In our neonates, HIE had induced isolated electrographic seizures (n = 11;30.6%), electroclinical seizures (n = 25;69.4%), and 6 types of background EEG activity. During TH and rewarming, there were 52.8% of patients with improved background EEG activity, 41.7% of patients with unchanged background EEG activity, and 5.5% of patients with worsened background EEG activity. At the end of rewarming, only 9 (25%) patients still had seizures. Conclusion: Isolated electrographic and electroclinical seizures are the only pathological entities found in our studied population. In neonates with moderate HIE, the applied therapeutic strategy positively influences the evolution of both seizures and background EEG activity. On the other hand, in neonates with severe HIE, the same therapeutic strategy is ineffective. .展开更多
During the last few years,epidemiological data from many countries suggest that the incidence and prevalence of many cancers of the digestive system are shifting from the older to the younger ages,the so-called“early...During the last few years,epidemiological data from many countries suggest that the incidence and prevalence of many cancers of the digestive system are shifting from the older to the younger ages,the so-called“early-onset cancer”.This is particularly evident in colorectal cancer and secondarily in other malignant digestive neoplasms,mainly stomach and in a lesser degree pancreas,and biliary tract.It should be emphasized that data concerning digestive neoplasms,except for those referring to the colon and stomach,could be characterized as rather insufficient.The exact magnitude of the shift in younger ages is expected to become clearer shortly,as long as relevant epidemiological data from many parts of the world would be available.The most important question concerns the etiology of this phenomenon,since its magnitude cannot be explained solely by the better diagnostic methodology and the preventive programs applied in many countries.The existing data support the assumption that a number of environ-mental factors may play a primary role in influencing carcinogenesis,sometimes from childhood.Changes that have appeared in the last decades related mainly to eating habits,consistency of gut microbiome and an increase of obese people interacting with genetic factors,ultimately favor the process of carcinogenesis.Even these factors however,are not entirely sufficient to explain the age-related changes in the frequency of digestive neoplasms.Studies of the individual effect of each of the already known factors or factors likely to be involved in the etiology of this phenomenon and studies using state-of-the-art technologies to accurately determine the degree of the population exposure to these factors are required.In this article,we attempt to describe the epidemiological data supporting the age-shifting of digestive malignancies and their possible pathogenesis.Finally,we propose some measures regarding the attitude of the scientific community to this alarming phenomenon.展开更多
Network approaches have been widely accepted to guide surgical strategy and predict outcome for epilepsy treatment.This study starts with a single oscillator to explore brain activity,using a phenomenological model ca...Network approaches have been widely accepted to guide surgical strategy and predict outcome for epilepsy treatment.This study starts with a single oscillator to explore brain activity,using a phenomenological model capable of describing healthy and epileptic states.The ictal number of seizures decreases or remains unchanged with increasing the speed of oscillator excitability and in each seizure,there is an increasing tendency for ictal duration with respect to the speed.The underlying reason is that the strong excitability speed is conducive to reduce transition behaviors between two attractor basins.Moreover,the selection of the optimal removal node is estimated by an indicator proposed in this study.Results show that when the indicator is less than the threshold,removing the driving node is more possible to reduce seizures significantly,while the indicator exceeds the threshold,the epileptic node could be the removal one.Furthermore,the driving node is such a potential target that stimulating it is obviously effective in suppressing seizure-like activity compared to other nodes,and the propensity of seizures can be reduced 60%with the increased stimulus strength.Our results could provide new therapeutic ideas for epilepsy surgery and neuromodulation.展开更多
BACKGROUND The incidence of patients with early-onset pancreatic cancer(EOPC;age≤50 years at diagnosis)is on the rise,placing a heavy burden on individuals,families,and society.The role of combination therapy includi...BACKGROUND The incidence of patients with early-onset pancreatic cancer(EOPC;age≤50 years at diagnosis)is on the rise,placing a heavy burden on individuals,families,and society.The role of combination therapy including surgery,radiotherapy,and chemotherapy in non-metastatic EOPC is not well-defined.AIM To investigate the treatment patterns and survival outcomes in patients with non-metastatic EOPC.METHODS A total of 277 patients with non-metastatic EOPC who were treated at our institution between 2017 and 2021 were investigated retrospectively.Overall survival(OS),disease-free survival,and progression-free survival were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.Univariate and multivariate analyses with the Cox proportional hazards model were used to identify prognostic factors.RESULTS With a median follow-up time of 34.6 months,the 1-year,2-year,and 3-year OS rates for the entire cohort were 84.3%,51.5%,and 27.6%,respectively.The median OS of patients with localized disease who received surgery alone and adjuvant therapy(AT)were 21.2 months and 28.8 months,respectively(P=0.007).The median OS of patients with locally advanced disease who received radiotherapy-based combination therapy(RCT),surgery after neoadjuvant therapy(NAT),and chemotherapy were 28.5 months,25.6 months,and 14.0 months,respectively(P=0.002).The median OS after regional recurrence were 16.0 months,13.4 months,and 8.9 months in the RCT,chemotherapy,and supportive therapy groups,respectively(P=0.035).Multivariate analysis demonstrated that carbohydrate antigen 19-9 level,pathological grade,T-stage,N-stage,and resection were independent prognostic factors for non-metastatic EOPC.CONCLUSION AT improves postoperative survival in localized patients.Surgery after NAT and RCT are the preferred therapeutic options for patients with locally advanced EOPC.展开更多
BACKGROUND The incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer(EO-CRC)is rising in the United States,and is often diagnosed at advanced stages.Low serum ferritin is often incidentally discovered in young adults,however,the...BACKGROUND The incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer(EO-CRC)is rising in the United States,and is often diagnosed at advanced stages.Low serum ferritin is often incidentally discovered in young adults,however,the indication for endoscopy in EO-CRC is unclear.AIM To compare serum ferritin between patients with EO-CRC and healthy controls(HCs),and examine the association of serum ferritin in EO-CRC with patient-and disease-specific characteristics.METHODS A retrospective study of patients<50 years with newly-diagnosed EO-CRC was conducted from 1/2013-12/2023.Patients were included if serum ferritin was measured within 2 years prior to 1 year following CRC histologic diagnosis.To supplement the analysis,a cohort of HCs meeting similar inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified for comparison.A sensitivity analysis including only patients with serum ferritin obtained at or before diagnosis was separately performed to minimize risk of confounding.RESULTS Among 85 patients identified with EO-CRC(48 females),the median serum ferritin level was 26 ng/mL(range<1-2759 ng/mL).Compared to HCs(n=80211),there were a higher proportion of individuals with EO-CRC with serum ferritin<20 ng/mL(female 65%,male 40%)versus HCs(female 32.1%,male 7.2%)age 29-39 years(P=0.002 and P<0.00001,respectively).Stage IV disease was associated with significantly higher serum ferritin compared to less advanced stages(P<0.001).Serum ferritin obtained before or at the time of diagnosis was lower than levels obtained after diagnosis.Similar findings were confirmed in the sensitivity analysis.CONCLUSION Severe iron deficiency may indicate an increased risk of EO-CRC,particularly at earlier stages.Further studies defining the optimal serum ferritin threshold and routine incorporation of serum ferritin in screening algorithms is essential to develop more effective screening strategies for EO-CRC.展开更多
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6(IL-6)contributes to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders.However,there was no study concerning the relationship between IL...BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6(IL-6)contributes to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders.However,there was no study concerning the relationship between IL-6 concentrations and clinical features in the chronic phase of early-onset schizophrenia(EOS).AIM To investigate the relationship between serum IL-6 concentration and the clinical features of EOS.METHODS We measured serum IL-6 Levels from 74 patients with chronic schizophrenia,including 33 with age at onset<21 years(EOS group)and 41 with onset≥21 years in[adult-onset schizophrenia(AOS)group],and from 41 healthy controls.Symptom severities were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS).RESULTS Serum IL-6 concentrations were higher in both EOS and AOS groups than healthy controls(F=22.32,P<0.01),but did not differ significantly between EOS and AOS groups(P>0.05)after controlling for age,body mass index,and other covariates.Negative symptom scores were higher in the EOS group than the AOS group(F=6.199,P=0.015).Serum IL-6 concentrations in the EOS group were negatively correlated with both total PANSS-negative symptom score(r=-0.389,P=0.032)and avolition/asociality subscore(r=-0.387,P=0.026).CONCLUSION Patients with EOS may have more severe negative symptoms than those with adult-onset schizophrenia during the chronic phase of the illness.IL-6 signaling may regulate negative symptoms and its avolition/asociality subsymptoms among the early-onset chronic schizophrenic patients.展开更多
The reactor coolant pump(RCP)rotor seizure accident is defined as a short-time seizure of the RCP rotor.This event typically leads to an abrupt flow decrease in the corresponding loop and an ensuing reactor and turbin...The reactor coolant pump(RCP)rotor seizure accident is defined as a short-time seizure of the RCP rotor.This event typically leads to an abrupt flow decrease in the corresponding loop and an ensuing reactor and turbine trip.The significant reduction of core coolant flow while the reactor is being operated at full load can have very negative consequences.This potentially dangerous event is typically characterized by a complex transient behavior in terms of flow conditions and energy transformation,which need to be analyzed and understood.This study constructed transient flow and rotational speed mathematical models under various degrees of rotor seizure using the test data collected from a dedicated transient rotor seizure test system.Then,bidirectional fluid-solid coupling simulations were conducted to investigate the flow evolution mechanism.It is found that the influence of the impeller structure size and transient braking acceleration on the unsteady head(Hu)is dominant in rotor seizure accident events.Moreover,the present results also show that the rotational acceleration additional head(Hu1)is much higher than the instantaneous head(Hu2).展开更多
BACKGROUND The generalized tonic-clonic seizure(GTCS)is the most usual variety of epileptic seizure.It is mainly characterized by strong body muscle rigidity,loss of consciousness,a disorder of plant neurofunction,and...BACKGROUND The generalized tonic-clonic seizure(GTCS)is the most usual variety of epileptic seizure.It is mainly characterized by strong body muscle rigidity,loss of consciousness,a disorder of plant neurofunction,and significant damage to cognitive function.The effect of antiepileptic drugs on cognition should also be considered.At present,there is no effective treatment for patients with epilepsy,but traditional Chinese medicine has shown a significant effect on chronic disease with fewer harmful side effects and should,therefore,be considered for the therapy means of epilepsy with cognitive dysfunction.AIM To investigate the clinical efficacy of Baijin pills for treating GTCS patients with cognitive impairment.METHODS This prospective study enrolled patients diagnosed with GTCS between January 2020 and December 2023 and separate them into two groups(experimental and control)using random number table method.The control group was treated with sodium valproate,and the experimental group was Baijin pills and sodium valproate for three months.The frequency and duration of each seizure,the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale(MoCA),and the Quality of Life Rating Scale(QOLIE-31)were recorded before and after treatment.RESULTS There were 85 patients included(42 in the control group and 43 in the experimental group).After treatment,the seizure frequency in the experimental group was significantly reduced(P<0.05),and seizure duration was shortened(P<0.01).The total MoCA score in the experimental group significantly increased compared to before treatment(P<0.01),and the sub-item scores,except naming and abstract generalization ability,significantly increased(P<0.05),whereas the total MoCA score in the control group significantly decreased after treatment(P<0.05).The QOLIE-31 score of the experimental group increased significantly after treatment compared to before treatment(P<0.01).CONCLUSION Baijin pills have a good clinical effect on epilepsy with cognitive dysfunction.展开更多
Background: Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic infection that occurs worldwide. Humans are infected through ingestion of parasite eggs in contaminated food, water or through direct contact with infected dogs, which a...Background: Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic infection that occurs worldwide. Humans are infected through ingestion of parasite eggs in contaminated food, water or through direct contact with infected dogs, which are the definite host. Humans serve accidentally as intermediate host, and occurrences are common in children and young adults. Cystic echinococcosis is endemic in Mediterranean, South American, Middle Eastern, Central Asia, East Africa countries and Australia. Multiple cerebral hydatid cysts are very rare with only a few reports in the literature. Case Description: We present the case of an 8-year-old girl who presented with focal seizures, hemiparesis, headache, vomiting and bilateral optic atrophy. Diagnostic workup was performed, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple intracranial cysts predominantly in the right frontal region with significant mass effect. A total of 11 intracranial cysts were removed surgically, and the child recovered uneventfully. Conclusion: Neurosurgeons should keep hydatidosis in the list of differentials when evaluating patients with cystic diseases of the brain. Although the removal of such cysts is challenging, outcomes are excellent when cysts are evacuated without rupture and patients show complete resolution of symptoms.展开更多
Colorectal cancer used to be a common disease among middle-aged and elderly people.In recent years,the incidence of colorectal cancer(Early-onset colorectal cancer,EOCRC)under 50 years old has increased year by year.D...Colorectal cancer used to be a common disease among middle-aged and elderly people.In recent years,the incidence of colorectal cancer(Early-onset colorectal cancer,EOCRC)under 50 years old has increased year by year.Different from the traditional late-onset colon cancer(LOCRC),the diagnosis stage of EOCRC is mostly in the late stage,with poor cell differentiation and poor diagnosis,and there is a layer of consensus and guidance on the diagnosis,treatment or screening of EOCRC at presentation.Therefore,fully understanding the disease characteristics and risk exposure factors of EOCRC is helpful to guide early screening and treatment,which ultimately reduces the mortality of EOCRC.In this review article,we summarized the epidemiology,physiology,risk exposure factors and pathological diagnosis of EOCRC,and discussed the diagnosis and treatment prospect of EOCRC.展开更多
Objective: To report cases of neurocysticercosis(NCC) from three neighboring districts of Andhra Pradesh state in India where NCC burden was never explored before.Methods: A total of 160 patients presenting with recen...Objective: To report cases of neurocysticercosis(NCC) from three neighboring districts of Andhra Pradesh state in India where NCC burden was never explored before.Methods: A total of 160 patients presenting with recent onset seizures were recruited from neurology, general medicine, and pediatric outpatient clinics of a local major tertiary care teaching hospital serving above districts during the period 2011–2014. Brain imaging was performed in all the above cases. A commercial immunoglobulin G-ELISA kit(sensitivity = 85%; specificity = 94%) was employed for the serological diagnosis of NCC.Results: The recruited patients presented with generalized, simple partial, and complex partial seizures(55%, 31.25% and 13.75% respectively). NCC was diagnosed in 44 of160(27.5%) seizure cases based on imaging characteristics, and a positive serum antibody ELISA. No association was detected between seropositivity with the number and location of the lesion(s) in the brain.Conclusions: The possible potentiality of NCC could be identified as an underlying cause of the recent onset of seizures in this region as explored in the present study. It is recommended that NCC should be suspected as one of the major differential in every recent onset seizure with or without a radio imaging supportive diagnosis, especially in areas endemic for taeniasis/cysticercosis.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Studies have explored changes in neonatal rat glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression changes following mature brain injury. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the temporal and special changes of GR during brai...BACKGROUND: Studies have explored changes in neonatal rat glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression changes following mature brain injury. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the temporal and special changes of GR during brain development in rats with recurrent seizures. DESIGN, TIME AND SE'n'ING: A randomized, controlled animal experiment was performed at the Department of Pediatrics, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, from February 2008 to March 2009. MATERIALS: Rabbit anti-rat GR monoclonal antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA; goat anti-rabbit IgG was purchased from Zhongshan Goldenbridge Biotechnology, China. METHODS: A total of 48 Sprague-Dawley rats, 7 days old, were randomly assigned to control and seizure groups, with 24 animals in each group. Seizures were induced by inhalant flurothyl. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in GR protein expression in the rat cerebral cortex were detected by Western blotting analysis and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: GR expression in the cerebral cortex of control rats significantly increased with aging (P 〈 0.05), and varied in the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and parietal lobe. GR was predominantly expressed in the cytoplasm early and rapidly increased in the nuclei. GR protein expression in the cerebral cortex after seizure was lower in the cytoplasm at 15 days and in nuclear protein at 19 days. CONCLUSION: GR expression displayed temporal and spatial changes in brain development. Recurrent seizures in neonatal rats cause abnormal GR expression and might play an important role in developing brain injury.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Microglia-mediated dis-placement of synapses has been reported in the setting of experimental neuroinflammation,but its role in neurological disorders is poorly understood.Complex febrile seizures(FS) are th...OBJECTIVE Microglia-mediated dis-placement of synapses has been reported in the setting of experimental neuroinflammation,but its role in neurological disorders is poorly understood.Complex febrile seizures(FS) are the most common infantile seizures,yet its pathological progress is largely unknown.METHODS Mice pups(postnatal 8-10 d) were posted to 43℃ hyperthermia condition to develop FS,and then the latency and threshold of seizures were determined.The displacement of synapses was observed through immunofluorescence staining.We researched whether microglial displacement of GABAergic synapses will influence complex FS-induced increase in GABAergic neurotransmission and neuronal excitability with patch-clamp electrophysiology.Moreover,we used the CD11 bD TR mice to selective ablation of microglia or pharmacological inhibition of microglia to observe their effects on susceptibility to FS and synaptic stripping.RESULTS GABAergic presynaptic terminals surrounding neuronal soma and GABAergic transmissions were increased in complex FS.Meanwhile,the activated microglia ensheathe glutamatergic neuronal soma to displace,but do not phagocytize,GABAergic presynaptic terminals.Patch-clamp electrophysiology established that the microglial displacement of GABAergic synapses reduced complex FS-induced increase in GABAergic neurotransmission and neuronal excitability,while GABA exerts excitatory action in this immature stage.Moreover,pharmacological inhibition of microglial displacement of GABAergic synapses or selective ablation of microglia in CD11 bDTR mice promoted the generation of complex FS.CONCLUSION Displacement of GABAergic synapses by microglia is a protective event in the pathological progress of complex FS.展开更多
Presently,we develop a simplified corticothalamic(SCT)model and propose a single-pulse alternately resetting stimulation(SARS)with sequentially applying anodic(A,“+”)or cathodic(C,“−”)phase pulses to the thalamic ...Presently,we develop a simplified corticothalamic(SCT)model and propose a single-pulse alternately resetting stimulation(SARS)with sequentially applying anodic(A,“+”)or cathodic(C,“−”)phase pulses to the thalamic reticular(RE)nuclei,thalamus-cortex(TC)relay nuclei,and cortical excitatory(EX)neurons,respectively.Abatement effects of ACC-SARS of RE,TC,and EX for the 2 Hz-4 Hz spike and wave discharges(SWD)of absence seizures are then concerned.The m∶n on-off ACC-SARS protocol is shown to effectively reduce the SWD with the least current consumption.In particular,when its frequency is out of the 2 Hz-4 Hz SWD dominant rhythm,the desired seizure abatements can be obtained,which can be further improved by our proposed directional steering(DS)stimulation.The dynamical explanations for the SARS induced seizure abatements are lastly given by calculating the averaged mean firing rate(AMFR)of neurons and triggering averaged mean firing rates(TAMFRs)of 2 Hz-4 Hz SWD.展开更多
Epilepsy, characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS), is a serious and common neurological disorder afflicting an estimated 1% of the population worldwide. Animal experiments, especially those utilizing s...Epilepsy, characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS), is a serious and common neurological disorder afflicting an estimated 1% of the population worldwide. Animal experiments, especially those utilizing small laboratory rodents, remain essential to understanding the fundamental mechanisms underlying epilepsy and to prevent, diagnose, and treat this disease. While much attention has been focused on epileptogenesis in animal models of epilepsy, there is little discussion on SRS, the hallmark of epilepsy. This is in part due to the technical difficulties of rigorous SRS detection. In this review, we comprehensively summarize both genetic and acquired models of SRS and discuss the methodology used to monitor and detect SRS in mice and rats.展开更多
基金Key Health Science and Technology Development Project of Nanjing City,Jiangsu Province,No.ZKX19038.
文摘BACKGROUND The SETD1B gene is instrumental in human intelligence and nerve development.Mutations in the SETD1B gene have been linked in recent studies to neurodevelopmental disorders,seizures,and language delay.CASE SUMMARY This study aimed to analyze the clinical manifestations and treatment of three patients suffering from mental retardation,epilepsy,and language delay resulting from a new mutation in the SETD1B gene.Three individuals with these symptoms were selected,and their clinical symptoms,gene test results,and treatment were analyzed.This article discusses the impact of the SETD1B gene mutation on patients and outlines the treatment approach.Among the three patients(two females and one male,aged 8,4,and 1,respectively),all exhibited psychomotor retardation,attention deficit,and hyperactivity disorder,and two had epilepsy.Antiepileptic treatment with sodium tripolyvalproate halted the seizures in the affected child,although mental development remained somewhat delayed.Whole exome sequencing revealed new mutations in the SETD1B gene for all patients,specifically with c.5473C>T(p.Arg1825trp),c.4120C>T(p.Gln1374*,593),c.14_15insC(p.His5Hisfs*33).CONCLUSION Possessing the SETD1B gene mutation may cause mental retardation accompanied by seizures and language delay.Although the exact mechanism is not fully understood,interventions such as drug therapy,rehabilitation training,and family support can assist patients in managing their symptoms and enhancing their quality of life.Furthermore,genetic testing supplies healthcare providers with more precise diagnostic and therapeutic guidance,informs families about genetic disease risks,and contributes to understanding disease pathogenesis and drug research and development.
基金Supported by Four"Batches"Innovation Project of Invigorating Medical Through Science and Technology of Shanxi Province,No.2023XM016.
文摘BACKGROUND Non-ketotic hyperglycaemic(NKH)seizures are a rare neurological complication of diabetes caused by hyperglycaemia in non-ketotic and non-hyperosmotic states.The clinical characteristics of NKH seizures are atypical and lack unified diagnostic criteria,leading to potential misdiagnoses in the early stages of the disease.CASE SUMMARY This report presents a rare case of NKH seizures in a 52-year-old male patient with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus.We performed comprehensive magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)studies at admission,12 d post-admission,and 20 d post-discharge.The imaging techniques included contrast-enhanced head MRI,T2-weighted imaging(T2WI),fluid-attenuated inversion recovery(FLAIR),diffusion-weighted imaging,susceptibility-weighted imaging,magnetic reso-nance spectroscopy(MRS),and magnetic resonance venography.At the time of admission,T2WI and FLAIR of the cranial MRI showed that the left parieto-occipital cortex had gyrus-like swelling and high signal,and subcortical stripes had low signal.MRS showed a reduced N-acetylaspartate peak and increased creatine and choline peaks in the affected areas.A follow-up MRI 20 d later showed that the swelling and high signal of the left parieto-occipital cortex had disappeared,and the low signal of the subcortex had disappeared.CONCLUSION This case study provides valuable insights into the potential pathogenesis,diagnosis,and treatment of NKH seizures.The comprehensive MRI findings highlight the potential utility of various MRI sequences in diagnosing and characterizing NKH seizures.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,No.2020J02027the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31970461the Foundation of NHC Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-human Primate,Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital,No.2022-NHP-05(all to WC).
文摘Certain amino acids changes in the human Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase pump,ATPase Na^(+)/K^(+)transporting subunit alpha 1(ATP1A1),cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2(CMT2)disease and refractory seizures.To develop in vivo models to study the role of Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase in these diseases,we modified the Drosophila gene homolog,Atpα,to mimic the human ATP1A1 gene mutations that cause CMT2.Mutations located within the helical linker region of human ATP1A1(I592T,A597T,P600T,and D601F)were simultaneously introduced into endogenous Drosophila Atpαby CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing,generating the Atpα^(TTTF)model.In addition,the same strategy was used to generate the corresponding single point mutations in flies(Atpα^(I571T),Atpα^(A576T),Atpα^(P579T),and Atpα^(D580F)).Moreover,a deletion mutation(Atpα^(mut))that causes premature termination of translation was generated as a positive control.Of these alleles,we found two that could be maintained as homozygotes(Atpα^(I571T)and Atpα^(P579T)).Three alleles(Atpα^(A576T),Atpα^(P579)and Atpα^(D580F))can form heterozygotes with the Atpαmut allele.We found that the Atpαallele carrying these CMT2-associated mutations showed differential phenotypes in Drosophila.Flies heterozygous for Atpα^(TTTF)mutations have motor performance defects,a reduced lifespan,seizures,and an abnormal neuronal morphology.These Drosophila models will provide a new platform for studying the function and regulation of the sodium-potassium pump.
文摘Epilepsy is synonymous with individuals suffering repeated“fits”or seizures.The seizures are triggered by bursts of abnormal neuronal activity,across either the cerebral cortex and/or the hippocampus.In addition,the seizure sites are characterized by considerable neuronal death.Although the factors that generate this abnormal activity and death are not entirely clear,recent evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role.Current treatment options include drug therapy,which aims to suppress the abnormal neuronal activity,or surgical intervention,which involves the removal of the brain region generating the seizure activity.However,~30%of patients are unresponsive to the drugs,while the surgery option is invasive and has a morbidity risk.Hence,there is a need for the development of an effective non-pharmacological and non-invasive treatment for this disorder,one that has few side effects.In this review,we consider the effectiveness of a potential new treatment for epilepsy,known as photobiomodulation,the use of red to near-infrared light on body tissues.Recent studies in animal models have shown that photobiomodulation reduces seizure-like activity and improves neuronal survival.Further,it has an excellent safety record,with little or no evidence of side effects,and it is non-invasive.Taken all together,this treatment appears to be an ideal treatment option for patients suffering from epilepsy,which is certainly worthy of further consideration.
文摘Introduction: Neonatal seizures are one of the most challenging situations for paediatricians. The objective of this work was to study the epidemiological and diagnostic aspects and short-term outcomes of neonatal seizures at Issaka Gazoby Maternity Hospital in Niamey. Patients and Methods: This was a prospective study from November 2020 to April 2021 in the neonatology department of Issaka Gazoby Maternity Hospital. All newborns aged 0 to 28 days hospitalized for seizures and/or having convulsions during hospitalization were included. Neonatal characteristics, diagnostic aspects, and their outcomes were studied. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Results: Of the 3.068 newborns admitted, 69 cases of neonatal seizures were recorded (2.24%). The sex ratio was 1.22, and 94.2% of neonates were born at term. Generalized crises were found in 50.7%. The main etiologies were perinatal asphyxia (46.4%) and early-onset neonatal infection (40.6%). The death rate was 20.3%. Neonates died between one (1) and three (3) days of age in 42.9%. The main death causes were perinatal asphyxia (50%) and early-onset neonatal infection (21.4%). Conclusion: Neonatal seizures are uncommon frequent, with a semiology dominated by generalized seizures. Mortality is high. The reinforcement of preventive measures is necessary.
文摘Background: Moderate to severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in neonates is often treated with hypothermia. However, some neonates may experience epileptic seizures during therapeutic hypothermia (TH). Data on the electrophysiologic and evolutionary aspects of these seizures are scarce in African countries. Objectives: To determine the types of epileptic seizures caused by HIE in neonates in Brazzaville;to describe the evolution of background EEG activities during TH and rewarming;to report the evolution of epileptic seizures. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted from January 2020 to July 2022. It took place in Brazzaville in the Neonatology Department of the Blanche Gomez Mother and Child Hospital. It focused on term neonates suffering from moderate or severe HIE. They were treated with hypothermia combined with phenobarbital for 72 hours. Results: Among 36 neonates meeting inclusion criteria, there were 18 boys and 18 girls. Thirty-one (86.1%) neonates had grade 2 and 5 (13.9%) grade 3 HIE. In our neonates, HIE had induced isolated electrographic seizures (n = 11;30.6%), electroclinical seizures (n = 25;69.4%), and 6 types of background EEG activity. During TH and rewarming, there were 52.8% of patients with improved background EEG activity, 41.7% of patients with unchanged background EEG activity, and 5.5% of patients with worsened background EEG activity. At the end of rewarming, only 9 (25%) patients still had seizures. Conclusion: Isolated electrographic and electroclinical seizures are the only pathological entities found in our studied population. In neonates with moderate HIE, the applied therapeutic strategy positively influences the evolution of both seizures and background EEG activity. On the other hand, in neonates with severe HIE, the same therapeutic strategy is ineffective. .
文摘During the last few years,epidemiological data from many countries suggest that the incidence and prevalence of many cancers of the digestive system are shifting from the older to the younger ages,the so-called“early-onset cancer”.This is particularly evident in colorectal cancer and secondarily in other malignant digestive neoplasms,mainly stomach and in a lesser degree pancreas,and biliary tract.It should be emphasized that data concerning digestive neoplasms,except for those referring to the colon and stomach,could be characterized as rather insufficient.The exact magnitude of the shift in younger ages is expected to become clearer shortly,as long as relevant epidemiological data from many parts of the world would be available.The most important question concerns the etiology of this phenomenon,since its magnitude cannot be explained solely by the better diagnostic methodology and the preventive programs applied in many countries.The existing data support the assumption that a number of environ-mental factors may play a primary role in influencing carcinogenesis,sometimes from childhood.Changes that have appeared in the last decades related mainly to eating habits,consistency of gut microbiome and an increase of obese people interacting with genetic factors,ultimately favor the process of carcinogenesis.Even these factors however,are not entirely sufficient to explain the age-related changes in the frequency of digestive neoplasms.Studies of the individual effect of each of the already known factors or factors likely to be involved in the etiology of this phenomenon and studies using state-of-the-art technologies to accurately determine the degree of the population exposure to these factors are required.In this article,we attempt to describe the epidemiological data supporting the age-shifting of digestive malignancies and their possible pathogenesis.Finally,we propose some measures regarding the attitude of the scientific community to this alarming phenomenon.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12072265,12272295,and 11972288)。
文摘Network approaches have been widely accepted to guide surgical strategy and predict outcome for epilepsy treatment.This study starts with a single oscillator to explore brain activity,using a phenomenological model capable of describing healthy and epileptic states.The ictal number of seizures decreases or remains unchanged with increasing the speed of oscillator excitability and in each seizure,there is an increasing tendency for ictal duration with respect to the speed.The underlying reason is that the strong excitability speed is conducive to reduce transition behaviors between two attractor basins.Moreover,the selection of the optimal removal node is estimated by an indicator proposed in this study.Results show that when the indicator is less than the threshold,removing the driving node is more possible to reduce seizures significantly,while the indicator exceeds the threshold,the epileptic node could be the removal one.Furthermore,the driving node is such a potential target that stimulating it is obviously effective in suppressing seizure-like activity compared to other nodes,and the propensity of seizures can be reduced 60%with the increased stimulus strength.Our results could provide new therapeutic ideas for epilepsy surgery and neuromodulation.
文摘BACKGROUND The incidence of patients with early-onset pancreatic cancer(EOPC;age≤50 years at diagnosis)is on the rise,placing a heavy burden on individuals,families,and society.The role of combination therapy including surgery,radiotherapy,and chemotherapy in non-metastatic EOPC is not well-defined.AIM To investigate the treatment patterns and survival outcomes in patients with non-metastatic EOPC.METHODS A total of 277 patients with non-metastatic EOPC who were treated at our institution between 2017 and 2021 were investigated retrospectively.Overall survival(OS),disease-free survival,and progression-free survival were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.Univariate and multivariate analyses with the Cox proportional hazards model were used to identify prognostic factors.RESULTS With a median follow-up time of 34.6 months,the 1-year,2-year,and 3-year OS rates for the entire cohort were 84.3%,51.5%,and 27.6%,respectively.The median OS of patients with localized disease who received surgery alone and adjuvant therapy(AT)were 21.2 months and 28.8 months,respectively(P=0.007).The median OS of patients with locally advanced disease who received radiotherapy-based combination therapy(RCT),surgery after neoadjuvant therapy(NAT),and chemotherapy were 28.5 months,25.6 months,and 14.0 months,respectively(P=0.002).The median OS after regional recurrence were 16.0 months,13.4 months,and 8.9 months in the RCT,chemotherapy,and supportive therapy groups,respectively(P=0.035).Multivariate analysis demonstrated that carbohydrate antigen 19-9 level,pathological grade,T-stage,N-stage,and resection were independent prognostic factors for non-metastatic EOPC.CONCLUSION AT improves postoperative survival in localized patients.Surgery after NAT and RCT are the preferred therapeutic options for patients with locally advanced EOPC.
基金Supported by the Oregon Health&Sciences(OHSU)Institutional Review Board,No.STUDY00026428.
文摘BACKGROUND The incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer(EO-CRC)is rising in the United States,and is often diagnosed at advanced stages.Low serum ferritin is often incidentally discovered in young adults,however,the indication for endoscopy in EO-CRC is unclear.AIM To compare serum ferritin between patients with EO-CRC and healthy controls(HCs),and examine the association of serum ferritin in EO-CRC with patient-and disease-specific characteristics.METHODS A retrospective study of patients<50 years with newly-diagnosed EO-CRC was conducted from 1/2013-12/2023.Patients were included if serum ferritin was measured within 2 years prior to 1 year following CRC histologic diagnosis.To supplement the analysis,a cohort of HCs meeting similar inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified for comparison.A sensitivity analysis including only patients with serum ferritin obtained at or before diagnosis was separately performed to minimize risk of confounding.RESULTS Among 85 patients identified with EO-CRC(48 females),the median serum ferritin level was 26 ng/mL(range<1-2759 ng/mL).Compared to HCs(n=80211),there were a higher proportion of individuals with EO-CRC with serum ferritin<20 ng/mL(female 65%,male 40%)versus HCs(female 32.1%,male 7.2%)age 29-39 years(P=0.002 and P<0.00001,respectively).Stage IV disease was associated with significantly higher serum ferritin compared to less advanced stages(P<0.001).Serum ferritin obtained before or at the time of diagnosis was lower than levels obtained after diagnosis.Similar findings were confirmed in the sensitivity analysis.CONCLUSION Severe iron deficiency may indicate an increased risk of EO-CRC,particularly at earlier stages.Further studies defining the optimal serum ferritin threshold and routine incorporation of serum ferritin in screening algorithms is essential to develop more effective screening strategies for EO-CRC.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82371508 and No.81771439Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program,No.BE2020661+6 种基金Suzhou Municipal Health Commission Science Research Program,No.GSWS2020095National Mentorship Training Programme for Young Health Professionals,No.Qngg2022027Suzhou Clinical Key disciplines for Geriatric Psychiatry,No.SZXK202116Suzhou Clinical Medical Center for Mood Disorders,No.Szlcyxzx202109Suzhou Key Technologies Program,No.SKY2021063Suzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau Program,No.SKJY2021142,No.SKJY2021143,No.SKY2023227,No.SKY2022064 and No.SKYD2023159Suzhou Key Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Program,No.LCZX202218.
文摘BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6(IL-6)contributes to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders.However,there was no study concerning the relationship between IL-6 concentrations and clinical features in the chronic phase of early-onset schizophrenia(EOS).AIM To investigate the relationship between serum IL-6 concentration and the clinical features of EOS.METHODS We measured serum IL-6 Levels from 74 patients with chronic schizophrenia,including 33 with age at onset<21 years(EOS group)and 41 with onset≥21 years in[adult-onset schizophrenia(AOS)group],and from 41 healthy controls.Symptom severities were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS).RESULTS Serum IL-6 concentrations were higher in both EOS and AOS groups than healthy controls(F=22.32,P<0.01),but did not differ significantly between EOS and AOS groups(P>0.05)after controlling for age,body mass index,and other covariates.Negative symptom scores were higher in the EOS group than the AOS group(F=6.199,P=0.015).Serum IL-6 concentrations in the EOS group were negatively correlated with both total PANSS-negative symptom score(r=-0.389,P=0.032)and avolition/asociality subscore(r=-0.387,P=0.026).CONCLUSION Patients with EOS may have more severe negative symptoms than those with adult-onset schizophrenia during the chronic phase of the illness.IL-6 signaling may regulate negative symptoms and its avolition/asociality subsymptoms among the early-onset chronic schizophrenic patients.
基金National Natural Science Foundation Joint Fund Key Project(U20A20292)Task Book for Shandong Provincial Science and Technology Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Innovation Capability Enhancement Engineering Project(2023TSGC0005).
文摘The reactor coolant pump(RCP)rotor seizure accident is defined as a short-time seizure of the RCP rotor.This event typically leads to an abrupt flow decrease in the corresponding loop and an ensuing reactor and turbine trip.The significant reduction of core coolant flow while the reactor is being operated at full load can have very negative consequences.This potentially dangerous event is typically characterized by a complex transient behavior in terms of flow conditions and energy transformation,which need to be analyzed and understood.This study constructed transient flow and rotational speed mathematical models under various degrees of rotor seizure using the test data collected from a dedicated transient rotor seizure test system.Then,bidirectional fluid-solid coupling simulations were conducted to investigate the flow evolution mechanism.It is found that the influence of the impeller structure size and transient braking acceleration on the unsteady head(Hu)is dominant in rotor seizure accident events.Moreover,the present results also show that the rotational acceleration additional head(Hu1)is much higher than the instantaneous head(Hu2).
基金Supported by Jiangsu Province Phase 6"333 Project",No.BRA202201.
文摘BACKGROUND The generalized tonic-clonic seizure(GTCS)is the most usual variety of epileptic seizure.It is mainly characterized by strong body muscle rigidity,loss of consciousness,a disorder of plant neurofunction,and significant damage to cognitive function.The effect of antiepileptic drugs on cognition should also be considered.At present,there is no effective treatment for patients with epilepsy,but traditional Chinese medicine has shown a significant effect on chronic disease with fewer harmful side effects and should,therefore,be considered for the therapy means of epilepsy with cognitive dysfunction.AIM To investigate the clinical efficacy of Baijin pills for treating GTCS patients with cognitive impairment.METHODS This prospective study enrolled patients diagnosed with GTCS between January 2020 and December 2023 and separate them into two groups(experimental and control)using random number table method.The control group was treated with sodium valproate,and the experimental group was Baijin pills and sodium valproate for three months.The frequency and duration of each seizure,the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale(MoCA),and the Quality of Life Rating Scale(QOLIE-31)were recorded before and after treatment.RESULTS There were 85 patients included(42 in the control group and 43 in the experimental group).After treatment,the seizure frequency in the experimental group was significantly reduced(P<0.05),and seizure duration was shortened(P<0.01).The total MoCA score in the experimental group significantly increased compared to before treatment(P<0.01),and the sub-item scores,except naming and abstract generalization ability,significantly increased(P<0.05),whereas the total MoCA score in the control group significantly decreased after treatment(P<0.05).The QOLIE-31 score of the experimental group increased significantly after treatment compared to before treatment(P<0.01).CONCLUSION Baijin pills have a good clinical effect on epilepsy with cognitive dysfunction.
文摘Background: Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic infection that occurs worldwide. Humans are infected through ingestion of parasite eggs in contaminated food, water or through direct contact with infected dogs, which are the definite host. Humans serve accidentally as intermediate host, and occurrences are common in children and young adults. Cystic echinococcosis is endemic in Mediterranean, South American, Middle Eastern, Central Asia, East Africa countries and Australia. Multiple cerebral hydatid cysts are very rare with only a few reports in the literature. Case Description: We present the case of an 8-year-old girl who presented with focal seizures, hemiparesis, headache, vomiting and bilateral optic atrophy. Diagnostic workup was performed, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple intracranial cysts predominantly in the right frontal region with significant mass effect. A total of 11 intracranial cysts were removed surgically, and the child recovered uneventfully. Conclusion: Neurosurgeons should keep hydatidosis in the list of differentials when evaluating patients with cystic diseases of the brain. Although the removal of such cysts is challenging, outcomes are excellent when cysts are evacuated without rupture and patients show complete resolution of symptoms.
文摘Colorectal cancer used to be a common disease among middle-aged and elderly people.In recent years,the incidence of colorectal cancer(Early-onset colorectal cancer,EOCRC)under 50 years old has increased year by year.Different from the traditional late-onset colon cancer(LOCRC),the diagnosis stage of EOCRC is mostly in the late stage,with poor cell differentiation and poor diagnosis,and there is a layer of consensus and guidance on the diagnosis,treatment or screening of EOCRC at presentation.Therefore,fully understanding the disease characteristics and risk exposure factors of EOCRC is helpful to guide early screening and treatment,which ultimately reduces the mortality of EOCRC.In this review article,we summarized the epidemiology,physiology,risk exposure factors and pathological diagnosis of EOCRC,and discussed the diagnosis and treatment prospect of EOCRC.
基金Partially supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research Ad-hoc Research Grant(IRIS ID:2010-10530)
文摘Objective: To report cases of neurocysticercosis(NCC) from three neighboring districts of Andhra Pradesh state in India where NCC burden was never explored before.Methods: A total of 160 patients presenting with recent onset seizures were recruited from neurology, general medicine, and pediatric outpatient clinics of a local major tertiary care teaching hospital serving above districts during the period 2011–2014. Brain imaging was performed in all the above cases. A commercial immunoglobulin G-ELISA kit(sensitivity = 85%; specificity = 94%) was employed for the serological diagnosis of NCC.Results: The recruited patients presented with generalized, simple partial, and complex partial seizures(55%, 31.25% and 13.75% respectively). NCC was diagnosed in 44 of160(27.5%) seizure cases based on imaging characteristics, and a positive serum antibody ELISA. No association was detected between seropositivity with the number and location of the lesion(s) in the brain.Conclusions: The possible potentiality of NCC could be identified as an underlying cause of the recent onset of seizures in this region as explored in the present study. It is recommended that NCC should be suspected as one of the major differential in every recent onset seizure with or without a radio imaging supportive diagnosis, especially in areas endemic for taeniasis/cysticercosis.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30400483the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,No.07JJ5020
文摘BACKGROUND: Studies have explored changes in neonatal rat glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression changes following mature brain injury. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the temporal and special changes of GR during brain development in rats with recurrent seizures. DESIGN, TIME AND SE'n'ING: A randomized, controlled animal experiment was performed at the Department of Pediatrics, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, from February 2008 to March 2009. MATERIALS: Rabbit anti-rat GR monoclonal antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA; goat anti-rabbit IgG was purchased from Zhongshan Goldenbridge Biotechnology, China. METHODS: A total of 48 Sprague-Dawley rats, 7 days old, were randomly assigned to control and seizure groups, with 24 animals in each group. Seizures were induced by inhalant flurothyl. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in GR protein expression in the rat cerebral cortex were detected by Western blotting analysis and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: GR expression in the cerebral cortex of control rats significantly increased with aging (P 〈 0.05), and varied in the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and parietal lobe. GR was predominantly expressed in the cytoplasm early and rapidly increased in the nuclei. GR protein expression in the cerebral cortex after seizure was lower in the cytoplasm at 15 days and in nuclear protein at 19 days. CONCLUSION: GR expression displayed temporal and spatial changes in brain development. Recurrent seizures in neonatal rats cause abnormal GR expression and might play an important role in developing brain injury.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(8163000388).
文摘OBJECTIVE Microglia-mediated dis-placement of synapses has been reported in the setting of experimental neuroinflammation,but its role in neurological disorders is poorly understood.Complex febrile seizures(FS) are the most common infantile seizures,yet its pathological progress is largely unknown.METHODS Mice pups(postnatal 8-10 d) were posted to 43℃ hyperthermia condition to develop FS,and then the latency and threshold of seizures were determined.The displacement of synapses was observed through immunofluorescence staining.We researched whether microglial displacement of GABAergic synapses will influence complex FS-induced increase in GABAergic neurotransmission and neuronal excitability with patch-clamp electrophysiology.Moreover,we used the CD11 bD TR mice to selective ablation of microglia or pharmacological inhibition of microglia to observe their effects on susceptibility to FS and synaptic stripping.RESULTS GABAergic presynaptic terminals surrounding neuronal soma and GABAergic transmissions were increased in complex FS.Meanwhile,the activated microglia ensheathe glutamatergic neuronal soma to displace,but do not phagocytize,GABAergic presynaptic terminals.Patch-clamp electrophysiology established that the microglial displacement of GABAergic synapses reduced complex FS-induced increase in GABAergic neurotransmission and neuronal excitability,while GABA exerts excitatory action in this immature stage.Moreover,pharmacological inhibition of microglial displacement of GABAergic synapses or selective ablation of microglia in CD11 bDTR mice promoted the generation of complex FS.CONCLUSION Displacement of GABAergic synapses by microglia is a protective event in the pathological progress of complex FS.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11702018,11932003,and 11672074)。
文摘Presently,we develop a simplified corticothalamic(SCT)model and propose a single-pulse alternately resetting stimulation(SARS)with sequentially applying anodic(A,“+”)or cathodic(C,“−”)phase pulses to the thalamic reticular(RE)nuclei,thalamus-cortex(TC)relay nuclei,and cortical excitatory(EX)neurons,respectively.Abatement effects of ACC-SARS of RE,TC,and EX for the 2 Hz-4 Hz spike and wave discharges(SWD)of absence seizures are then concerned.The m∶n on-off ACC-SARS protocol is shown to effectively reduce the SWD with the least current consumption.In particular,when its frequency is out of the 2 Hz-4 Hz SWD dominant rhythm,the desired seizure abatements can be obtained,which can be further improved by our proposed directional steering(DS)stimulation.The dynamical explanations for the SARS induced seizure abatements are lastly given by calculating the averaged mean firing rate(AMFR)of neurons and triggering averaged mean firing rates(TAMFRs)of 2 Hz-4 Hz SWD.
基金supported by the American Epilepsy Society Fellowship(2016)
文摘Epilepsy, characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS), is a serious and common neurological disorder afflicting an estimated 1% of the population worldwide. Animal experiments, especially those utilizing small laboratory rodents, remain essential to understanding the fundamental mechanisms underlying epilepsy and to prevent, diagnose, and treat this disease. While much attention has been focused on epileptogenesis in animal models of epilepsy, there is little discussion on SRS, the hallmark of epilepsy. This is in part due to the technical difficulties of rigorous SRS detection. In this review, we comprehensively summarize both genetic and acquired models of SRS and discuss the methodology used to monitor and detect SRS in mice and rats.