GRACE detection of the medium-to far-field coseismic gravity changes caused by the 2004 Mw9.3 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake

Large earthquakes cause observable changes in the Earth’s gravity field, which have been detected by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). Since most previous studies focus on the detection of near-field gravity effects, this study provides the results from the medium- to far-field gravity changes caused by the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake that are recorded within GRACE monthly solutions. Utilizing a spherical-earth dislocation model we documented that large-scale signals predominate in the global field of the coseismic gravity changes caused by the earthquake. After removing the near-field effects, the coseismic gravity changes show a negative anomaly feature with an average magnitude of -0.18×10-8 m·s-2 in the region ranging ～40° from the epicenter, which is considered as the 'medium ffield' in this study. From the GRACE data released by Center for Space Research from August 2002 to December 2008, we retrieved the large-scale gravity changes smoothed with 3 000 km Gaussian ffilter. The results show that the coseismic gravity changes detected by GRACE in the medium field have an average of (-0.20±0.06)×10-8 m·s-2, which agrees with the model prediction. The detection confirms that GRACE is sensitive to large-scale medium-field coseismic gravitational effects of mega earthquakes, and also validates the spherical-earth dislocation model in the medium field from the perspective of satellite gravimetry.

Construction of Earth's gravitational field model from CHAMP,GRACE and GOCE data

The basic principle of spectral combination method is discussed,and the general expressions of the spectral weight and spectral combination of the united-processing of various types of gravimetric data are shown.What＇s more,based on degree error RMS of potential coefficients,the detailed expressions of spectral combination formulae and the corresponding spectral weights in the Earth＇s gravitational field model（EGM） determination using GOCE ＋ GRACE and CHAMP ＋ GRACE ＋ GOCE are derived.The fundamental situation that ulux-champ2013 s,tongji-GRACE01,go-cons-gcf-2-tim-r5 constructed respectively by CHAMP,GRACE,GOCE data and go-cons-gcf-2-dir-r5 constructed by syncretic processing of GRACE,GOCE and LAGEOS data are explained briefly,the degree error RMS,cumulative geoid height error and cumulative gravity anomaly error of these models are calculated.A syncretic model constructed from CHAMP,GRACE and GOCE data,which is expressed by champ ＋ grace ＋ goce,is obtained based on spectral combination method.Experimentation results show that the precision of CHAMP data model is the lowest in satellite-only models,so it is not needed in the determination of syncretic models.The GRACE data model can improve the GOCE data model in medium-long wavelength,so the overall precision of syncretic model can be improved.Consequently,as many types of gravimetric data as possible should be combined together in the data processing in order to strengthen the quality and reliability with widening scope and improve the precision and spatial resolution of the computational results.

A GOCE only gravity model GOSG01S and the validation of GOCE related satellite gravity models

We compile the GOCE-only satellite model GOSG01S complete to spherical harmonic degree of 220 using Satellite Gravity Gradiometry （SGG） data and the Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking （SST） observations along the GOCE orbit based on applying a least-squares analysis. The diagonal components （Vxx, Vyy, Vzz） of the gravitational gradient tensor are used to form the system of observation equations with the band-pass ARMA filter. The point-wise acceleration observations （ax, ay, az） along the orbit are used to form the system of observation equations up to the maximum spherical harmonic degree/order 130. The analysis of spectral accuracy characteristics of the newly derived gravitational model GOSG01S and the existing models GOTIM04S, GODIR04S, GOSPW04S and JYY_GOCE02S based on their comparison with the ultrahigh degree model EIGEN-6C2 reveals a significant consistency at the spectral window approximately between 80 and 190 due to the same period SGG data used to compile these models. The GOCE related satellite gravity models GOSG01S, GOTIM05S, GODIR05S, GOTIM04S, GODIR04S, GOSPW04S, JYY_- GOCE02S, EIGEN-6C2 and EGM2008 are also validated by using GPS-leveling data in China and USA. According to the truncation at degree 200, the statistic results show that all GGMs have very similar differences at GPS-leveling points in USA, and all GOCE related gravity models have better performance than EGM2008 in China. This suggests that all these models provide much more information on the gravity field than EGM2008 in areas with low terrestrial gravity coverage. And STDs of height anomaly differences in China for the selected truncation degrees show that GOCE has improved the accuracy of the global models beyond degree 90 and the accuracies of the models improve from 24 cm to 16 cm. STDs of geoid height differences in USA show that GOSG01S model has best consistency comparing with GPSleveling data for the frequency band of the degree between 20 and 160.

An Improved Energy Balance Approach and Its Application in CHAMP Gravity Field Recovery

为重力场决心从的一个有效方法捣烂轨道和加速表数据被叫作能量平衡途径。一新捣烂重力场恢复策略在这篇论文基于改进能量平衡途径被开发。方法同时解决球形的泛音系数，每日的集成常数，规模和偏爱参数。二 60 个度和顺序重力势模型，从古典能量平衡途径的 XISM-CHAMP01S，和从改进能量平衡的 XISM-CHAMP02S，用大约一年的价值被决定捣烂从从 GFZ 的弦音器和加速表数据的运动学的轨道。在 XISM-CHAMP01S， XISM-CHAMP02S， EIGEN-CG03C， EIGEN-CHAMP03S， EIGEN2， ENIGN1S 和 EGM96 之中的比较被做。结果证明 XISM-CHAMP02S 模型在一样的度和顺序是比 EGM96， EIGEN1S， EIGEN2 和 XISM-CHAMP01S 更精确的，并且几乎有象 EIGEN-CHAMP03S 的一样的精确性。

Gravity Field Variations Associated with the Buried Geological Structures: San Marcos Fault (NE Mexico) Case Study

Gravity data are sensitive to local vertical offsets across high-angle faults, where rocks with different densities are juxtaposed. Yet high densities in some Mesozoic sedimentary rocks just above the basement may smear out the subtle gravity signatures of basement faults. At this study the gravity data processing tends to avoid ill-described “black-box” techniques. The study area is situated in the Palomas site, Cuatrociénegas region, Coahuila, NE Mexico. The San Marcos Fault is at least 300 km long and has WNW-ESE trend from the central part of Nuevo León State through Coahuila, and finally to the eastern part of Chihuahua State. Gravimetric data shows that the lowest values of free air and Bouguer anomalies are in the southern part of the area, and the highest values are in the western and central part of the area. Between these parts exists a zone of high horizontal gravity gradient. Configuration of linear elements of gravity field (gradient zones) delimited the San Marcos Fault in the San Marcos valley below thickness of recent sedimentary cover. Two density models were carried out, which showed that the Cretaceous rocks are in discordant contact with the Paleo- zoic rocks that can be related to the San Marcos Fault. The density was determinate using to Nettleton’s method, which results highlight the presence of the San Marcos Fault. Density models showed that the Quaternary sediments are in direct contact with the San Marcos Fault.

A three-dimensional Moho depth model beneath the Yemeni highlands and rifted volcanic margins of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, Southwest Arabia

Knowing Moho discontinuity undulation is fundamental to understanding mechanisms of lithosphereasthenosphere interaction, extensional tectonism and crustal deformation in volcanic passive margins such as the study area, which is located in the southwestern corner of the Arabian Peninsula bounded by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. In this work, a 3D Moho depth model of the study area is constructed for the first time by inverting gravity data from the Earth Gravitational Model(EGM2008) using the ParkerOldenburg algorithm. This model indicates the shallow zone is situated at depths of 20 km to 24 km beneath coastal plains, whereas the deep zone is located below the plateau at depths of 30 km to 35 km and its deepest part coincides mainly with the Dhamar-Rada ’a Quaternary volcanic field. The results also indicate two channels of hot magmatic materials joining both the Sana’a-Amran Quaternary volcanic field and the Late Miocene Jabal An Nar volcanic area with the Dhamar-Rada’a volcanic field. This conclusion is supported by the widespread geothermal activity(of mantle origin) distributed along these channels,isotopic data, and the upper mantle low velocity zones indicated by earlier studies.

EGM96,WDM94和GPM98CR高阶地球重力场模型表示深圳局部重力场的比较与评价

为计算深圳精密重力大地水准面 ,利用 62个高精度GPS水准点和 4871个实测重力点数据对EGM96,WDM94和GPM98CR全球重力场模型表示深圳局部重力场进行了比较与评价。结果表明 ,由上述 3个重力场模型计算的大地水准面高和重力异常与实测值之间存在明显的系统偏差 ,当采用GPS水准数据尽可能消除系统偏差以后 ,大地水准面高的精度得到显著提高 ,若应用移去 恢复技术确定深圳高精度大地水准面 ,则WDM94应该是首选的参考重力场模型。

EGM96和EGM2008地球重力场模型计算弹道扰动引力的比较

给出了利用地球重力场模型计算扰动引力以及重力场模型截断误差的公式,计算了36阶、360阶、2 160阶地球重力场模型在径向和水平方向的截断误差,并对36阶、360阶的EGM96和EGM2008重力场模型计算的弹道扰动引力矢量进行了分析和比较。结果表明,采用重力场模型计算扰动引力时,模型阶数和弹道点的高度越低,模型截断误差越大;EGM96和EGM2008模型的一致性随着模型阶数的升高而逐渐降低。总体来看,EGM2008模型的精度要好于EGM96模型。

EGM96与EGM2008地球重力场模型精度比较

给出了由地球重力场模型计算重力异常和垂线偏差的公式，利用36阶、360阶EGM96、EGM2008地球重力场模型计算了国内某地区格网点重力异常和地面垂线偏差，并将其与实测数据进行比较，从而对这两种模型的精度进行了分析和比较。结果表明，在表示国内某地区格网点重力异常时，EGM2008模型精度较高；在表示地面垂线偏差时，两种模型的精度相当。

利用EGM2008模型快速构建扰动重力梯度基准图

重力梯度张量是重力位二阶导,相比重力异常能够更好反映局部区域的细节特征。因此重力梯度导航理论上能为惯性导航提供更好的辅助。重力梯度导航的关键技术之一是背景基准图的构建,推导了扰动重力梯度张量与扰动位在局部指北坐标系中的关系式,并基于EGM2008地球重力场模型构建了一块范围的海域扰动重力梯度张量基准图。为了快速构建基准图,选取了合适的勒让德函数,并将每一个梯度张量的计算式改变求和顺序来提高同一纬度圈上的计算点的计算速度。最后利用梯度张量对角线上三元素满足拉普拉斯约束条件的原理验证了所得基准图的正确性。

EGMTools:重力场模型评估及重力量计算软件

高精度、高分辨率的地球重力场可用于统一全球高程基准及确定大地水准面等,因此全面评估重力场模型精度及其快速导出的各重力量(如高程异常等)具有重要意义。本文利用VS2015+Intel XE 2016平台及OpenMP等并行技术研发一套用于重力场模型评估及相关重力量计算的软件——EGMTools,该软件的主要功能有:1)可实现基于实测点或格网重力异常、高程异常及垂线偏差等数据对重力场模型截断至任意阶次的精度进行评估;2)可实现利用重力场模型计算任意点或格网(SRTM地形表面)重力异常、高程异常及垂线偏差等重力量;3)在全球范围内,可按照一定的格网间隔(如1°×1°)对不同重力场模型所表示的重力量(如高程异常等)按不同的阶次进行比较;4)重力场模型格式转换、阶方差分析及RTM重力量计算的数据预处理等。

EGM2008地球重力场模型在城市正常高计算中的应用研究

基于空间分辨率1′×1′EGM2008地球重力场模型数据,用Hans-Gerd Duenck-Kerst等开发的Alltrans EGM2008Calculator 1.2软件,探讨如何获取城市高程异常及加常数,并提出了EGM2008重力场模型与我国区域采用似大地水准面之间的加常数,得到一些有益的结论,可为其他工程正常高的获取提供重要的借鉴经验。

Lithospheric Structure in the North China Craton Constrained from Gravity Field Model(EGM 2008)

A detailed knowledge of the thickness of the lithosphere in the North China craton（NCC） is important for understanding the significant tectonic reactivation of the craton in Mesozoic and Ce-nozoic.We achieve this goal by applying the newly proposed continuous wavelet transform theory to the Gravity Field Model（EGM 2008） data in the region.Distinct structural variations are identified in the scalogram image of profile Alxa-Datong（大同）-Qingdao（青岛）-Yellow Sea（profile ABC）,trans-versing the main units of NCC,which we interpret as mainly representing the Moho and lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary（LAB） undulations.The imaged LAB is as shallow as 60-70 km in the south-east basin and coastal areas and deepens to no more than 140 km in the northwest mountain ranges and continental interior.A rapid change of about 30 km in the LAB depth was detected at around the boundary between the Bohai（渤海） Bay basin（BBB） and the Taihang（太行） Mountains（TM）,roughly coincident with the distinct gravity decrease of more than 100 mGal that marks the North-South Grav-ity Lineament（NSGL） in the region.At last we present the gravity modeling work based on the spectral analysis results,incorporating with the observations on high-resolution seismic images and surface to-pography.The observed structural differences between the eastern and western NCC are likely associ-ated with different lithospheric tectonics across the NSGL.Combined with seismic tomography results and geochemical and petrological data,this sug-gests that complex modification of the litho-sphere probably accompanied significant litho-spheric thinning during the tectonic reactivation of the old craton.

GOCE kinematic orbit adjustment for EGM validation and accelerometer calibration

The main principle and mathematical model of GOCE kinematic orbit adjustment for Earth gravity field model(EGM)validation and accelerometer calibration are presented.Based on 60 days GOCE kinematic orbits with 1-2 cm accuracy and accelerometer data from 2009-11-02 to 2009-12-31,the RMS-of-fit(ROF)of them using EGM2008,EIGEN-5C,ITGGRACE2010S and GOCO01S up to 120,150 and 180 degree and order(d/o)are evaluated and compared.The scale factors and biases of GOCE accelerometer data are calibrated and the energy balance method(EBM)is performed to test the accuracy of accelerometer calibration.The results show that GOCE orbits are also sensitive to EGM from 120 to 150 d/o.The ROFs of EGMs with 150 and 180 d/o are obviously better than those of EGMs with 120 d/o.The ROFs of GOCO01S and ITG-GRACE2010S are almost the same up to 120 and 150 d/o,which are about 3.3 cm and 1.8 cm,respectively.They are far better than those of EGM2008 and EIGEN-5C with the same d/o.The ROF of GOCO01S with 180 d/o is about 1.6 cm,which is the best one among those EGMs.The accelerometer calibration accuracies(ACAs)of ITG-GRACE2010S and GOCO01S are obviously higher that those of EGM2008 and EIGEN-5C.The ACA of GOCO01S with 180 d/o is far higher than that of EGMs with 120 d/o,and a little higher than that of ITG-GRACE2010S with 150 d/o.It is suggested that the newest released EGM such as GOCO01S or GOCO02S till at least 150 d/o should be chosen in GOCE precise orbit determination(POD)and accelerometer calibration.

三种重力场模型在高精度动态测量中的适用性分析

为了进一步研究重力场模型在工程测量中的适用性,对动态测点GNSS高程转换的精度进行评估:基于某铁路公司实际测量作业,将地球重力场模型2008(EGM2008)、欧洲新技术改进重力场模型6C4(EIGEN-6C4)、实验重力场模型2019e_2159(XGM2019e_2159)3种重力场模型应用在轨道上动态测点的GNSS高程转换中;并采用精度评定指标和多基准站高程互差法、基准站位差互差法进行对比分析。结果表明:1)XGM2019e_2159重力场模型的精度评定指标略优于EGM2008、EIGEN-6C4模型;2)不同模型的多基准站高程互差存在显著差异,2个测段中XGM2019e_2159重力场模型计算的高程互差都能满足限差要求;3)不同模型的基准站位差互差存在较大差异,XGM2019e_2159重力场模型在各测段的基准站位差互差最小。在实际作业中应结合测区选用合适的重力场模型,以保证动态测点的高程转换精度。

两种地球重力场模型在GNSS高程拟合中的适用性分析

为比较XGM2019e与EGM2008两种地球重力场模型在GNSS高程拟合中的适用性,基于“移去-恢复”法,使用平面拟合、二次曲面拟合及多面函数拟合在两个不同地形条件区域开展GNSS高程拟合实验。实验数据表明,在两个区域中,基于XGM2019e模型计算出3种不同拟合方法的外符合精度依次为2.22,1.62,1.85 cm及1.56,3.32,1.17 cm,均高于使用EGM2008模型计算出的外符合精度,表明在实验区域内使用XGM2019e模型进行GNSS高程拟合的效果优于EGM2008模型,将XGM2019e模型与不同GNSS高程拟合方法进行组合,还可进一步提升GNSS高程拟合精度。

深圳市1km高分辨率厘米级高精度大地水准面的确定

利用65个精度优于2cm的GPS水准数据、5213个实测重力点数据、100m分辨率的数字地形模型和WDM94地球重力场模型,采用移去 恢复技术计算了深圳市1km分辨率的大地水准面模型。将该模型大地水准面高与由29个GPS水准得到的大地水准面高进行比较,其差值的标准差为±1.4cm。

地球重力场模型研究进展和现状

首先回顾自1966年以来国内外基于传统重力测量技术建立的地球重力场模型。其次,介绍国际基于CHAMP实测数据建立的全球重力场模型。在重力场长波部分,EIGEN-CHAMP03S和EIGEN-3P模型符合较好;在中长波部分,EIGEN-1S、EIGEN-2、EIGEN-3P和EIGEN-CHAMP03S模型的符合性趋于一致。最后,介绍国内外已公布的GRACE卫星重力模型。由于GGM02S和WHIGG-GEGM01S模型采用的卫星观测值数量近似相等,因此二者精度符合较好;由于采用CHAMP、GRACE、卫星测高和地面重力的联合观测数据,EIGEN-CG01C、EIGEN-CG03C、EIGEN-GL04S1和EIGEN-5C模型精度均分别高于EIGEN-GRACE01S、EIGEN-GRACE02S、GGM01S、GGM02S、WHIGG-GEGM01S等GRACE-only模型。

珠峰地区似大地水准面精化与珠峰顶正高的确定

本文使用珠峰及其周边地区的重力数据与SRTM3、1∶50000DEM、GTOPO30地形数据,以该地区的44个GPS水准点为控制,选择国内外的EGM96、WDM94、IGG05B、DQM2000D和CG03C作为参考重力场模型,采用移去-恢复技术,首次完成了珠峰地区分辨率为2.5′×2.5′高精度似大地水准面,其精度达到±9cm,并据此推算了珠峰顶高程异常值.再利用登山线路上的新测重力点与珠峰地形数据,依据严格的重力归算理论及移去-恢复技术,完成了珠峰顶似大地水准面与大地水准面差值计算,即珠峰正常高与正高的换算.

扰动重力梯度张量单分量和组合分量最小二乘配置法模型的建立

建立了利用扰动重力梯度张量Tzz分量和Txx+Tyy、Tzz-Txx-Tyy组合分量确定地球重力场的调和分析法模型,进一步推导了扰动重力梯度张量对角线三分量的自协方差和互协方差函数的级数展开式,推导了单分量、组合分量与重力位系数之间协方差函数的实用计算公式,给出了利用单分量和组合分量解算地球重力场模型的最小二乘配置法基本原理公式.结果表明,最小二乘配置法具有一定的抗差能力,随着观测数据误差的不断增大,其恢复的重力场模型有效阶次不断降低,精度也不断下降;Tzz-Txx-Tyy组合分量解算重力场模型的精度最高,其次为Tzz分量,Txx+Tyy组合分量最差.