Evaluation and prediction of earth pressure balance shield performance in complex rock strata:A case study in Dalian,China

This research explores the potential for the evaluation and prediction of earth pressure balance shield performance based on a gray system model.The research focuses on a shield tunnel excavated for Metro Line 2 in Dalian,China.Due to the large error between the initial geological exploration data and real strata,the project construction is extremely difficult.In view of the current situation regarding the project,a quantitative method for evaluating the tunneling efficiency was proposed using cutterhead rotation(R),advance speed(S),total thrust(F)and torque(T).A total of 80 datasets with three input parameters and one output variable(F or T)were collected from this project,and a prediction framework based gray system model was established.Based on the prediction model,five prediction schemes were set up.Through error analysis,the optimal prediction scheme was obtained from the five schemes.The parametric investigation performed indicates that the relationships between F and the three input variables in the gray system model harmonize with the theoretical explanation.The case shows that the shield tunneling performance and efficiency are improved by the tunneling parameter prediction model based on the gray system model.

Discrete element simulation of mechanical characteristic of conditioned sands in earth pressure balance shield tunneling

The discrete element method (DEM) was used to simulate the flow characteristic and strength characteristic of the conditioned sands in the earth pressure balance (EPB) tunneling. In the laboratory the conditioned sands were reproduced and the slump test and the direct shear test of the conditioned sands were implemented. A DEM equivalent model that can simulate the macro mechanical characteristic of the conditioned sands was proposed,and the corresponding numerical models of the slump test and the shear test were established. By selecting proper DEM model parameters,the errors of the slump values between the simulation results and the test results are in the range of 10.3%-14.3%,and the error of the curves between the shear displacement and the shear stress calculated with the DEM simulation is 4.68%-16.5% compared with that of the laboratory direct shear test. This illustrates that the proposed DEM equivalent model can approximately simulate the mechanical characteristics of the conditioned sands,which provides the basis for further simulation of the interaction between the conditioned soil and the chamber pressure system of the EPB machine.

Optimal arrangement for pressure measurement points in working chamber of earth pressure balance shield

In order to exactly provide scientific basis for pressure dynamic balance control of working chamber of earth pressure balance shield (EPBS),study on optimal arrangement of pressure measurement points in working chamber was conducted. Based on mathematical description of optimal arrangement for pressure measurement points,fuzzy clustering analysis and discriminant analysis were used to divide pressure regions of nodes on bulkhead. Finally,the selection method of optimal measurement points was proposed,and by selecting d6.28 m EPBS as study object,the case study was conducted. By contrast,based on optimal arrangement scheme of pressure measurement points,through adopting weighted algorithm,the absolute error mean of equivalent pressure of working chamber is the smallest. In addition,pressure curve of optimal arrangement points presents parabola,and it can show the state of pressure distribution on bulkhead truly. It is concluded that the optimal arrangement method of pressure measurement points in working chamber is effective and feasible,and the method can provide basis for realizing high precision pressure control of EPBS.

Feasibility study of tar sands conditioning for earth pressure balance tunnelling

This paper presents the results of laboratory test on the feasibility of soil conditioning for earth pressurebalance （EPB） excavation in a tar sand, which is a natural material never studied in this respect. Thelaboratory test performed is based on a procedure and methods used in previous studies with differenttypes of soils, but for this special complex material, additional tests are also conducted to verify particularproperties of the tar sands, such as the tilt test and vane shear test usually used in cohesive materials, anda direct shear test. The laboratory test proves that the test procedure is applicable also to this type of soiland the conditioned material can be considered suitable for EPB excavations, although it is necessary touse a certain percentage of fine elements （filler） to create a material suitable to be mixed with foam. Thetest results show that the conditioned material fulfils the required standard for an EPB application.

EPB盾构刀盘泥饼成因分析及评价模型构建

目前土压平衡(EPB)盾构机刀盘结泥饼的研究大都聚焦在单一因素上,缺少整体的、量化的评价标准,难以满足工程上对刀盘结泥饼的预测需求。针对以上问题,文中从地质条件、盾构选型、施工因素3个层面出发,系统总结了导致土压平衡盾构机刀盘泥饼形成的23个主要因素;将土压平衡盾构机在掘进过程中的刀盘结泥饼风险划分为4个等级:高风险、中风险、低风险和无风险。同时提出了结泥饼的风险因子量化标准,并结合层次分析法构建了土压平衡盾构的刀盘结泥饼风险评价模型;基于广州地铁14号线马创区间右线115-165环盾构隧道工程的掘进数据,计算出盾构机掘进过程中不同环的刀盘结泥饼风险程度,验证了刀盘结泥饼风险评价模型的预测性能。研究结果表明:结泥饼风险评价模型的23个影响因子中,以塑性指数、刀盘扭矩、液性指数、总推力的影响权重最大,启动扭矩的影响权重最小;结泥饼风险评价模型表现出了良好的预测性能,计算得到的结泥饼风险变化曲线与现场施工情况基本吻合;盾构掘进参数的变化能很好地反映掘进过程中泥饼的形成,其中总推力对泥饼产生最敏感,刀盘扭矩、土仓压力、推进速度和螺旋机转速的敏感度依次降低。研究成果可适用于类似工程中的土压平衡盾构机刀盘结泥饼的评价分析。

基于机器学习的EPB盾构土仓压力预测方法研究

为了避免因土压平衡盾构(EPB)土仓压力失衡造成的掌子面失稳、地层缺失和地表沉降等后果,将GA算法嵌入到PSO算法进行参数优化,结合灰色理论建立基于灰色最小二乘支持向量机的土仓压力预测模型,并以实际工程为案例进行了验证。研究结果表明:GA-PSO-GLSSVM土仓压力预测模型将总推力、刀盘扭矩、推进速度、螺旋机转速、螺旋机扭矩、注浆量6种掘进参数作为输入集,综合考虑了盾构掘进参数之间的相互影响,使预测模型更符合实际;该预测模型综合了GA算法的全局搜索能力、PSO算法的快速收敛能力和GM模型抗扰动能力,提高了复杂地层EPB土仓压力预测的精度;与其他预测模型预测结果的对比表明,GA-PSO-GLSSVM模型预测结果的均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)、可决系数(R^(2))明显优于其他模型,预测结果拟合优度和精确度更高,对砂卵石这类复杂地层中EPB盾构土仓压力的预测具有显著的适用性。研究结果可为砂卵石地层EPB盾构施工掘进参数控制提供参考。

Earth pressure balance control for EPB shield

This paper mainly deals with the critical technology of earth pressure balance (EPB) control in shield tunneling. On the assumption that the conditioned soil in the working chamber of the shield is plasticized, a theoretical principle for EPB control is proposed. Dynamic equilibrium of intake volume and discharge volume generated by thrust and discharge is modeled theoretically to simulate the earth pressure variation during excavating. The thrust system and the screw conveyor system for earth pressure control are developed based on the electro-hydraulic technique. The control models of the thrust speed regulation of the cylinders and the rotating speed adjustment of the screw conveyor are also presented. Simulation for earth pressure control is conducted with software AMESim and MATLAB/Simulink to verify the models. Experiments are carried out with intake control in clay soil and discharge control in sandy gravel section, respectively. The experimental results show that the earth pressure variations in the working chamber can be kept at the expected value with a practically acceptable precision by means of real-time tuning the thrust speed or the revolving speed of discharge system.

土压平衡盾构施工引起地面变形研究的评述

[目的]土压平衡盾构施工过程中会不可避免地产生土体扰动,引起地层变形,进而对周围建筑环境产生不利影响,开展土压平衡盾构施工引起地层变形的研究具有重要意义。[方法]通过整合各类相关文献,以施工各环节的联系为中心进行研究。阐明了土压平衡盾构施工工作机理,从隧道几何因素、土层地质条件和盾构掘进参数三方面研究地面变形诱因。论述了土压平衡盾构施工引起地面变形的预测方法,并分析了各方法的适用性与优缺点。以变形诱因和变形预测为基础,列举了土压平衡盾构施工致地面变形的控制措施。指出了土压平衡盾构施工研究中存在的不足,并对土压平衡盾构施工未来发展方向进行了展望。[结果及结论]土压平衡盾构施工引起地面变形的诱因为隧道几何因素、土层地质条件和盾构掘进参数。土压平衡盾构施工引起地面变形的预测方法有经验公式法、理论解析法、有限单元与有限差分的数值模拟法,模型试验法、人工智能法。基于对地面变形的监测,不断调整施工中的盾构参数,是目前控制土压平衡盾构地面变形的有效方法。

富水砂层土压平衡盾构渣土改良技术研究

富水砂层土体具有流塑性差、渗透性强的特点,土压平衡盾构施工时易造成排土困难和喷涌事故。针对西安地铁10号线穿越富水砂层的土压平衡盾构工程,采用膨润土泥浆和泡沫剂改良盾构渣土,提出了改良渣土流塑性的评价方法,基于其流塑性和渗透性确定最佳改良方案,为工程提供借鉴和参考。结果表明:(1)当改良渣土塌落后无开裂或坍塌、塌落形状为梨形、塌落度为180~210 mm、塌落渣土与地面接触角θ为0°~90°时,流塑性合适,此时改良渣土的渗透系数于90 min内稳定在10-5cm/s,满足工程要求;(2)最佳改良方案为:渣土、膨润土、水三者质量比保持在200∶1∶40~200∶1.5∶44之间,泡沫剂溶液体积比浓度为2%,泡沫注入比为6%。

滇中引水隧洞砾质土地层盾构渣土饼化控制技术

砾质土地层盾构掘进时,容易发生盾构刀盘结泥饼现象,须对渣土改良参数进行合理优化,以降低结泥饼风险。依托滇中引水龙泉倒虹吸盾构隧洞工程,首先分析砾质土地层盾构结泥饼风险以及分散型泡沫剂发泡性能,然后结合坍落度试验和界限含水率试验探究分散型泡沫改良渣土的塑流性特征,提出砾质土地层盾构渣土饼化风险控制技术,并通过现场跟踪试验对饼化控制技术进行验证。研究结果表明:(1)分散型泡沫剂发泡倍率随着浓度增加而增长,随发泡压力增加呈先增后减趋势,在发泡压力为0.3 MPa时获得最佳发泡倍率;(2)分散型泡沫剂能有效改善砾质土渣土塑流性,降低砾质土渣土液塑限,进而降低渣土饼化风险;(3)提出砾质土渣土改良参数建议值并应用于实际工程,应用后盾构总推力、扭矩明显降低且离散程度减小,盾构推进速度明显提升,验证了砾质土地层盾构渣土饼化控制技术的合理性。

EPB盾构信息化管理系统在广州地铁的应用

针对广州地铁二号线赤岗-鹭江区间盾构隧道工程,在分析盾构法隧道施工过程以及工程特点、施工扰动引起周围土体变形的规律、土压平衡盾构各种施工参数对施工变形的影响程度、盾构隧道土体及相关构筑物的沉降监测方法的基础上,对盾构隧道工程数据进行合理的分类,开发了“盾构隧道施工多媒体监控与仿真系统”软件。建立了工程信息数据库、施工监控与施工参数自动采集、地面沉降预测、盾构施工参数控制和地表沉降三维可视化显示等功能,通过多种数据查询器对工程信息实行集中维护和查询,进行地层及相关构筑物和管线沉降的预测、报警,并根据监测数据对盾构施工参数进行控制。

软土地层盾构掘进参数分析及掘进速度预测

依托佛山地铁3号线逢沙站—创意园站区间隧道工程,通过现场实测数据,详细分析了土压平衡盾构穿越软土地层时盾构掘进参数内在变化规律,并建立了掘进速度预测模型。首先,对盾构掘进参数进行数理统计分析,对各掘进参数的分布进行正态性检验;其次,进行Pearson相关性分析,找出线性相关性较强参数间变化规律;再次,利用基于互信息的特征选择算法,筛选与掘进速度非线性相关性较高的参数变量;最后,分别建立随机森林回归预测模型和基于遗传算法优化BP神经网络预测模型,对掘进速度进行预测。研究结果表明:在软弱地层盾构隧道工程中,通常采用较低的刀盘转速、刀盘扭矩及较高的掘进速度、贯入度、盾构总推力、土仓压力;掘进速度等参数均通过了采用K-S检验法的正态性检验;掘进速度与贯入度存在极强相关性关系;基于遗传算法优化BP神经网络预测模型的预测精度略优于随机森林回归预测模型,随机森林回归预测模型在测试集中的平均绝对误差、均方根误差、拟合优度分别为4.055、5.038、0.871,而基于遗传算法优化BP神经网络预测模型分别为0.822、1.244、0.991。

Experimental study on workability and permeability of sandy soils conditioned with thickened foam

Water spewing and muck plugging often occur during earth pressure balance(EPB)shield machines tunnelling in water-rich sandy strata,even though the conventional foam has been employed to condition sandy soils.In this study,a novel thickened foaming agent suitable for EPB shield tunnelling in water-rich sandy strata is developed.In contrast to conventional foam-conditioned sands,the thickened foam-conditioned sand has a low permeability due to the consistent filling of soil pores with the thickened foam,and the initial permeability coefficient decreases by approximately two orders of magnitude.It also exhibits a suitable workability,which is attributed to the enhanced capability of the thickened foam to condition sandy soils.In addition,the effect of concentration on the stability of the foam is explained by the Gibbs-Marangoni effect,and conditioning mechanisms for the thickened foam on sands are discussed from the evolution of foam bubbles.

青岛地铁土压平衡盾构碎石土改良方法研究

盾构在碎石土地层掘进时经常面临着地层渗透性强、刀盘扭矩大、刀具磨损严重等诸多困难。为解决上述施工难题,以青岛地铁4号线典型的碎石土地层为研究对象,首先通过颗粒筛分、LCPC试验和渗透性试验评价了碎石土的基本特性,结合传统的砂土和黏性土改良方案设计了5组碎石土改良配比方案,对不同配比方案进行坍落度试验、渗透性试验和直剪试验,分析了不同改良指标碎石土的流塑性、渗透性及抗剪力学特性,根据实际工程中盾构刀盘扭矩的变化情况验证了泡沫与聚合物组合改良的最佳方案。研究表明:7%浓度泡沫与5%浓度聚合物配比的改良剂能够有效降低碎石土的渗透系数,同时起到降低刀盘扭矩的作用。

二次调节技术在盾构EPB模拟系统惯性能回收中的应用

提出一种基于二次调节技术的盾构土压平衡系统,系统制动过程中调节二次元件的排量作泵工况,在螺旋输送机的惯性带动下向系统回馈能量。模拟实验表明,这种基于二次调节技术的盾构土压平衡系统能取得明显的惯性能回收效果,系统能量回收效率受二次元件的排量、系统油源压力及转速等参数的影响,在能量回收过程中实行恒转矩控制能使系统制动过程平缓,并能满足制动时间等要求。

大直径土压平衡盾构隧道下穿既有高速公路施工影响分析

通过对大直径土压平衡盾构隧道下穿既有高速公路的施工影响进行分析,研究了当前阶段高速公路变形沉降控制标准和采用不同加固措施情况下既有高速公路施工影响变化。研究结果表明,在未加固工况中路基变形的最大值为28.6mm,加固工况中路基的沉降变形最大值为17.3mm。对比分析表明,洞内的注浆加固对于地表的沉降变形控制效果是极为显著的,所以在盾构隧道开挖过程中对于盾构隧道洞内进行注浆加固十分必要。

盾构EPB模拟实验系统的建模与仿真

采用功率键合图方法,建立了盾构土压平衡模拟实验系统的数学模型,利用模拟实验系统实验数据,辨识出了模型的参数。实验证明该模型的数字仿真结果与模拟实验相吻合,表明所建立的模型可以代替模拟实验系统。利用该模型进行数字仿真,不受物理模拟实验系统的限制,可以拓宽模拟实验研究范围,为盾构土压平衡系统的动态分析和优化设计提供理论支持。

地铁盾构洞内盾尾刷更换技术研究

土压平衡盾构穿越承压水、透水地层时,盾尾刷会出现严重磨损,止水效果变差,对盾构隧道的掘进质量、安全等造成严重影响。因此,盾尾刷的快速更换对施工安全和工程质量至关重要。徐州地铁6号线一期工程市紫区间右线掘进过程中,通过洞内更换盾尾刷技术进行研究,提出土压平衡盾构机掘进期间进行安全、高效的洞内盾尾刷更换技术措施。结果表明,洞内快速更换盾尾刷安全快速可行。

盾构机刀盘结构和刀具布置设计研究

盾构施工具有安全可靠、经济性及适应性强等特点,广泛应用于公路、城市管廊、铁路及地铁等行业建设。为适应各种施工地质条件,盾构机的刀盘盘体结构有面板式、辐条式及辐板式等,文中对刀盘的开口率大小、刀具的选择与布置形式等进行了研究。

土压平衡式盾构用主驱动密封气动压力控制系统及其控制方法

传统土压平衡式盾构机主驱动密封压力控制采用一种油气混合压力控制装置,该装置承压能力不超过0.6 MPa。在操作过程中需要技术人员实时调节,对人员操作要求较高,存在误操作等安全风险,严重时会导致掌子面塌陷、主驱动密封失效、主轴承损坏等严重后果。为解决这一问题,设计了一种土压平衡式盾构用主驱动密封气动压力控制系统及其控制方法。该系统根据土压平衡式盾构机土仓压力的变化自动调节主驱动密封腔压力,并将主驱动密封的最大承压能力提高至0.8 MPa,显著降低人员操作安全风险。该系统对需高承压盾构施工的设备制造及操作有较强的指导意义。