Silicon limitation on primary production and its destiny in Jiaozhou Bay,China Ⅶ:The complementary mechanism of the earth ecosystem

In this paper, the phenomenon that the variation in nutrient and water temperature could cause changes in phytoplankton growth and structure is examined; and the question of how a marine ecosystem make up the earth ecosystem step by step to auto-sustain the balance between phytoplankton and nutrient supply especially Si is discussed. Three major complementary mechanisms of the earth ecosys- tem for nutrient Si, water temperature and carbon were put forward. Understanding the mechanisms nowadays would explain the why the El Nifio and La Nifia occurred, and forecast the trend of human-impacted the earth, which would alert us with proactive countermeasures.

Earth Ecosystem Theory: Ⅱ Segm entation and Com-position Principles

We firstly put forward the definitions and principles of ecosystem segmentation and composition, and elaborate five kinds of characteristics of ecosystem segmentation and composition. Results show that ecosystem segmentation and composition are actually its space segmentation and composition, and time change decides change and succession of any ecosystems. Via temporal-spatial change of ecosystem and segmentation and composition, change and succession trend of ecosystem and future development are determined, which lays foundation for analyzing structure and composition of earth ecosystem.

Earth Ecosystem Theory: IV Theory Application

By the application of earth ecosystem theory, three complementary mechanisms of earth ecosystem and ecological power of North Pacific are elaborated fully. Aided by three ecological sub-systems of earth ecosystem： terrestrial ecosystem, marine ecosystem and atmospheric ecosystem, running track of Si is showed. Under the theoretical guidance of three complementary mechanisms of earth ecosystem, we predict future climate mode of the earth, and climate in 2010 gave confirm. Therefore, the theoretical system of earth ecosystem is conductive to studying global issues, including change processes and tendencies of resource, ecology, environment and disaster. Then, it is beneficial to human healthy survival and sustainable development of the earth ecosystem.

Earth Ecosystem Theory: Ⅲ Structure and Interface

By applying the segmentation and composition principles of ecosystem,the structure and interface of earth ecosystem are fully elaborated,and corresponding model diagrams are established to display its composition and interconversion. The research finds that earth ecosystem includes three sub-ecosystems： terrestrial ecosystem,marine ecosystem and atmospheric ecosystem. The impact sequence of sub-ecosystems on earth ecosystem is atmospheric ecosystem 〉 marine ecosystem 〉 terrestrial ecosystem. Based on the segmentation and composition principles of ecosystem and the application of earth ecosystem structure and interface,we give new explanations to Taoism and Taiji with the eight diagrams,which contributes to theoretical research of natural science.

Earth Ecosystem Theory: I Theoretical System

Earth is the place of human existence and life. Without the earth,there is no human,no nature either. To study human existence,the earth of human living is firstly studied. By the study of many natural phenomena on the earth,we firstly put forward the theory of earth ecosystem,expound its definition,structure,aim,function,content and significance,and illustrate the characteristics of earth ecosystem. So we found the theory of earth ecosystem,and unveil the variable processes and the operation mechanisms of earth ecosystem. We put forward the earth ecosystem and its theoretic system,which are different from the previous ＂ earth system science＂ and ＂ Gaia hypothesis＂. We consider that among each part of the environment,between environment and organism,there are organic,close and coalescent relationships,so that the earth ecosystem is able to have a sustainable development. Even if there is no life,the earth ecosystem also can control and regulate the earth changes,and possesses the stable state. Therefore,the foundation of the earth ecosystem theory is conducive to the studies of the global problems： the change processes and trends of resources,ecologies,environments,disasters,and so on.

Multi-Trace Element and Rare Earth Element Composition of Coastal Casuarina Equisetifolia Ecosystem in Hainan Island,China

46 trace elements including 14 rare earth elements (REEs) in coastal Casuarina equisetifolia plant-soil system from 9 sampling sites in Hainan Island were detected by using ICP-MS. The aim is to explore the biogeochemical characteristics of migration and translocation of trace elements in soil-plant system and their function on the changes of environmental geochemistry. The results indicate that multi-trace elements in coastal sandy soil in Hainan Island are at very low level. The multi-element patterns are quite similar among plant,sandy soil and upper continental crust (UCC),and the magnitudes of trace element concentrations among them are different in the general order of plant<soil<UCC. Sandy soil has trace element concentrations with 1～2 orders of magnitudes less than those of the average UCC,while plant has 1～3 orders of magnitudes less than UCC and 1～2 orders less than the soil. The total trace element contents are not significantly different between root and needle,but significantly different between branch and root and between branch and needle. Those of root or needle are about 2 times of those of branch. Ag,Cd,In,Sn and Tl are enriched in C. equisetifolia,especially Ag.

黄土高原关键带土壤水文过程研究进展与展望

地球关键带是21世纪地球科学的前沿和重点领域之一。黄土约占全球陆地面积的10%,中国的黄土高原是典型的地球关键带之一。土壤水文过程驱动着黄土高原关键带不同尺度的系列生物地球化学循环过程,决定土壤−植被−大气连续体的演化方向与可持续性。基于地球关键带“4M”研究框架,综述了黄土高原关键带土壤水文过程研究的热点与前沿,梳理了不同尺度土壤水文过程的观测方法与技术、模型模拟与填图、深层土壤干化管理等研究进展;在此基础上,围绕黄土高原关键带土壤水资源优化利用与生态系统服务功能提升,提出了全球气候变化和大规模人类活动共同影响下黄土高原关键带土壤水文过程的优化管理对策和建议,展望了黄土高原关键带土壤水文过程研究的未来趋势。以期深化黄土高原关键带研究的科学认知,促进地球关键带科学的发展,为黄土高原自然资源优化管理、山水林田湖草系统治理提供科学参考。

地球系统科学视角下美国湿地保护修复的经验及启示--以大沼泽地综合修复计划为例

湿地作为地球上初级生产力最高、生物多样性最丰富的生态系统,受到人类活动、气候变化等多种因素影响,正在遭遇全球性的退化危机。近几十年来,美国在地球系统科学指导下建立了全面的湿地保护法律体系、科学的生态系统修复理念、多部门分工协作机制,形成了一套较完善的湿地保护修复模式,值得中国学习和借鉴。以美国大沼泽地综合修复计划为例,对其生态修复工作模式进行了综述,通过系统对比研究,发现中国湿地保护修复工作存在管理机制待完善、理念科学性不足、调查监测体系待加强等。建议设立国家湿地生态修复大科学计划,聚焦湿地生态系统中的土壤、水文条件等关键问题,建设全国湿地监测网络,建立综合调查、实时监测、及时预警、动态调整的湿地生态修复工作模式。

多源数据视角下生态修复与气候变化对渤海湾北岸典型盐碱化地生态系统韧性影响研究

滨海盐碱地(包括滩涂和盐碱土)作为海陆交错的重要生态过渡区和储备地,在维护中国东部沿海区域的生态环境平衡和保护农业生产方面发挥着关键作用。以渤海湾北岸典型的盐碱化地块为案例,基于多源地面观测数据,总结土壤本底状况和盐碱化情况,并量化人工生态修复和气候变化对该地块生态系统韧性的影响。研究结果表明,该区域的土壤盐碱化程度偏高,其中碱化土壤主要分布在陆地,盐碱化土壤则主要分布在近海区域。通过整合多源遥感数据、数字高程模型、再分析气候数据、国际土壤分层数据和土壤盐碱预测数据等,构建丰富的地球观测数据集,显示出对滨海盐碱地生态系统韧性评估具有潜在应用价值。进一步分析显示,该地区的生态系统稳定性受到土地利用变化历史和气候变化进程的协同调控。过去40年中多次土地覆盖和利用类型的显著变化明显削弱了该地块的植被生态系统韧性,导致近年开展的生态修复工程效果有限。此表现为修复后的植被呈中等丰度的灌草丛为主(NDVI约0.64),而未修复前则为高丰度植被状态(NDVI约0.74)。与此同时,与气候变化相关的极端气候事件(如洪涝和干旱)显著削弱了人工修复植被的生存能力(NDVI降至0.30),进而延缓了该地块的自然恢复进程。研究结果为滨海盐碱地的科学保护与可持续利用提供了重要的技术支撑。

Climate Changes and Sustainability

Climate change is the phrase used to describe long-term changes in temperatures and weather patterns. Changes in the atmosphere and their interactions with diverse geologic, chemical, biological, and geographic variables are the main contributors to this cyclical adjustment of the Earth’s climate. Such changes may be induced purposefully, because of burning fossil fuels, clearing forests, and raising animals, or they may be natural, brought on by significant volcanic eruptions or variations in the sun’s activity. By significantly increasing the amount of greenhouse gases already in the atmosphere, this heightens the greenhouse effect and contributes to global warming. This work includes several additional theoretical and practical explanations of sustainable development. The theoretical work encompasses hundreds of researches that identify requirements for how development routes might satisfy sustainable development (SD) criteria using economic theory, complex systems approach, ecological science, and other techniques. The agreements made by the Parties in various nations across the world will consider a wide range of perspectives about what would be considered undesirable effects on the environment, the climate system, sustainability, economic growth, or food production.

Vulnerability to Health Risks:Challenges of Human Being on Earth and Mitigation Measures

In 12th February 2008 UN launched IYPE,and some of the missions were;to demonstrate the great potential of Earth Sciences in the building of a safer, wealthier and safer society,as the Earth and Life are origins of diversity.Currently we experience human activities posing impacts such as climate variability and huge diseases burden due to exploring of Geo resources.The paper describes potential health risks such as ionizing radiation,Geo hazards,chemicals

Kinetic Behaviour of Lanthanum in Simulated Aquatic Ecosystem

The rules of transportation and distribution of La in each component of a simulated aquatic ecosystem were studied by using tracer isotope (() (140)La.) A mathematical model was developed to simulate the behavior of La. Results show that the contents of lanthanum in each component of a simulated aquatic ecosystem are as: honewort>sediment>snail>fish. The kinetic behaviour of La in the simulated aquatic ecosystem can be described by closed-five-component models.

基于生态系统服务的生态安全研究进展

生态安全是全球环境变化背景下人类可持续发展面临的重要问题之一。生态系统服务作为自然环境中人类赖以生存的环境条件与效用,成为人们感知和评价生态系统结构或功能变化的重要指标,同时为研究自然生态与社会-经济两大系统之间的交互作用提供了连接路径。目前,国内外对基于生态系统服务的生态安全研究尚处于起步阶段。在大量查阅国内外相关文献的基础上,总结了生态安全的理论内涵及方法体系,并从基于生态系统服务内在关系和基于生态系统服务拓展的生态安全研究,以及将生态系统服务与生态安全结合应用的综合研究等3个方面系统性梳理了目前国内外基于生态系统服务的生态安全研究进展。结果表明,发展初期的生态安全研究主要基于各种生态系统服务之间的供需关系、权衡/协同关系和服务重要性等内在关系,二者的结合效果能通过耦合生态系统服与生态系统状态指标和相关模型得到改善,近年来将生态系统服务与生态安全结合应用的综合研究在区域规划管理等领域已呈现良好的发展趋势。在此基础上,本文指出了目前研究过程中所存在的一些不足与未来发展的方向,为进一步深入开展生态系统服务与生态安全的耦合研究提供理论依据。

生态产品市场化定价的理论基础:(1)生态学基础

生态产品价值实现是践行生态文明的重要组成,也是“两山”转换的关键。虽然已有多种将生态产品内在价值转化为经济效益的途径,但缺乏对支撑生态产品合理化定价的环境伦理、生态学和经济学理论的系统化梳理和反思。文章梳理了生态价值概念随着人类对自然从顺应、利用到重视的变化过程,阐述了理论的升级和价值观的转变,重点探讨了生态产品定价的两个重要争议:(1)定价是否属于“人类中心主义”的范畴;(2)市场化定价可能会对生态价值观产生怎样的冲击。研究发现:在既关注了生态产品为人类提供的“直接价值”,又以充分保护和重视其“内在价值”为目的范式下,生态产品市场化定价已脱离了纯粹的人类中心主义;但将生态产品融入资本市场后,仍需要警惕可能出现的价值观担忧,以及重视生态产品与其他产品相比的非线性、不可逆、产权特殊等属性,还要平衡好生态产品使用价值和非使用价值的关系等。

GEE支持下的1988—2022年淮北市土地利用变化及其对生态系统服务价值的影响

淮北矿区是全国重要的煤炭生产基地之一,其在安徽省经济发展中占据重要地位,分析该区域土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值(ESV)的影响具有重要意义。本文以淮北市为研究区,基于谷歌地球引擎云平台和分类决策树算法,对研究区内1988—2022年的Landsat影像进行分类,得到7个时期的土地利用分类数据,进而分析该市土地利用变化情况及其对ESV的影响。研究结果表明:(1)1988—2022年淮北市建设用地面积不断扩张至初始的8倍,而林地和草地面积则不断递减,主要转为建设用地和耕地,且水体面积在波动中不断增加,主要与采煤沉陷有关;(2)林地和草地退缩以及建设用地扩张导致了研究区ESV总值不断减少,已减少50%,影响了ESV的空间分布;(3)ESV对耕地较敏感,且其他土地利用系数敏感性均小于1,说明在研究以耕地为主的淮北市时,应当对ESV当量因子进行针对性改进。本文结果为推进淮北矿区可持续发展和高效合理配置土地资源提供了技术支持和科学依据。

地球生态系统的营养盐硅补充机制

通过海洋生态系统的结构和功能以及海洋生态系统对大气生态系统和陆地生态系统的影响,根据营养盐硅对浮游植物生长的影响过程和浮游植物的生理特征以及其集群结构的改变特点的研究结果,综合分析了硅的生物地球化学过程,探讨了人类对生态环境的影响和生态环境变化对地球生态系统的影响。提出了地球生态系统的营养盐硅的补充机制:近岸的洪水、大气的沙尘暴和海底的沉积物向缺硅的水体输入大量的硅,即由陆地、大气、海底3种途径将硅输入海水水体中,满足浮游植物的生长的需要,保持海洋中浮游植物生长的动态平衡,促进海洋生态系统的可持续发展。

地球生态系统的碳补充机制

首次提出地球生态系统的C补充机制,并且用框图模型说明了补充机制在运行过程中的每个流程,阐明了无论Si的充足与缺乏,地球生态系统都要将C从大气中移动的海底,储藏起来,完成C的迁移过程。研究结果表明,人类排放CO2引起气温和水温上升,地球生态系统不惜损害陆地生态系统和海洋生态系统,也要启动C补充机制,完成C的迁移,导致气温和水温恢复到动态的平衡。启动C补充机制期间,在输送Si的过程中,地球生态系统给陆地带来三大类型灾害:沙漠化、洪涝和风暴潮;在阻断Si的过程中,地球生态系统给海洋带来一大类型灾害:赤潮。在这些过程中,人类引起大气C的增加与地球生态系统导致大气C的减少充分展现了人类与自然界的相互撞击,这会强烈地产生一系列自然灾害发生,如干旱、沙漠化、沙尘暴、暴雨、洪水、泥石流、山体滑坡、风暴潮和赤潮。人类尽可能减少这些撞击,为地球生态系统的可持续发展,也为人类生存创造良好的环境。

地球生态系统的气温和水温补充机制

首次提出了地球生态系统的气温和水温补充机制,并用框图模型说明了补充机制在运行过程中的每个流程,阐明了人类对生态环境的影响过程、生态环境变化对地球生态系统的影响过程以及地球生态系统对环境变化的响应过程,解释了气温和水温的补充起因。研究结果表明,人类是引起环境变化的起源以及其变化后的结果又作用于人类,即人类排放二氧化碳引起气温和水温的上升,地球生态系统又借助其补充机制使得气温和水温下降恢复到正常的动态平衡。尽管这个补充机制带来了沙尘暴、洪水和风暴潮,但由人类引起水温和气温上升造成的灾害要比自然界中这3种灾害要深重得多。自然界的这3种灾害是局部的、短期的,而人类引起水温和气温上升的灾害却是全球的、长期的。

生态系统观测研究网络在地球系统科学中的作用

地球系统科学是以地球系统为研究对象,重点研究各圈层、各要素以及自然和人为现象之间相互作用关系的科学,是在科学技术自身发展和社会需求共同推动下发展起来的新兴学科。地球系统科学概念的提出是为了解决全球性的资源和环境问题的需要,是地球科学向综合集成方向转变的重要阶段。目前在地球系统科学思想的指导下,在全球规模上已经组织了一系列重要国际联合研究计划,企图组织全球的科学家协作推动地球科学的发展。地球系统科学发展离不开对地球系统要素和圈层的物理、化学和生物过程的综合观测工作的支持。自20世纪80年代以来,一些国家、国际组织和国际合作项目都纷纷建立了国家、区域甚至全球尺度的观测、监测和信息共享网络。国际长期生态研究网络(ILTER)自20世纪80年代开始建设,其目的是对生态过程进行长期的监测,研究各种生态因子的相互作用及生态过程,从而揭示出生态系统和环境的长期变化,为生态系统评价及管理提供科学依据。中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)始建于1988年,在中国生态系统动态观测、科学研究和试验示范方面发挥了重要作用,2005年在CERN的基础上,由国家科技部组织开始建立中国国家生态系统观测研究网络(CNEN),目前已经遴选出了53个台站,开始对农田、森林、草地(含荒漠)和水体(湖泊和海湾)的动态进行观测研究,该网络必将成为全球地球观测系统(GEOSS)的重要组成部分,在我国地球系统科学发展的历程中发挥重要作用。本文主要从发展地球系统科学角度,讨论生态系统观测研究网络在地球系统科学中的作用。

稀土元素对农田生态系统的影响研究进展

稀土矿的开采和冶炼、稀土农用等导致农田土壤稀土元素含量不断积累,对农田生态系统结构和功能稳定产生严重的影响。综述了近20年来国内外农田生态系统稀土元素的主要来源、分配和输出,土壤和植物中稀土元素的测定方法,稀土元素对农田生态系统中植物、微生物、动物以及人类健康影响的研究进展。探讨了农田生态系统稀土元素的毒性评价和稀土污染土壤的修复措施。最后提出开展稀土元素对农田生态系统影响研究还需要加强的一些问题。