Remote sensing of earth’s energy budget:synthesis and review

The Earth’s climate is largely determined by its energy budget.Since the 1960s,satellite remote sensing has been used in estimating these energy budget components at both the top of the atmosphere(TOA)and the surface.Besides the broadband sensors that have been traditionally used for monitoring Earth’s Energy Budget(EEB),data from a variety of narrowband sensors aboard both polar-orbiting and geostationary satellites have also been extensively employed to estimate the EEB components.This paper provides a comprehensive review of the satellite missions,state-of-the art estimation algorithms and the satellite products,and also synthesizes current understanding of the EEB and spatiotemporal variations.The TOA components include total solar irradiance,reflected shortwave radiation/planetary albedo,outgoing longwave radiation,and energy imbalance.The surface components include incident solar radiation,shortwave albedo,shortwave net radiation,longwave downward and upwelling radiation,land and sea surface temperature,surface emissivity,all-wave net radiation,and sensible and latent heat fluxes.Some challenges,and outlook such as virtual constellation of different satellite sensors,temporal homogeneity tests of long time-series products,algorithms ensemble,and products intercomparison are also discussed.

Seasonal variations in the energy budget of Elliot's pheasant (Syrmaticus ellioti) in cage

This study aimed to discuss the energy budget of Elliot's pheasant Syrmaticus ellioti in different seasons, with life and health, good growth and normal digestion of Elliot's pheasant as the tested objects, The energy budget of Elliot's pheasant was measured by daily collection of the trial pheasants' excrement in the biological garden of Guangxi Normal University from March 2011 to February 2012. The results showed that the gross energy consumption, metabolic energy and excrement energy varied by season, increasing as temperature decreased. There was significant difference in gross energy consumption, metabolic energy, excrement energy between adults and nonages. There was also a trend that food digestibility of pheasants increases as temperature increases. In the same season, the food digestibility of adults was better than that of nonages. Throughout spring, summer, autumn and winter, the metabolic energy of 4-year adults were 305.77±13.40 kJ/d, 263.67±11.89 kJ/d, 357.23±25.49 kJ/d and 403.12±24.91 kJ/d, respectively, and the nonages were 284.86±17.22 kJ/d, 284. 66±15.16 kJ/d, 402. 26±31.46 kJ/d and 420. 30±31.98 kJ/d, respectively. The minimum metabolic energies were 247.65±21.81 g, 265.86±26.53 g, respectively for each group, detected between 4-year adults and 1-year nonages. Further study is needed to determine whether 29.6 C is the optimal temperature for the Elliot's pheasant.

Possible Evolutionary Models in the Initially Hydride Earth Theory

A modern view of the properties of chemical elements has confirmed the theory of the hot origin of the Earth. The next step in developing this theory was the hypothesis of the initial hydride Earth. In this work, we attempted to find additional evidence for this hypothesis and show additional effects that flow from it. The effect of the physical properties of atoms and ions on their behavior during the formation of the Earth was studied. The maximum contribution to the distribution of elements was made by those elements whose content in the original protoplanets of the disk was the maximum. Correlation dependence is obtained, which allows one to calculate the distribution of elements in the protoplanetary disk. It was shown that hydrogen was the main element in the proto substance located in the zone of the Earth’s formation. In this case, various chemical compounds formed, most represented by hydrogen compounds—hydrides. Since the pressure inside the Earth is 375 GPa, this factor forces the chemical compounds to adopt stoichiometry and structure that would not be available in atmospheric conditions. It is shown that many chemical elements at high pressure in a hydrogen medium form simple hydrides and super hydrides—polyhydrides with high hydrogen content. Pressure leads to a higher density of matter inside the planet. Given the possibility of forming polyhydrides, there is the possibility of binding the initially available hydrogen in an amount that can reach 49.3 mole%. Young Earth could contain about 10.7 mass% of hydrogen in hydrides, polyhydrides, and adsorbed form is almost twice higher than previous estimates. This fact additionally confirms the theory of the original hydride Earth. In hydrides, the occurrence of the phenomenon of superconductivity was discovered. Polyhydrides were shown as potential superconductors with a high critical temperature above 200 K. We, based on these data, hypothesized the presence of superconducting properties in the Earth’s core, which explains the presence of a magnetic field in the Earth, as well as the unevenness and instability of this field and the possibility of migration of the Earth’s poles. The fact that the Earth has a hydroid core causes its change in time due to the instability of hydrides. Arranged several possible models of the destruction of the Earth’s core. The calculations showed that both models give close results. These results give predictions that can be measured. The proposed models also made it possible to estimate the initial size of the Earth. Possible ways of further testing the hypothesis of the initial hydride Earth is shown.

Thermonuclear Reaction as the Main Source of the Earth’s Energy

The article shows that neither radioactive decay of long-lived radioactive isotopes nor the Earth’s “primordial” heat supply can explain a huge energy formed in the Earth’s core. A hypothesis is introduced that the main source of Earth’s energy is the thermonuclear reactions in the solid inner Earth’s core which consist of hydrides of irons and other metals.

Seasonal variations in the energy budget of Elliot’s pheasant (Syrmaticus ellioti) in cage

This study aimed to discuss the energy budget of Elliot’s pheasant Syrmaticus ellioti in different seasons,with life and health,good growth and normal digestion of Elliot’s pheasant as the tested objects,The energy budget of Elliot’s pheasant was measured by daily collection of the trial pheasants’excrement in the biological garden of Guangxi Normal University from March 2011 to February 2012.The results showed that the gross energy consumption,metabolic energy and excrement energy varied by season,increasing as temperature decreased.There was significant difference in gross energy consumption,metabolic energy,excrement energy between adults and nonages.There was also a trend that food digestibility of pheasants increases as temperature increases.In the same season,the food digestibility of adults was better than that of nonages.Throughout spring,summer,autumn and winter,the metabolic energy of 4-year adults were 305.77±13.40 kJ/d,263.67±11.89 kJ/d,357.23±25.49 kJ/d and 403.12±24.91 kJ/d,respectively,and the nonages were 284.86±17.22 kJ/d,284.66±15.16 kJ/d,402.26±31.46 kJ/d and 420.30±31.98 kJ/d,respectively.The minimum metabolic energies were 247.65±21.81 g,265.86±26.53 g,respectively for each group,detected between 4-year adults and 1-year nonages.Further study is needed to determine whether 29.6 C is the optimal temperature for the Elliot’s pheasant.

How to Heat a Planet? Impact of Anthropogenic Landscapes on Earth’s Albedo and Temperature

Today anthropogenic climate change is underway and predicted future global temperatures vary significantly. However, the drivers of current climate change and their links to Earth’s natural glacial cycle have yet to be fully resolved. Currently, many on a local level understand, and are exposed to, the heat energy generated by what’s referred to as the urban heat island effect (UHI), whereby natural flora with higher albedos is replaced by manmade urban areas with lower albedos. This heat effect is not constrained to these regions and all anthropogenic surfaces with lower albedos need to be studied and quantified as the accumulated additional heat energy (infrared energy) is trapped within Earth’s atmosphere and could affect the Earth on a planetary level. Deployed satellites have detected critical changes to Earth’s albedo to lower levels, however the cause and impact of these changes have yet to be fully understood and incorporated into Global Circulation models (GCMs). Here it’s shown that industrialization of anthropogenic landscape practices of the past century has displaced millions of square kilometres of naturally high albedo grasslands with lower albedo agricultural landscapes. Utilising a fundamental Energy Balance Model, (EBM) it’s demonstrated these specific changes have generated vast amounts of additional heat energy which is trapped by the atmosphere, transferred and stored within the oceans of the Earth as shown in Figure 1. The total additional heat energy accumulated over the preceding 110 years correlates to that required to warm the Earth to the levels seen to date, altering Earth’s overall energy budget. This energy will continue to accumulate and warm the Earth to a predicted 1.60 ± 0.20 Celsius by 2050 over 1910 levels. These findings are independent of anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas (GHG) additions and are further validated by predicting Earth’s temperature and albedo at the last glacial maxima, suggesting that an albedo cycle aligned to Gaia theory is the primary driver of Earth’s natural climate cycle.

Effect of different inter-satellite range on measurement precision of Earth’s gravitational field from GRACE

The precision of Earth＇s gravitational field from GRACE up to degree and order 120 was studied for different inter-satellite ranges using the improved energy conservation principle. Our simulated result shows that： For long wavelength （L≤20） at degree 20, the cumulative geoid-height error gradually decreased with increasing range, from 0. 052 cm for 110 km to 1. 156 times and 1. 209 times as large for 220 km and 330 kin, respectively. For medium-wavelength （ 100 ≤ L ≤ 120） at degree 120, the cumulative geoid-height error de- creased from 13. 052 cm for 110 km, to 1. 327 times and 1. 970 times as large for the ranges of 220 km and 330 km, respectively; By adopting an optimal range of 220 ± 50 km, we can suppress considerably the loss of precision in the measurement of the Earth＇ s long-wavelength and medium-wavelength gravitational field.

Surface energy budget diagnosis reveals possible mechanism for the different warming rate among Earth’s three poles in recent decades

With the introduction of the‘‘Third Pole'[1],the Arctic,Antarctic,and Tibetan Plateau(TP)can be collectively referred to as the‘‘three poles of the Earth'.The cryosphere is an important component of the climate system because of its effect on Earth’s surface albedo and its role in reducing the amount of heat exchanged between the atmosphere and ocean or land(2)As the dominant parts of the cryosphere,the Arctic,Antarctic,and TP are pivotal and sensitive areas of global climate change.Global warming will weaken the inherent stability of the cryosphere,such as its ice shelves,glaciers and permafrost[3,4].

基于DOST能量相对熵的配网单相接地故障选线方法

针对小电流接地故障中,不同类型配电线路故障特征频带能量分布不一致的情况,提出一种基于离散正交S变换与能量相对熵的故障选线方法。首先提取各线路故障后首半个工频周波的暂态零序电流,利用离散正交S变换计算暂态零序电流各频带的变换系数及各频带暂态能量,结合能量相对熵对两个波形细微区别的识别能力,分别获取各线路在不同频带的能量相对熵,并综合得到每条线路的综合能量相对熵,据此熵值大小进行故障选线。Matlab仿真表明该方法不受接地电阻、故障初始角、故障距离等条件的影响,在间歇性电弧故障时仍然可准确实现线-缆混合线路单相接地故障选线。

Optical Properties of Blue-Emitting BaAl_2S_4:Eu Thin-Films for Inorganic EL Display

The optical properties of blue emitting BaAl2S4:Eu thin-films were studied. The emission peak is around 470 nm, whose FWHM (full width at half maximum) is 35 nm. The dielectric constant is 3.03 from transmission spectrum, and the optical band gap is approximately 4.6 eV. It is found that the cubic phase and orthorhombic phase exist in fabricated thin-films. Furthermore, the energy band structure of BaAl2S4 : Eu thin-films from X-ray photo-electron spectra (XPS) and the absorption spectra were analyzed.

Retrieval of Outgoing Longwave Radiation from COMS Narrowband Infrared Imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation （OLR） from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite （COMS） has been retrieved since June 2010.The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels.This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm （OLR12.0 using the 12.0 μm channel） and three multiple-channel algorithms （OLR10.8＋12.0 using the 10.8 and 12.0 pm channels; OLR6.7＋10.8 using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLRAll using the 6.7,10.8,and 12.0 μm channels）.The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth＇s Radiant Energy System （CERES） over the full COMS field of view [roughly （50°S-50°N,70°-170°E）] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5-7 W m-2,which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain.OLR6.7＋10.8 and OLRAll have much smaller errors （～ 6 W m-2） than OLR12.0 and OLR10.8＋12.0 （～ 8 W m-2）.Moreover,the small errors of OLR6.7＋10.8 and OLRAll are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration.These results indicate a noteworthy role of the 6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs.The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface,atmospheric,and observational conditions is also discussed.

From the Beginning of the World to the Beginning of Life on Earth

Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology [1]. In this paper, we provide seven Pillars of WUM: Medium of the World;Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters;Creation of Matter;Multicomponent Dark Matter;Macroobjects;Volcanic Rotational Fission;Dark Matter Reactors. We describe the evolution of the World from the Beginning up to the birth of the Solar System and discuss the condition of the Early Earth before the beginning of life on it.

On the Solar Climate of the Moon and the Resulting Surface Temperature Distribution

The solar climate of our Moon is analyzed using the results of numerical simulations and the recently released data of the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment (DLRE) to assess (a) the resulting distribution of the surface temperature, (b) the related global mean surface temperature Ts>, and (c) the effective radiation temperature Te often considered as a proxy for Ts> of rocky planets and/or their natural satellites, where Te is based on the global radiation budget of the well-known “thought model” of the Earth in the absence of its atmosphere. Because the Moon consists of similar rocky material like the Earth, it comes close to this thought model. However, the Moon’s astronomical features (e.g., obliquity, angular velocity of rotation, position relative to the disc of the solar system) differ from that of the Earth. Being tidally locked to the Earth, the Moon’s orbit around the Sun shows additional variation as compared to the Earth’s orbit. Since the astronomical parameters affect the solar climate, we predicted the Moon’s orbit coordinates both relative to the Sun and the Earth for a period of 20 lunations starting May 24, 2009, 00:00 UT1 with the planetary and lunar ephemeris DE430 of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology. The results revealed a mean heliocentric distance for the Moon and Earth of 1.00124279 AU and 1.00166376 AU, respectively. The mean geocentric distance of the Moon was 384792 km. The synodic and draconic months deviated from their respective means in a range of -5.7 h to 6.9 h and ±3.4 h, respectively. The deviations of the anomalistic months from their mean range between -2.83 d and 0.97 d with the largest negative deviations occurring around the points of inflection in the curve that represents the departure of the synodic month from its mean. Based on the two successive passages of the Sun through the ascending node of the lunar equator plane, the time interval between them corresponds to 347.29 days, i.e., it is slightly longer than the mean draconic year of 346.62 days. We computed the local solar insolation as input to the multilayer-force restore method of Kramm et al. (2017) that is based on the local energy budget equation. Due to the need to spin up the distribution of the regolith temperature to equilibrium, analysis of the model results covers only the last 12 lunations starting January 15, 2010, 07:11 UT1. The predicted slab temperatures, Tslab, considered as the realistic surface temperatures, follow the bolometric temperatures, Tbol, acceptably. According to all 24 DLRE datasets related to the subsolar longitude øss, the global averages of the bolometric temperature amounts to Tbol=201.1k± 0.6K. Based on the globally averaged emitted infrared radiation of FIR>=290.5W·m-2± 3.0W·m-2 derived from the 24 DLRE datasets, the effective radiative temperature of the Moon is Te, M>=Tbol>1/4=271.0k± 0.7K so that Tbol>≅0.742Te, M. The DLRE observations suggest that in the case of rocky planets and their natural satellites, the globally averaged surface temperature is notably lower than the effective radiation temperature. They differ by a factor that depends on the astronomical parameters especially on the angular velocity of rotation.

Accurate Shortwave Radiation Simulation with a Two-Layer Aerosol Model in Xinjiang Region

To harness the rich solar energy resources in Xinjiang Region of Northwest China,this study tries to address the issue of lack of downward surface shortwave radiation(DSSR)observations and the need to improve the accuracy of satellite retrieval and numerical simulation of DSSR under varied sky and meteorological conditions.(1)A two-layer aerosol model specific to Xinjiang was developed to capture the vertical distributions of aerosols based on multiple data sources including lidar,GPS sounding,ground meteorological observations,and profiles from the ECMWF reanalysis version 5(ERA5)data.The results show that the ERA5/PBLH(planetary boundary layer height)and ERA5/ALH(aerosol layer height)could be used to establish the two-layer aerosol model and characterize the vertical distribution of aerosols in Xinjiang Region.(2)Using the Santa Barbara Discrete Atmospheric Radiative Transfer(SBDART)model,a localized inverse model of clear-sky DSSR was established.After parameter adjustment and using the optimal combination of input parameters for DSSR simulation together with the two-layer aerosol model,the model-simulated DSSR(DSSRSBD)under clear-sky conditions improved significantly compared to the initial results,with all fitting indices greatly improved.(3)In addition,the study demonstrated that the impact of the two-layer aerosol model on DSSR was more pronounced under dust conditions than clear-sky conditions.(4)Using the localized clear-sky DSSR inversion model and its required parameters,simulations were also conducted to capture the spatiotemporal distribution of DSSR under clear-sky conditions in Xinjiang from 2017 to 2019.The annual average DSSR_(SBD)under clear-sky conditions in Xinjiang during 2017–2019 was 606.78 W m^(-2),while DSSR from CERES(DSSR_(CER))under the same conditions was generally higher(703.95 W m^(-2)).(5)It is found that satellite remote sensing products experienced data loss in high-altitude snow areas,where numerical simulation technology could serve as a valuable complement.

全球气候变暖对治方式新可能

为研究全球变暖的成因,测算了过去50年人类消耗的能源量,其值远低于同时期地球的累积热量值,可推出全球变暖并不单纯是二氧化碳排放所致。对地磁特点及现状进行了研究,提出地球磁场的破坏,导致地球接收了过量的太阳辐射极有可能是全球气候变暖的成因。人类近二百年大量使用低频、低级能的电磁能所累积的能量及其频率变化有可能没有逃逸出地磁层,造成地球磁层能量驻波构架和磁鞘的局部破坏,导致大量太阳风等离子体进入地球磁层内部。同时,地磁层能量密度的改变扰动了地球在太阳系张拉整体装置中的平衡,使地球向太阳靠拢,从而接收到更多的太阳辐射。只有找出“地球生存环境极限值”,制定人类与地球和平相处的一系列生存规则,才能系统解决全球变暖的危机。

Pike Research: New Energy Greatly Promotes China's Rare Earth Industry

According to the latest report of Pike Research,the demand for rare earth in the new energy technology field will break the mark of 12,000 tons to reach 12,920 tons in 2017 from about 9,000 tons in 2011,indicating rapid development of China’s rare earth hydrogen storage material industry.

两种GRACE地球重力场精度评定方法的检验

基于改进的能量守恒法,分别利用先验地球重力场模型法(PEM)和最小二乘协方差阵法(LSM)评定了120阶GRACE地球重力场的精度,模拟结果表明:1)基于美国JPL公布的GRACE轨道参数和核心载荷精度指标,在120阶处分别采用PEM和LSM恢复地球引力位系数的精度为5.192×10-10和6.633×10-10;2)分别基于PEM和LSM恢复120阶地球引力位系数的模拟精度和德国GFZ公布的EIGEN-GRACE02S地球重力场模型的实测精度在各阶处符合较好,从而证明了基于PEM和LSM评定地球重力场恢复精度的有效性;3)通过基于PEM和LSM分别恢复地球引力位系数的模拟精度在各阶处的符合性,验证了基于能量守恒法结合预处理共轭梯度迭代法恢复120阶GRACE地球重力场算法的可靠性。

大气沙尘辐射特性的卫星观测

对１９９１年３～５月在ＨＥＩＦＥ实验区过境的１０次ＡＶＨＲＲ测量资料和同期大气浑浊度观测资料的分析结果表明，ＡＶＨＲＲ资料可用于大气沙尘对地气系统辐射能收支影响的研究。ＡＶＨＲＲ可见光和近红外通道反射率以及通道３和通道４亮度温度差对大气沙尘较为敏感，伴随大气浑浊度系数的增大，地气系统的后向散射增加，行星反照率增大；射出长波辐射则减少，但这种减少主要与地表温度的降低有关。

摄食水平对褐牙鲆幼鱼能量收支的影响

褐牙鲆幼鱼 (体重 0 .71～ 4 .16 g;体长 4 .4 5～ 8.14cm)在 2 4℃下保持 5个摄食水平 (0～最大 )。投喂人工配合饵料。褐牙鲆能量和干物质的吸收效率随摄食水平的增加而增加 ,平均为97.38%和 76 .73%。褐牙鲆排粪能 (F )占摄食能的比例为 0 .95 %～ 2 .83% ,随摄食水平的增加而减少 ;氮排泄 (U)占摄食能比例为 5 .5 2 %～ 6 .77% ,各摄食水平下变化不大 ;标准代谢耗能 (Rs)占摄食能比例为 1.0 5 %～ 7.82 % ,随摄食水平的增加而减少 ;在各摄食水平条件下 ,摄食代谢耗能(Rf)占摄食能比例变化不大 ,平均为 4 5 .72 % ;生长能 (G)占摄食能比例为 32 .6 7%～ 4 9.2 1%。随摄食水平增加而增加。在最大摄食水平时 ,褐牙鲆能量分配形式为 :10 0 C =0 .95 F + 5 .5 2 U +4 4.31R+ 4 9.2

一次中尺度云团发展时的湿有效能量收支分析

１９９０年８月１日１７∶２２一次伴有暴雨的中尺度云团影响到北京，对其进行了湿有效能量的收支分析。结果表明：（１）中尺度云团在发展期间释放了大量的能量；（２）由于垂直输送和潜热释放对减少了的能量可进行补充，从而使云团维持了较长的时间；（３）地面变压项虽然对能量补充不利，但其量级很小无大影响；（４）水平输送项。