Sources of IR Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere in Connection with the PeTa Effect

The PeTa (Perelman-Tatartchenko) effect is the radiation of the energy of a first-order phase transition during the transition from a less condensed phase to a more condensed one. The effect was independently discovered by M. Perelman and the author of this paper. Six papers on the PeTa effect have been published in this journal over the past nine years. They are devoted to the development of PeTa models to explain the following phenomena: IR radiation from cold surfaces, cavitation luminescence/sonoluminescence (CL/SL), laser-induced bubble luminescence (LIBL), and vapor bubble luminescence (VBL) in underwater geysers. This paper describes the sources of PeTa radiation in the Earth’s atmosphere. These sources of infrared radiation have been investigated by numerous research groups, but their interpretation either does not exist at all, or it is erroneous. The following phenomena are specifically considered: PeTa radiation during the formation of clouds and fog;a pulse laser based on the PeTa radiation;condensation explosions as sources of PaTa radiation;measurement of the concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere using PeTa radiation;atmospheric scintillation of infrared radiation in the atmosphere due to the PeTa effect;PeTa radiation as a source of comfort for the igloo;the influence of PeTa radiation on living organisms;PeTa radiation due to characteristics of tropical storms;PeTa radiation as a possible precursor to earthquakes. The problem of global warming, which worries everyone, as it turns out, is also associated with the PeTa effect.

Retrieval of Outgoing Longwave Radiation from COMS Narrowband Infrared Imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation （OLR） from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite （COMS） has been retrieved since June 2010.The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels.This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm （OLR12.0 using the 12.0 μm channel） and three multiple-channel algorithms （OLR10.8＋12.0 using the 10.8 and 12.0 pm channels; OLR6.7＋10.8 using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLRAll using the 6.7,10.8,and 12.0 μm channels）.The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth＇s Radiant Energy System （CERES） over the full COMS field of view [roughly （50°S-50°N,70°-170°E）] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5-7 W m-2,which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain.OLR6.7＋10.8 and OLRAll have much smaller errors （～ 6 W m-2） than OLR12.0 and OLR10.8＋12.0 （～ 8 W m-2）.Moreover,the small errors of OLR6.7＋10.8 and OLRAll are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration.These results indicate a noteworthy role of the 6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs.The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface,atmospheric,and observational conditions is also discussed.

Generation of global 1-km daily top-of-atmosphere outgoing longwave radiation product from 2000 to 2021 using machine learning

Top-of-atmosphere(TOA)outgoing longwave radiation(OLR),a key component of the Earth’s energy budget,serves as a diagnostic of the Earth’s climate system response to incoming solar radiation.However,existing products are typically estimated using broadband sensors with coarse spatial resolutions.This paper presents a machine learning method to estimate TOA OLR by directly linking Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)TOA radiances with TOA OLR determined by Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System(CERES)and other information,such as the viewing geometry,land surface temperature and cloud top temperature determined by Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications,Version 2(MERRA-2).Models are built separately under clear-and cloudy-sky conditions using a gradient boosting regression tree.Independent test results show that the root mean square errors(RMSEs)of the clear-sky and cloudy-sky models for estimating instantaneous values are 4.1 and 7.8 W/m^(2),respectively.Real-time conversion ratios derived from CERES daily and hourly OLR data are used to convert the instantaneous MODIS OLR to daily results.Inter-comparisons of the daily results show that the RMSE of the estimated MODIS OLR is 8.9 W/m^(2) in East Asia.The developed high resolution dataset will be beneficial in analyzing the regional energy budget.

CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF NET RADIATION IN THE EARTH-ATMOSPHERE SYSTEM OVER CHINA

Investigated are effects of the total cloudiness and other factors on earth-atmosphere net radia- tion(EANR)and analyzed is its relation to other components and ground surface net radiation in the context of ERBE and ISCCP.Evidence suggests that planetary scale albedo and earth-atmo- sphere short wave absorption radiation have maximum effect on the net radiation under study,with the influence of cloud and latitude displayed predominantly through the two factors;OLR has rela- tively weak effect;the earth-atmosphere net radiation is well correlated with surface net radiation. Analysis is also performed of the geographic distribution of the earth-atmosphere net radiation throughout China,and the annual curve of the net radiation on a local basis is marked by high (low)value in summer(winter)with the impact of factors.including total cloudiness responsible largely for the shift of the months with maximum.

Evaluation of Reprocessed Fengyun-3B Global Outgoing Longwave Radiation Data:Comparison with CERES OLR

Outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)at the top of the atmosphere(TOA)is a key parameter for understanding and interpreting the relationship between clouds,radiation,and climate interactions.It has been one of the operational products of the Fengyun(FY)meteorological satellites.OLR accuracy has gradually improved with advancements in satellite payload performance and the OLR retrieval algorithm.Supported by the National Key R&D Program Retrospective Calibration of Historical Chinese Earth Observation Satellite data(Richceos)project,a long-term OLR climate data record(CDR)was reprocessed based on the recalibrated Level 1 data of FY series satellites using the latest OLR retrieval algorithm.In this study,Fengyun-3B(FY-3B)’s reprocessed global OLR data from 2010 to 2018 were evaluated by using the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System(CERES)global daily OLR data.The results showed that there was a high consistency between the FY-3B instantaneous OLR and CERES Single Scanner Footprint(SSF)OLR.Globally,between the two CDR datasets,the correlation coefficient reached 0.98,and the rootmean-square error(RMSE)was approximately 8-9 W m^(−2).The bias mainly came from the edge regions of the satellite orbit,which may be related to the satellite zenith angle and cloud cover distribution.It was shown that the longterm FY-3B OLR had temporal stability compared to CERES OLR long-term data.In terms of spatial distribution,the mean deviations showed zonal and seasonal characteristics,although seasonal fluctuations were observed in the differences between the two datasets.Effects of FY-3B OLR application to the South China Sea monsoon region and ENSO were demonstrated and analyzed,and the results showed that the seasonal deviation of FY-3B’s OLR comes mainly from the retrieval algorithm.However,it has little effect on the analysis of climate events.

Accurate Shortwave Radiation Simulation with a Two-Layer Aerosol Model in Xinjiang Region

To harness the rich solar energy resources in Xinjiang Region of Northwest China,this study tries to address the issue of lack of downward surface shortwave radiation(DSSR)observations and the need to improve the accuracy of satellite retrieval and numerical simulation of DSSR under varied sky and meteorological conditions.(1)A two-layer aerosol model specific to Xinjiang was developed to capture the vertical distributions of aerosols based on multiple data sources including lidar,GPS sounding,ground meteorological observations,and profiles from the ECMWF reanalysis version 5(ERA5)data.The results show that the ERA5/PBLH(planetary boundary layer height)and ERA5/ALH(aerosol layer height)could be used to establish the two-layer aerosol model and characterize the vertical distribution of aerosols in Xinjiang Region.(2)Using the Santa Barbara Discrete Atmospheric Radiative Transfer(SBDART)model,a localized inverse model of clear-sky DSSR was established.After parameter adjustment and using the optimal combination of input parameters for DSSR simulation together with the two-layer aerosol model,the model-simulated DSSR(DSSRSBD)under clear-sky conditions improved significantly compared to the initial results,with all fitting indices greatly improved.(3)In addition,the study demonstrated that the impact of the two-layer aerosol model on DSSR was more pronounced under dust conditions than clear-sky conditions.(4)Using the localized clear-sky DSSR inversion model and its required parameters,simulations were also conducted to capture the spatiotemporal distribution of DSSR under clear-sky conditions in Xinjiang from 2017 to 2019.The annual average DSSR_(SBD)under clear-sky conditions in Xinjiang during 2017–2019 was 606.78 W m^(-2),while DSSR from CERES(DSSR_(CER))under the same conditions was generally higher(703.95 W m^(-2)).(5)It is found that satellite remote sensing products experienced data loss in high-altitude snow areas,where numerical simulation technology could serve as a valuable complement.

From the Beginning of the World to the Beginning of Life on Earth

Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology [1]. In this paper, we provide seven Pillars of WUM: Medium of the World;Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters;Creation of Matter;Multicomponent Dark Matter;Macroobjects;Volcanic Rotational Fission;Dark Matter Reactors. We describe the evolution of the World from the Beginning up to the birth of the Solar System and discuss the condition of the Early Earth before the beginning of life on it.

中国地区云对地气系统长波射出辐射(OLR)强迫的气候研究

本文利用地球辐射平衡试验（ＥＲＢＥ）和国际卫星云气候计划 （ＩＳＣＣＰ）提供的地气系统长波射出辐射（ＯＬＲ）和云量资料，计算并讨论了我国各 季和年平均云量对地气系统ＯＬＲ的强迫及其所产生的温室效应。结果表明：我国 各季的 ＯＬＲ云强迫与总云量、高云量都有较好的相关，且季节变化明显；ＯＬＲ云 强迫和云温室效应的地理分布受云量和云状的影响较大，它们的年变化一般呈弱 双峰型，峰值在春、夏季出现。

中国地－气系统净辐射的气候特征

根据ＥＲＢＥ和ＩＳＣＣＰ资料讨论了总云量等因子对地－气系统净辐射的影响，分析了地－气系统净辐射与其各分量及地表净辐射的相关联系。发现行星反射率和地气短波吸收辐射对地－气净辐射的影响最大，而云和纬度的作用主要通过该两因子变化表现出来，ＯＬＲ的作用则相对较弱。地－气净辐射与地表净辐射的相关性也较明显。文中还就地－气净辐射在全国的地理分布作了分析。各地区地－气净辐射的年变曲线均为简单的夏大冬小型，云等因素的影响主要造成最大值出现月份的推移。

青藏高原云对地气系统长波射出辐射(OLR)强迫的气候研究

利用地球辐射平衡试验 ( ERBE)和国际卫星云气候计划 ( ISCCP)提供的地气系统长波射出辐射 ( OLR)和云量资料 ,计算并讨论了青藏高原地气系统各季和年平均总云量对 OL R的强迫及其所产生的温室效应 ,揭示了高、低云对 OLR强迫的特点。结果表明 :高原的 OL R云强迫与总云量、高云量都有较好的相关关系 ,且季节变化明显 ;OL R云强迫和云温室效应的地理分布与高原总云量的分布较为一致 ;云强迫的年变化一般以春季最大 ,冬。

月基观测地球大气层顶辐射特性研究

针对月基辐射计参数设计的不确定性,研究了基于月基辐射计观测地球大气层顶的辐射特性。基于月基平台,将地球作为类点状辐射源进行观测,分析了月面不同位置观测特性、观测数据受观测几何影响以及观测采样特性。结果表明:月球轨道是变轨道倾角、变观测距离的,一个轨道周期内可以完成对地球全球的充分采样,满足对地球完全时空覆盖观测的条件;在月面中心区域观测获得的大气层顶辐射能量较高;建议的传感器动态范围在5.50×10^(-2)~8.50×10^(-2) W/m^(2)之间,观测时间采样间隔不大于4 h,累积采样周期为一个轨道周期(27.3 d)。得到的结果为月基辐射计参数设计与观测参数确定提供了重要依据。

地球大气临边背景红外辐射特性研究

飞行器所在环境的红外辐射特性对其红外特征存在着重要影响,因此对飞行器背景进行红外辐射研究很有必要。对地球大气系统进行观测时,视场中仅由大气区域构成的地气系统范围称为临边背景。基于中光谱分辨率大气辐射传输模式利用大气辐射传输理论建立了临边红外辐射计算模型,针对3~5μm和8~14μm典型波段,计算了各纬度冬夏两季的临边背景红外辐射,获得了影响临边背景红外辐射的主要因素,即切线高度、纬度、季节、气溶胶和波段并对其进行分析,为地球临边背景红外辐射探测提供了理论支持。