Characteristics of the coseismic geomagnetic disturbances recorded during the 2008 M_w 7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake and two unexplained problems

Twenty-seven FHDZ-M15 combined geomagnetic observation systems(each of which is equipped with a fluxgate magnetometer and a proton magnetometer)had been installed in the China geomagnetic network before the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,during which coseismic disturbances were recorded by 26 fluxgate magnetometer observatories.The geomagnetic disturbances have similar spatial and temporal patterns to seismic waves,except for various delays.Six proton magnetometer observatories recorded coseismic disturbances with very small amplitudes.In addition,fluxgate magnetometers registered largeamplitude disturbances that are likely to have included responses to seismic waves.However,two problems remain unresolved.First,why do these geomagnetic disturbances always arrive later than P waves?Second,why do the geomagnetic disturbances have spatial and temporal directivity similar to the main rupture direction of the earthquake?Solving these two problems may be crucial to find the mechanism responsible for generating these geomagnetic anomalies.

Reproduction of the Sedimentary Disturbance Phenomenon of the Diexi Ancient Landslide-Dammed Lake under Earthquake

Valuable geological and environmental information can be obtained from the 200 m thick lacustrine sediments in the Diexi lake(an ancient landslide-dammed lake) of the Minjiang River. The shaking table test method was employed to study the disturbance phenomena which occurred in the Diexi lake sediments. The results show that the disturbance phenomena were caused by liquefaction-induced flows in the unconsolidated lacustrine sediments, due to triggering by earthquakes. The deformations only occurred in unconsolidated sediment layers and not in consolidated layers. This means that a consolidated layer cannot be liquefied and disturbed again by an earthquake for a second time. The disturbance on one layer corresponds to only one earthquake. The temporal occurrence of earthquakes could be determined by disturbance layers generated at different ages. In total, 10 disturbed layers were found in the lacustrine sediments of the Diexi lake. The experiments showed that there were more than 10 earthquakes between 30 ka B.P. and 15 ka B.P. in the Diexi lake area based on the dating of the disturbed sediment layers.

Ionospheric total electron content disturbance associated with May 12, 2008,Wenchuan earthquake

Possible ionospheric disturbances relating to the May 12, 2008, MsS.0 Wenchuan earthquake were identified by Global Positioning System （GPS）-derived total electron content （TEC）, ion- osonde observations, the global ionospheric map （GIM）, and electron density profiles detected by the Constellation Observation System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate （COSMIC）. We applied a statistical test to detect anomalous TEC signals and found that a unique enhancement in TEC, recorded at 16 GPS stations, appeared on May 9, 2008. The critical fre- quency at F2 peak （foF2）, observed by the Chinese ionosondes, and maximal plasma frequency, derived from COSMIC data, revealed a characteristic similar to GPS TEC variations. The GIM showed that the anomalous variations of May 9 were located southeast of the epicenter. Using GPS data from 13 stations near the epicenter, we analyzed the TEC variations of satellite orbit traces during 04：00-11：00 UT. We found that TEC decreased to the east and increased to the southeast of the epicenter during this period. Results showed that the abnormal disturbance on May 9 was probably an ionosphenc precursor of the Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008.

Analysis of ionospheric VTEC disturbances before and after the Yutian Ms7.3 earthquake in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

An earthquake with a magnitude of Ms7.3 hit Yutian in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on February 14, 2014. This research investigates the interference phenomena in solar activities and geomagnetics, and adopts the quartile method to analyze the Global Ionosphere Map （GIM） Vertical Total Electron Content （VTEC） data provided by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe （CODE）, as well as the difference between GIM VTEC and International Reference Ionosphere （IRI） VTEC data. The ionospheric VTEC disturbances at the earthquake epicenter are examined before and after the event. At UTC 8：00 on February 2, a strong VTEC disturbance emerged in the sky near the epicenter. A strong VTEC disturbance also emerged in the sky of the southern Hemisphere area, which is symmetric with the areas north of the equator. The methods used in analysis of the difference between GIM VTEC and IRI VTEC information can effectively fill the gaps in analysis that uses only the GIM VTEC data.

The earthquake-related disturbances in ionosphere and project of the first China seismo-electromagnetic satellite

Based on the case studies and statistical analysis of earthquake-related ionospheric disturbances mainly from DEMETER satellite, ground-based GPS and ionosounding data, this paper summarizes the statisw tical characteristics of earthquake-related ionospheric disturbances, including electromagnetic emissions, plasma perturbations and variation of energetic particle flux. According to the main results done by Chinese scientists, fusing with the existed study from global researches, seismo-ionospheric disturbances usually occurred a few days or hours before earthquake occurrence. Paralleling to these case studies, lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere （LAI） coupling mechanisms are checked and optimized. A thermo-electric model was proposed to explain the seismo-electromagnetic effects before earthquakes. A propagation model was put forward to explain the electromagnetic waves into the ionosphere. According to the requirement of earthquake prediction research, China seismo-electromagnetic satellite, the first space-based platform of Chinese earthquake stereoscopic observation system, is proposed and planned to launch at about the end of 2014. It focuses on checking the LAI model and distinguishing earthquake-related ionospheric disturbance. The preliminary design for the satellite will adopt CAST-2000 platform with eight payloads onboard. It is believed that the satellite will work together with the ground monitoring network to improve the capability to capture seismo-electromagnetic information, which is beneficial for earthquake monitoring and prediction researches.

Discussion on several important problems in earthquake-related electromagnetic disturbance monitoring in China

Earthquake-related electromagnetic observation aims at finding abnormal electromagnetic variation associated with earthquake possibly. The existing studies have proved that this method is, to a large extent, effective in short-term and impending earthquake predication. This paper summarizes progress and discusses some related problems in this field. Some requirements for observation system have been proposed to improve monitoring level. As a case observation using the reformed observation system in Jinghai seismologie station, Tianjin, some results are given.

Stress-induced trend:the clustering feature of coal mine disasters and earthquakes in China

Nearly half of coal mine disasters in China have been found to occur in clusters or to be accompanied by earthquakes nearby,in which all the disaster types are involved.Stress disturbances seem to exist among mining areas and to be responsible for the observed clustering.The earthquakes accompanied by coal mine disasters may be the vital geophysical evidence for tectonic stress disturbances around mining areas.This paper analyzes all the possible causative factors to demonstrate the authenticity and reliability of the observed phenomena.A quantitative study was performed on the degree of clustering,and space-time distribution curves are obtained.Under the threshold of 100 km,47%of disasters are involved in cluster series and 372 coal mine disasters accompanied by earthquakes.The majority cluster series lasting for 1-2 days correspond well earthquakes nearby,which are speculated to be related to local stress disturbance.While the minority lasting longer than 4 days correspond well with fatal earthquakes,which are speculated to be related to regional stress disturbance.The cluster series possess multiple properties,such as the area,the distance,the related disasters,etc.,and compared with the energy and the magnitude of earthquakes,good correspondences are acquired.It indicates that the cluster series of coal mine disasters and earthquakes are linked with fatal earthquakes and may serve as footprints of regional stress disturbance.Speculations relating to the geological model are made,and five disaster-causing models are examined.To earthquake research and disaster prevention,widely scientific significance is suggested.

Pre-seismic ionospheric anomalies of the 2013 Mw=7.7 Pakistan earthquake from GPS and COSMIC observations

The seismo-ionospheric anomalies may provide some insights about the earthquake.However,preseismic ionospheric anomalies are still challenging.In this paper,seismo-ionospheric anomalies are investigated before the September 24,2013(Mw=7.7)Awaran(Pakistan)earthquake from GPS TEC(Total Electron Content)and COSMIC(Constellation Observing System for Meteorology,Ionosphere and Climate)data.The TEC data are showing anomalies on September 21,2013.The abnormality detected in the temporal data is about 10 TECU beyond the 30-day running median.The percentage deviation of the TEC anomaly on September 21,is 30% above the upper confidence interval.The anomalies prevail 5 in Latitude and 10 in Longitude over the epicenter.The spatial and temporal data of TEC showed anomalies in TEC from UT=08 to UT=12.In addition,the enhancement on September 21,2013 is also very significant in COSMIC data.The results of COSMIC completely agreed with GPS TEC anomalies on September 21,2013.The percentage deviation of the peak plasma frequency on September 21 is 5% of the normal distribution.The storm indices are quiet before and after the earthquake.The pre-sesimic ionospheric anomalies are most probably associated with the 2013 Mw=7.7 Awaran(Pakistan)earthquake.

Coseismic displacements and inospheric changes of the 2013 Ms7. 0 Lushan earthquake from GPS measurements

By inverting GPS data recorded at stations of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China （CMONOC） near the 2013 Lushan Ms7.0 earthquake, we found a horizontal displacement of 22 mm at a site about 32 kin SW of the epicenter and vertical displacements of as much as 12.4 mm at several sites. The vertical displacements were generally uplift on the west side of the nearby Longmenshan fault zone and subsidence on the east side. We also found coseismic ionospheric disturbances about 0.5 to 0.9 TECU in amplitude that lasted for about one hour.

2020年7月22日阿拉斯加7.8级地震同震电离层扰动分析

利用全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)、电离层测高仪和地震仪数据,从振幅及波形、时空分布、传播速度与方向、时频域等角度对2020年阿拉斯加7.8级地震同震电离层扰动(Co-seismic ionospheric disturbances,CIDs)特性进行探究.卫星G03、G04和G09在地震西部探测到3类CIDs,最大扰动幅度约0.1 TECU (1 TECU=10^(16) el/m~2),并且均沿着地震断层破裂延伸方向(西南方向)传播;而在地震北部与东部未发现CIDs.根据CIDs的速度及中心频率将其分为三类,第一类为高速传播的CIDs(速度约为2.93 km·s^(-1)),中心频率约11 mHz,符合瑞利波激发的电离层扰动特征;第二类CIDs的传播速度约为1.69 km·s^(-1)和1.55 km·s^(-1),中心频率约4.5 mHz和4.7 mHz,符合声波引起的电离层扰动频率;第三类CIDs速度约为0.98 km·s^(-1)和1.11 km·s^(-1),中心频率约2.9 mHz,可能为声波引起的另一类电离层扰动.同时,利用CIDs时空数据估计的CIDs扰动源位置与震中较为接近,进一步说明电离层扰动由地震激发.通过对GNSS站及地震仪位移的分析,估计了地震瑞利波沿西南方向传播速度与第一类CIDs较为吻合,验证了第一类CIDs由瑞利波激发,且断层的垂直位移是引起电离层扰动的重要因素.测高仪观测到电离层临界频率(f_(0)F_(2))发生显著波动,探测到CIDs的传播速度约1.02 km·s^(-1),传播速度和方向与卫星G03、G04探测的CIDs较为吻合,推断其属于第三类CIDs.

阿拉斯加2021年8.2级地震同震电离层扰动特征及对比分析

为分析2021年7月29日阿拉斯加8.2级地震引起的电离层响应,利用地震附近的全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)观测数据估算电离层总电子含量(Ionospheric Total Electron Content,TEC)及同震电离层扰动(Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances,CIDs).从多角度对CIDs的时空分布特征进行分析,并与阿拉斯加2018年7.9级走滑型地震以及2020年7.8级逆断层地震引起的CIDs对比.在地震西南方向探测到两类CIDs,最大扰动振幅约0.8 TECU(1 TECU=1016 el/m^(2)),并且在西南方向距离震中约1094 km的测高站EA653探测到CIDs.在震中西北、东北和北方向探测到传播速度相近的CIDs.根据CIDs的速度和频率大小将CIDs分为两类,第一类CIDs的传播速度为1.87 km·s^(-1),频率约为3.8 mHz,可能由地震声波引起,扰动量级最大;第二类CIDs的传播速度为0.85~1.09 km·s^(-1),中心频率约在3.0 mHz或者5.7 mHz附近,为地震声波引起的另一类电离层扰动.逆断层地震引起的CIDs比走滑型地震更加显著,表明地震引起的垂直地表运动在CIDs的形成中起主要作用.三次地震在西南方向均引起显著的CIDs,与地震破裂方向较为一致,该地区大地震引起的CIDs可能具有较为明显的方向性,具体形成机制有待于进一步研究.

GPS detection of the coseismic ionospheric disturbances following the 12 May 2008 M7.9 Wenchuan earthquake in China

Here we report two cases of coseismic ionospheric disturbances observed through a GPS network in China after the great Wenchuan earthquake at 06：28 UT on 12 May, 2008. One is detected 7.9 rain after the earthquake and had an intensive ＂N＂ shape oscillated waveform with a pronounced amplitude of about 1 TECU, which propagates approximately southward to the distance about 1000 km with the horizontal phase velocity of 600±84 m/s and the period of 9.5±1.3 min. The other is detected 8.5 min after the earthquake and has an oscillated waveform more like a positive pulse with an amplitude of about 0.5 TECU, which propagates eastward to the distance about 800 km with the horizontal phase velocity of 720＋59 m/s and the period of 7.4±0.8 min. These two coseismic ionospheric disturbances are caused by the acoustic gravity waves excited by partial trans-formation of the acoustic waves originated from the energy release of the earthquake, somewhere near the epicenter. The directional preferences of these two coseismic ionospheric disturbances may be associated with the oblique geomagnetic field lines and the background winds filtering effect.

跨断层扰动协调比异常提取方法与效能评估及其在云南地区的应用

跨断层异常的识别和提取是震情跟踪分析的难点,协调比的计算在兼顾震前断层活动状态内在机理的同时,在异常识别方面也有显著优势,但传统的协调比计算存在因计算起点不同导致结果不一致的问题。通过提出扰动协调比计算方法,用于表征强震发生前可能出现的区域应力场扰动导致断层运动状态偏离背景的现象,分析断层运动状态变化与地震之间的内部联系。以云南地区11处跨断层资料为例,针对川滇地区M≥6.5强震样本开展了震例总结和综合预测指标的提取,通过等信度和非等信度异常识别方式,合成多个预测指标。结果表明:扰动协调比计算方法在跨断层场地异常活动状态的提取中有一定优势,与周边强震存在较好的相关性,对于强震可能发生时间可提供中期尺度的判定依据,预测指标均通过了效能检验。

2021年玛多M_(W)7.4地震强震加载及其对周围地区应力扰动的影响

2021年5月22日在青海玛多发生M_(W)7.4地震,为了探究玛多地震的不同滑动模型对周围地区及断层应力的加卸载作用,本文首先以GNSS数据为约束,结合中国地震局地质研究所公布的玛多地震同震滑动模型(模型A)断层面几何结构反演获得同震滑动模型(模型C),再分别利用模型A、模型B(USGS)、模型C计算玛多地震对周围地区及断层的应力加卸载作用.结果显示:(1)模型C矩震级为M_(W)7.46,最大滑动量为3.39m,主体破裂位于0—10km深度范围,整体破裂东侧大于西侧,滑动分布相对于模型A也更加均匀平滑,反演效果较好;(2)不同模型计算的应力分布基本相同,沿破裂段同震库仑应力加载区域面积随着深度的增加而增加,且在发震断裂带西端、东端分别各有两处明显的库仑应力加载区域,在昆仑山口—江错断裂东、西段、甘孜—玉树断裂、东昆仑断裂东段、玛多—甘德断裂、清水河断裂中、西段、达日断裂西段均产生了明显的应力加载,但模型B计算结果有所差异,昆仑山口—江错断裂中段处于应力卸载状态,震后10年断层应力状态变化不大,但清水河断裂东段在震后应力调整中卸载作用较为明显,地震危险性降低;(3)为了探究强震对玛多地震的影响,本文分别计算了2008年汶川地震以后巴颜喀拉地块M≥7.0强震同震及震后效应对玛多地震的应力加卸载,结果表明所有强震均对玛多地震有应力加载作用,但累积库仑应力并未超过触发阈值.

某涉水崩滑堆积体边坡地震致灾机制综合评估

弄清高烈度区涉水边坡在地震、库水和人类工程活动综合作用下的坡体扰动劣化机制,是边坡稳定性评价的核心,也是采取有效应对措施的前提。依托某库区历史崩滑堆积体边坡,在搜集得到的勘察设计资料、三峡移民局蓄水及滑坡通报、参建单位往来函件、历史地震资料基础上,结合地面调查和数值计算,采用时空序列分析方法,探讨了该边坡致灾主导因素、坡体扰动程度和稳定性劣化机制,综合评估了工程处置的可行性,所得主要结论如下:(1)工程建设对该库区边坡的扰动和稳定性影响可控;永善和鲁甸两次地震对边坡均有影响,但多达1339次余震的鲁甸地震对该边坡岩土体震松效应影响最大,高水位加剧了震松岩土体的饱和软化,造成该边坡目前整体处于基本稳定-欠稳定状态,坡体前缘处于欠稳定-失稳状态。(2)该边坡坡顶和坡面发育的不良地质和不稳定现象为历史变形迹象,没有继续发展现象;但坡脚临牛栏江到金沙江一线,坡面破坏痕迹新鲜,下部边坡已经严重威胁结构安全。(3)极限平衡分析揭示边坡由勘察阶段的整体稳定,到两次地震作用后的基本稳定-欠稳定状态,达到1.30安全标准所需要加固力为20015~197421 kN/m、加固深度60~180 m、加固范围350~980 m,很难通过工程措施达到加固安全目标。(4)综合评估认为该涉水边坡潜在变形破坏范围深大,无法通过工程加固措施使得边坡满足工程稳定性要求,建议舍弃在建工程。

Pre-Earthquake Ionospheric Anomalies of the Wenchuan Earthquake Studied with DEMETER Satellite

The pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies in Wenchuan,China(21°-41°N,93°-113°E)are studied and analyzed using the summer nighttime data from 2005 to 2008 measured by DEMETER(Detection of Electro-Magnetic Emission Transmitted from Earthquake Regions)satellite detectors ICE(Internet Communications Engine),IAP(In Application Programming),and ISL(Interior Switching Link).In this paper,we take the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake as an example,use the spatial gridding method to construct the background field over the epicenter,analyze the background characteristics of very low frequency(VLF)electric field components,low-energy particle parameters,and plasma parameters,and define the perturbation intensity index of each parameter before the earthquake to extract each parameter anomaly in both space and time dimensions.The results show that the background values of some ionospheric parameters in the Wenchuan area are related to spatial distribution.Moreover,anomalous enhancement of low-frequency electric field power spectral density,H+concentration,He+concentration and ion concentration with different intensities and anomalous weakening of ion temperature were extracted in the fifteen days before the Wenchuan earthquake.After filtering the data to exclude external interference,such as solar activity,this paper concludes that there is some connection between these anomalies and the Wenchuan earthquake.

2021年9月16日四川泸县M_(S)6.0地震前地磁垂直强度极化异常分析

1研究背景。Hayakawa在1996年提出的地磁垂直强度极化方法在我国广泛应用。该方法通过数值模拟获知一次源来自高空电离层的极化值小于1,源自于震源的极化值大于或约等于1(Hayakawa et al,1996),Hayakawa利用该方法对1993年的关岛8级地震进行研究,发现震前垂直强度极化Yz h值逐渐增大直到发震时达最大值,震后恢复。近年我国学者研究发现地震往往发生在台站出现极化值高值异常后的1个月时间内(冯志生等,2010),发震地点在异常空间等值线的阈值线附近(冯丽丽等,2021),这种极化值异常与外空场活动无关(何畅等,2017)。

多分量地震监测系统AETA的研究与实现

研制多分量地震监测系统AETA(acoustic&electro-magnetic testing all in one system)。在云南、四川、西藏、河北、北京、广东等地区的现场实验表明,该系统能够满足大区域密集布设中高灵敏度、低成本和易布设的需求。同时,若干点的实验观测数据和均值、振铃率、峰值频率在一定程度上反映了映震效果。目前正在中国西南部、首都圈、台湾海峡等地区密集布设,系统地开展映震效果研究。

汶川大地震前的重力扰动

继1997年5月采用LacosteET-21重力仪在中国南极中山站观测发现South of Kermadec Islands7．1级地震前的“重力扰动”现象之后，2008年5月又在武汉大地测量国家野外科学观测站LacosteET-20重力仪的观测资料中发现了汶川大地震的“重力扰动”现象：从大震前两天开始，“重力扰动”逐渐增大、最大振幅约为±0．8×10^-8ms^-2，直到大震发生。由于这两次监测的时间不同、地点不同、仪器不同（ET-21与ET-20），这就使得监测结果的可靠性得到了加强。初步认识是：在某些强震发生前两天左右，往往会出现较明显的“重力扰动”，其振幅在±（1～2）×10^-8ms^-2左右、信号周期4～8s。

几次大震前的地面和空间电磁场变化

本文应用非线性谱估计方法(MEM方法)、电/磁场脉冲能量统计方法,处理了四川汶川M_S8.0(2008)、新疆于田M_s7.3(2008)和青海玉树M_s7.1(2010)地震及强余震附近的地面电/磁场和Demeter卫星电离层磁场观测数据,研究了地震电/磁场变化,得到:在震中附近及周围出现了震前地电/地磁场极低频成分功率谱密度(PSD)增大、电磁脉冲能量增大的电/磁异常现象;在出现地面电磁异常的时段内,电离层磁场出现了PSD增大、磁脉冲能量增大的震前磁异常现象.最后,我们讨论了地面、电离层电磁异常现象的机制.