Seasonal Prediction Skill and Biases in GloSea5 Relating to the East Asia Winter Monsoon

The simulation and prediction of the climatology and interannual variability of the East Asia winter monsoon(EAWM),as well as the associated atmospheric circulation,was investigated using the hindcast data from Global Seasonal Forecast System version 5(GloSea5),with a focus on the evolution of model bias among different forecast lead times.While GloSea5 reproduces the climatological means of large-scale circulation systems related to the EAWM well,systematic biases exist,including a cold bias for most of China’s mainland,especially for North and Northeast China.GloSea5 shows robust skill in predicting the EAWM intensity index two months ahead,which can be attributed to the performance in representing the leading modes of surface air temperature and associated background circulation.GloSea5 realistically reproduces the synergistic effect of El Niño–Southern Oscillation(ENSO)and the Arctic Oscillation(AO)on the EAWM,especially for the western North Pacific anticyclone(WNPAC).Compared with the North Pacific and North America,the representation of circulation anomalies over Eurasia is poor,especially for sea level pressure(SLP),which limits the prediction skill for surface air temperature over East Asia.The representation of SLP anomalies might be associated with the model performance in simulating the interaction between atmospheric circulations and underlying surface conditions.

A possible way to extract a stationary relationship between ENSO and the East Asian winter monsoon

Previous studies have revealed that the relationship between the El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)and the East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM)is not statistically significant when the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO)is in its positive phase.This study explores a possible way to obtain a robust ENSO-EAWM relationship from a dynamical point of view.Here,the authors show that the East Asian winter temperature is significantly and continuously correlated with ENSO when the linear impact of the PDO has been linearly removed from ENSO.Such a conclusion is confirmed by different reanalysis datasets.The dynamical process intensifying the ENSO-EAWM is further investigated from the perspective of whether or not the atmospheric teleconnection between the Pacific and East Asia has established.Compared to the situation associated with the original ENSO in the positive phase of the PDO,the Walker circulation associated with the processed ENSO,from which the effect of North Pacific climate systems has been removed,tends to exert a more pronounced influence on the atmospheric circulation over the western North Pacific.Consequently,an anomalous anticyclone emerges in the Kuroshio extension.In this sense,the Pacific-East Asian teleconnection is also well established during the positive phase of the PDO,which favors the impact of ENSO on East Asian winter temperature.

Simulated and projected relationship between the East Asian winter monsoon and winter Arctic Oscillation in CMIP5 models

Interdecadal change in the relationship between the East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM)and the Arctic Oscillation(AO)has been documented by many studies.This study,utilizing the model outputs from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP5),evaluates the ability of the coupled models in CMIP5 to capture the intensified relationship between the EAWM and winter AO since the 1980s,and further projects the evolution of the EAWM–AO relationship during the 21st century.It is found that the observed evolution of the EAWM–AO relationship can be reproduced well by some coupled models(e.g.,GFDL-ESM2M,GISS-E2-H,and MPI-ESM-MR).The coupled models’simulations indicate that the impact of winter AO on the EAWM-related circulation and East Asian winter temperature has strengthened since the 1980s.Such interdecadal change in the EAWM–AO relationship is attributed to the intensified propagation of stationary planetary waves associated with winter AO.Projections under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios suggest that the EAWM–AO relationship is significant before the 2030s and after the early 2070s,and insignificant during the 2060s,but uncertain from the 2030s to the 2050s.

The strong winter monsoon in East Asia and El Nino

The relationship between meridional wind in mid - latitudes of East Asia and SST in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific is analysed in this paper. It is pointed out that there exist close relations between the seasonal changes of the meridional wind in mid - latitudes of East Asia and SST in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific. The intensification of north winds over East Asia also plays an important role in the rise of SST in Equatorial Eastern Pacific one year later. The strong winter monsoon usually occurs in previous winter of El Nino and it causes low temperature to a great extent in China . The low temperature in China can be regarded as a precursor of El Nino.

Characteristics of Atmospheric Circulation Associated with Cold Surge Occurrences in East Asia:A Case Study During 2005/06 Winter

The characteristics of the upper-level circulation and thermodynamical properties for the period when two distinct cold surges broke out over East Asia during the 2005/06 winter are investigated. From early December 2005 to early January 2006, exceptionally cold weather lasted for approximately one month due to two successive cold surges that took place on 2 December 2005 and 2 January 2006, respectively. This study reveals that both involve the upper-tropospheric circulation, which induces the amplification and expansion of the surface Siberian high toward East Asia, but arose from different causes： the former is caused by the upper-level blocking originated from the North Pacific and the latter is caused by the upper-level wave train across the Eurasian Continent. In particular, it is suggested that the lower-tropospheric anomalous wind caused by upper-level circulation anomalies and a steep meridional temperature gradient amplified by phase-locked annual cycle combined to induce very strong cold advection in East Asia, which resulted in exceptionally cold weather that lasted for several weeks. The present results emphasize that the characteristics of the upper-tropospheric circulation can be considered as important precursors to cold surge occurrences in East Asia.

East Asia Winter Monsoon changes inferred from environmentally sensitive grain-size component records during the last 2300 years in mud area southwest off Cheju Island,ECS

Environmentally sensitive grain-size component (ESGSC) extracted from grain-size data of a sediment core B2, which were retrieved from mud area southwest off Cheju Island (MACI), East China Sea (ECS), can be used to indicate the variations of East Asia Winter Monsoon (EAWM), with high (low) content/mean-size of ESGCS denote to strong (weak) EAWM. Combined with AMS14C datings core B2 provides a continuous high-resolution record of EAWM changes over the past 2300 years, with an average resolution of 13 years. The results show that the variations of EAWM are con-sistent with temperature changes inferred from historical documents in eastern China over the past 2300 years, from which four climate stages may be identified. In stages before 1900 aBP (50 AD) and 1450―780 aBP (50―1170 AD) the EAWM were comparatively weak, corresponding to warm climate periods in eastern China, respectively. And in stages of 1900―1450 aBP (50―500 AD) and 780―219 aBP (1170―1731 AD) the EAWM were strongly developed, which correspond well to climate changes of two cold periods in eastern China. It is also shown from this study that the stage at 780―219 aBP (1170―1731 AD) was the coldest climate period during the last 2300 years and could be, therefore, related to the Little Ice Age (LIA). Climatic fluctuations appeared obviously in all the four stages, and two climate events of abrupt changes from warm to cold occurred at around 1900 aBP (50 AD) and 780 aBP (1170 AD), of which the latter is probably related to globe-scale changes of atmospheric circulation at that time.

EFFECTS OF VARIATION OF WINTER SEA-ICE AREA IN KARA AND BARENTS SEAS ON EAST ASIA WINTER MONSOON

By analyzing the observation data and performing the numerical simulation tests,it is shown that the Kara and the Barents Sea area is a key region to influence climate variation over the Northern Hemisphere.The variation of winter sea-ice area in the key region is closely associated with that of the EU teleconnection pattern at 500 hPa and East Asia winter monsoon(EAWM) intensity.When a heavy sea-ice prevails in the key region,the EU teleconnection pattern at 500 hPa is excited easily(there are positive 500 hPa height anomalies over around Japan and West Europe),and winter Siberia high is weakened,meanwhile,sea level pressure(SLP)has positive anomalies over the Northern Pacific.Therefore,EAWM will be weakened,winter temperature over East Asia is above normal and the frequency of cold-air activity in February in China will be decreased.When the light sea-ice occurs in the key region,the results will be opposite.

A FURTHER STUDY ON INTERACTION BETWEEN ANOMALOUS WINTER MONSOON IN EAST ASIA AND EL NINO

The interaction between anomalous winter monsoon in East Asia and El Nino is further stud- ied in this paper.The new results still more proved a previous conclusion:there are clear interac- tions between El Nino and winter monsoon in East Asia.The continual westerly burst and stronger cumulus convection over the equatorial central-western Pacific caused by stronger winter monsoon in East Asia can respectively excite anomalous oceanic Kelvin wave and stronger atmo- spheric intraseasonal oscillation in the tropics,then excite the El Nino event through air-sea inter- action.In El Nino winter,there are warmer and weaker winter monsoons in East Asia.The El Ni- no will still reduce the intensity of intraseasonal oscillation and leads it to be barotropic structure.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE WINTER EXTREME PRECIPITATION EVENTS ON THE BACKGROUND OF CLIMATE WARMING IN SOUTHERN CHINA

Based on daily precipitation and monthly temperature data in southern China, the winter extreme precipitation changes in southern China have been investigated by using the Mann-Kendall test and the return values of Generalized Pareto Distribution. The results show that a winter climate catastrophe in southern China occurred around i99I, and the intensity of winter extreme precipitation was strengthened after climate wanning. The anomalous circulation characteristics before and after the climate wanning was further analyzed by using the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data. It is found that the tropical winter monsoon over East Asia is negatively correlated with the precipitation in southeastern China. After climate warming the meridionality of the circulations in middle and high latitudes increases, which is favorable for the southward movement of the cold air from the north. In addition, the increase of the temperature over southern China may lead to the decrease of the differential heating between the continent and the ocean. Consequently, the tropical winter monsoon over East Asia is weakened, which is favorable for the transport of the warm and humid air to southeastem China and the formation of the anomalous convergence of the moisture flux, resulting in large precipitation over southeastern China. As a result, the interaction between the anomalous circulations in the middle and high latitudes and lower latitudes after the climate warming plays a major role in the increase of the winter precipitation intensity over southeastem China.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE PRECEDING WINTER MJO ACTIVITIES AND THE SUMMER PRECIPITATION IN YANGTZE-HUAIHE RIVER BASIN OF CHINA

The first two series(RMM1 and RMM2) of RMM Index(all-Season Real-time Multivariate MJO Index) are computed to obtain the interannual variation of the preceding winter(preceding December to current February) MJO strength,according to which active(or inactive) years of preceding winter MJO are divided.By utilizing the data provided by NCEP/NCAR,CMAP and China's 160 stations from 1979 to 2008,we studied the preceding winter MJO strength and discovered that the summer precipitation in the basin are of significantly negative correlation,i.e.when the preceding winter MJO is relatively active,the summer precipitation in the basin decreases,and vise verse.We also analyzed the causes.When the preceding winter MJO is relatively active,its release of potential heat facilities Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone(ITCZ) to strengthen and locate northward in winter and propagate northeastward.This abnormal situation lasts from winter to summer.In mid-May,ITCZ jumps northward to the South China Sea,the western Pacific subtropical high withdraws eastward,and the South China Sea summer monsoon sets off and strengthens.In summer,ITCZ propagates to South China Sea-subtropical western Pacific,the zonal circulation of subtropical Pacific strengthens,and a local meridional circulation of the South China Sea to the basin area forms,giving rise to the East Asia Pacific teleconnection wave-train.An East Asian monsoon trough and the Meiyu front show opposite features from south to north,the East Asian summer monsoon strengthens and advances northward.As a result,the summer monsoon is weakened as the basin is controlled by the subtropical high continually,with less rain in summer.On the contrary,when the preceding winter MJO is inactive,ITCZ weakens and is located southward,the subtropical high is located southward in summer,and the basin is in a region of ascending airflow with prevailing southwest wind.The East Asian monsoon trough and EASM weaken so that summer monsoon is reduced in the basin where precipitation increases.

Wintertime Cyclone Activity and Its Relation to Precipitation over China

The authors examined the variability in wintertime cyclone activity and storm tracks and their relation to precipitation over China for the period 1951-2006 using the observational data.Two apparent modes of variability were assumed for the cyclone activity and storm tracks.The first mode describes the oscillation in the strength of the storm tracks in East Asia,which significantly increased since the mid-1980s,whereas the second mode describes a seesaw oscillation in the storm track strength between the Central-Southeast China and northem East Asia.The storm tracks over the Central-Southeast China have increased since the late 1960s.The possible causes for the variation of the cyclone activity and storm tracks are also explored.It is shown that wintertime precipitation,which has increased since the mid-1980s,concentrates in Central-Southeast China.The enhancement may be caused by the first mode of variability of storm tracks,whereas the interannual variability of precipitation may be linked to the second mode of the storm track variability.

Impact of climatic change on sea surface temperature variation in Subei coastal waters,East China

Sea surface temperature （SST） variation in the Subei coastal waters, East China, which is important for the ecological environment of the Yellow Sea where Enteromorphaprolifera blooms frequently, is affected by the East Asian winter monsoon （EAWM）, El Nifio-Southem Oscillation （ENSO）, and Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO）. In this study, correlations between climatic events and SST anomalies （SSTA） around the Subei （North Jiangsu Province, East China） Coast from 1981-2012 are analyzed, using empirical orthogonal function （EOF） and correlation analyses. First, a key region was determined by EOF analysis to represent the Subei coastal waters. Then, coherency analyses were performed on this key region. According to the correlation analysis, the EAWM index has a positive correlation with the spring and summer SSTA of the key region. Furthermore, the Nifio3.4 index is negatively correlated with the spring and summer SSTA of the key region 1 year ahead, and the PDO has significant negative coherency with spring SSTA and negative coherency with summer SSTA in the key region 1 year ahead. Overall, PDO exhibits the most significant impact on SSTA of the key region. In the key region, all these factors are correlated more significantly with SSTA in spring than in summer. This suggests that outbreaks ofEnteromorpha prolifera in the Yellow Sea are affected by global climatic changes, especially the PDO.

基于海-冰-气系统的东亚冬季风统计预测

东亚冬季风对东亚冬季的天气气候具有重要影响,对其预测研究是冬季气候预测的关键问题。已有东亚冬季风强度指数(ISA)与东北冬季气温在年际、年代际尺度具有显著且稳定的相关关系,但ISA的前兆信号在20世纪90年代末发生年代际转变,对ISA的预测效果转差。在海-冰-气系统重新寻找影响ISA的前兆因子,分析其与东亚冬季风的可能关联,构建统计预测方法并开展交叉检验。结果表明:20世纪80年代后ISA与前期热带太平洋马蹄型结构的海温、墨西哥湾流区海温、平流层欧亚中高纬环流型呈显著正相关,与巴伦支海海冰密集度呈显著负相关。以上前兆信号可通过冬季大气环流、海陆热力差等途径影响ISA,预测模型拟合效果较好,试报期间(2012—2022年)与实况的符号一致率达81.8%(9/11),可用于当前年代际背景下东亚冬季风强度预测。

德国气候预测系统中东亚冬季风的季节预测及可预报性

东亚冬季风(EAWM)作为北半球冬季最强的中纬度环流系统之一,主导着东亚的冬季气候。因此,开展东亚冬季风季节预测和可预报性研究具有十分重要的意义。本研究使用德国气候预测系统(German Climate Forecast System,简称GCFS2)输出的回报数据(1993~2016年)对EAWM的预测性能进行全面评估。GCFS2很好地预测了EAWM气候态的主要特征,包括西伯利亚高压、阿留申低压、东亚大槽、东亚高空急流及东亚上空的地表气温和降水,并可以熟练地预测东亚大槽及东亚地表气温的年际变化。GCFS2对一个海平面气压定义的EAWM指数(EAWMI)显示出了预测技巧,同时可以很好地预测与EAWM相关的位于海洋上的大气环流、地表气温及降水异常。GCFS2中EAWM的预测技巧主要得益于对观测中的EAWM–ENSO关系及ENSO遥相关的成功再现,模式中增强的EAWM–ENSO[强于观测,观测中整个24年(1993~2016)EAWM与ENSO的相关系数为-0.46]关系,有助于提前2个月或更长时间预测EAWM。GCFS2中12月初始化的EAWMI在去除ENSO信号后仍有0.42的预测技巧,说明有另一预测源,为冬季巴伦支—喀拉海区域海冰覆盖度(BK_SIC)。观测中BK_SIC减少,增强西伯利亚高压,EAWM从而增强;模式中BK_SIC的变化可以增加西伯利亚高压东北部的可预测性,使得12月初始化的EAWM预测技巧增加。

中国中东部冬季霾日的形成与东亚冬季风和大气湿度的关系

利用1961—2013年中国地面台站长期观测资料和同期NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,以华北、江淮和华南为研究区,分析了中国中东部冬季霾日的形成与东亚冬季风以及大气湿度的关系。结果表明:(1)冬季霾日与东亚冬季风强度成显著的负相关。首先,东亚冬季风强度的减弱使得地面风速减小,进而导致冬季霾日增多。其中,华北7—8 m/s最大风速日数和江淮6—8 m/s最大风速日数的减少,及华南≤2 m/s最大风速日数的增多对各区冬季霾日的增多作用较大。其次,东亚冬季风减弱引起冬季气温的持续升高,易导致冬季霾日的增多,这在华北地区较之在江淮和华南更为明显。(2)由于气候变暖,冬季气温升高,使得近地面相对湿度减小。在江淮和华南地区,冬季霾日的增多与近地面相对湿度的减小显著相关,而在华北地区这种相关较弱。(3)冬季气温升高也有利于大气层结稳定度的增强,3个区域冬季霾日的增多均与大气层结稳定度的增强显著相关,特别是与对流层中低层(850—500 hPa)大气饱和度的降低显著相关。(4)冬季霾日数变化与区域水汽输送关系密切。其中,华北地区的冬季霾日数与水汽总收入成显著正相关,江淮地区与纬向水汽收入成显著正相关,与经向水汽收入成显著负相关,华南地区与经向水汽收入成显著负相关。

冬季北极喀拉海、巴伦支海海冰面积变化对东亚冬季风的影响

通过大量的数据分析发现，冬季喀拉海、巴伦支海海区是影响东亚以及北半球气候变化的关键区之一，该海区海冰面积变化与大气５００ｈＰａ高度场的ＥＵ遥相关型以及东亚冬季风强、弱之间存在密切的关系。冬季该海区海冰偏多，则５００ｈＰａ高度场容易出现ＥＵ遥相关型（日本及西欧５００ｈＰａ高度场偏高），亚洲大陆上的冷高压减弱。而北太平洋海域海平面气压升高，致使东亚冬季风偏弱以及２月份入侵我国的冷空气次数减少；而冬季该海区海冰偏少时，情况正好相反。

东亚冬季风对秋、冬季SSTA响应的数值试验

利用 NCAR CCM2模式 ,通过设计多组数值试验方案 ,研究了东亚冬季风对赤道中东太平洋、中纬度太平洋秋、冬季 SSTA的响应。模拟结果表明 ,东亚冬季风对秋、冬季太平洋 SSTA均存在一定的响应 ,但冬季风对 SSTA的响应存在显著的季节和海域差异 ,并表现出不同的异常响应形态。东亚冬季风对秋季 SSTA的显著响应区域位于中纬度太平洋地区 ,该区域的 SST的持续异常 ,可以引起欧亚、北美地区冬季大气环流的异常 ,并伴随有明显的 EU型和 PNA型波列特征 ,秋季中纬度太平洋 SST持续异常偏冷 (暖 ) ,能够引起有利于强 (弱 )东亚冬季风的环流异常。而冬季风对冬季 SSTA的响应则为赤道中东太平洋和中纬度太平洋 SSTA共同作用的结果 ,在两个区域 SSTA的同时强迫下 ,大气环流表现出类似 PNA及 WP型波列分布的异常响应特征 ,赤道中东太平洋的正 (负 )的 SSTA及中纬度太平洋负 (正 )的SSTA,将导致弱 (强 )冬季风的发生。

东亚地区冬季风对气溶胶传输和分布的影响研究

随着东亚地区经济高速发展,气溶胶成为最主要的大气污染物之一,其时空分布受到东亚季风气候的影响.本研究利用MODIS(Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)和TOMS(Total Ozone Meteorological Satellite)气溶胶卫星产品以及NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)月均气象场再分析资料,统计分析了1979—2011年东亚地区气溶胶光学厚度的分布特征以及冬季风的大气环流特征,同时分析了东亚冬季风对气溶胶传输和分布的影响.结果表明,东亚冬季风存在明显的年际和年代际差异,年际变化幅度较大.1979—2011年东亚冬季风出现逐渐减弱的趋势.近10年来东亚地区气溶胶光学厚度呈现上升趋势,主要是由于人类活动导致气溶胶排放量增加.东亚地区冬季风对气溶胶的分布有较大影响,强冬季风年会加强气溶胶的向南输送,同时降水增加导致气溶胶湿清除增大,使东亚气溶胶减少.在风场和降水对气溶胶的影响中,降水的清除作用更加明显.

北极涛动年代际变化对东亚北部冬季气温增暖的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料中的地表气温资料,分析了1949—1999年东亚北部地区冬季气温的变化。结果表明,从20世纪70年代中期开始东亚北部的气温显著升高,具有明显的年代际变化特征。这种气温的异常变化主要受东亚冬季风的直接影响。近二十几年来,北极涛动对东亚冬季风的影响越来越显著,北极涛动维持在正位相并持续增强,同期东亚冬季风持续减弱。研究表明,北极涛动持续增强的趋势是东亚北部地区冬季增暖的重要原因之一。

东海内陆架沉积气候信息的端元分析模型反演

应用沉积物粒度端元分析模型对在东海内陆架泥质区取得的30号柱样的高分辨率粒度数据序列进行了反演,分离出3个端元,根据端元的频率分布特征和已有研究结果,认为3个端元可能为现代陆源细颗粒物质(EM1)、现代陆源粗颗粒物质(EM2)和风暴带来的残留沉积区再悬浮物质(EM3),并对本区域的水动力环境进行了分析,认为分离出的端元EM1和EM2的比值EM2/(EM1+EM2)序列可以反映东海沿岸流强度的历史变化,进而反映东亚冬季风强度和中国温度波动的历史。该序列与观测到的近百年来东亚冬季风强度记录、竺可桢的中国温度波动曲线以及葛全胜的中国东部冬半年温度变化序列有很好的对应关系。得出的气候指标序列在竺可桢给出的公元600—1100年高温期间的780—920年出现了一个极小值区,为许多作者推测的公元780—920年出现一个短暂的冷期提供了佐证;另外该序列近百年来变化幅度明显,反映了人类活动的影响。