In Nigeria, almost 500 indigenous languages continue to compete with the English language that has assumed the status of a global linguistic code. The contact, in different domains between English and indigenous langu...In Nigeria, almost 500 indigenous languages continue to compete with the English language that has assumed the status of a global linguistic code. The contact, in different domains between English and indigenous languages in the country continues to affect performance in English and contact languages, making effective communication in either English or any of the indigenous languages unattainable. The purpose of this study is to show that although no particular document, so named, exists expressing the nation＇s policy on language, nonetheless, the country has a policy on language that accommodates the indigenous languages as substrates, while the English language holds sway in various linguistic domains. Using a simple descriptive survey with data from previous studies, this paper examines the linguistic implications of the contact between English and indigenous languages on the younger generations who are losing contact with the mother tongue, and also not demonstrating enough proficiency in the English language. It is recommended that the opportunities that competence and maturation afforded a second language learner should be latched onto to gain the needed proficiency in English thus making them effective bilinguals and communicators in a world that is fast becoming a global village, and the inhabitants global citizens.展开更多
Physical （bodily） contact among children and parents every day varies and its effect relates to the all-round personality development of the child. The purpose of this study is to present the attitudes and opinions ...Physical （bodily） contact among children and parents every day varies and its effect relates to the all-round personality development of the child. The purpose of this study is to present the attitudes and opinions of sixth-grade elementary students with regard to how parents interact with them physically as well as how the children would like the corresponding interaction with their parents to develop. The methodology was based on a case study. Data collection was conducted via a questionnaire with closed questions, which was distributed in person to sixth-grade students at two primary schools in the prefecture of Thessaloniki. Some results of the study indicate that more often children positively receive the ways in which their parents interact with them physically and desire physical contact with their parents even at this age. The involvement of parents and children in the sacramental life of the church seems to have a positive effect on physical contact among them. Gradually, however, children distance themselves from their parents as they enter puberty and seek physical contact with their parents selectively and only on special occasions such as their birthdays.展开更多
The field of education is increasingly catching people’s eyes as more and more people become aware of its influence and significance on the young generation.Nevertheless,when it comes to the teaching and learning pro...The field of education is increasingly catching people’s eyes as more and more people become aware of its influence and significance on the young generation.Nevertheless,when it comes to the teaching and learning process,the role of nonverbal behavior is often neglected.Indeed,nonverbal behavior constitutes more than 90%of our daily communication,and it is also one vi⁃tal aspect in a classroom setting,which has the power of maintaining classroom order and the teacher-student relationships.Eye contact,one crucial part of nonverbal behavior,is a topic worth researching.The research focuses on the controversial topic that is based on a contrastive analysis of how eye contact functions differently in the western and non-western cultures.Theories of both western and non-western scholars are presented to rationalize why the use of direct and constant eye contact in a classroom context differs in the two cultures.More theories and practices are also cited to explain an apparent inconsistency,which is“teachers in both western and non-western cultures are encouraged to use direct and constant eye contacts in classes,while people in Asian countries tend to avoid direct eye contact”.展开更多
At the invitation of President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva,I will soon pay a state visit to the Federative Republic of Brazil and attend the G20 Leaders'Summit in Rio de Janeiro.Endowed with an expansive land,abunda...At the invitation of President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva,I will soon pay a state visit to the Federative Republic of Brazil and attend the G20 Leaders'Summit in Rio de Janeiro.Endowed with an expansive land,abundant resources,breathtaking landscapes and a rich tapestry of cultures,Brazil is a favorite destination of the Chinese people.Over two hundred years ago,as Chinese products,such as tea,lychee,spice and porcelain,traversed the oceans to reach the Brazilian shores,trade and economic exchanges began to bridge our two nations and became a bond of friendship between our people.Fifty years ago,on August 15,1974,China and Brazil established full diplomatic ties.展开更多
In animals, signaling behavior is often context-dependent, with variation in the probability of emitting certain signals dependent on fitness advantages. Senders may adjust signaling rate depending on receiver identit...In animals, signaling behavior is often context-dependent, with variation in the probability of emitting certain signals dependent on fitness advantages. Senders may adjust signaling rate depending on receiver identity, presence of audiences, or noise masking the signal, all of which can affect the benefits and costs of signal production. In the cooperative breeding meerkat Suricata suricatta, group members emit soft contact calls, termed as ＂close calls＂, while foraging in order to maintain group cohesion. Here, we investigated how the close calling rate during foraging was affected by the presence of pups, that produce continuous, noisy begging calls as they follow older group members. Adults decreased their overall close call rate substantially when pups were foraging with the group in comparison to periods when no pups were present. We suggest this decrease was likely due to a masking effect of the loud begging calls, which makes the close call function of maintaining group cohesion partly redundant as the centrally located begging calls can be used in- stead to maintain cohesion. There was some support that adults use close calls strategically to at- tract specific pups based on fitness advantages, that is, as the philopatric sex, females should call more than males and more to female pups than male pups. Dominant females called more than dominant males when a pup was in close proximity, while subordinates showed no sex-based dif- ferences. The sex of the nearest pup did not affect the calling rate of adults. The study shows that meerkats modify their close call production depending on benefits gained from calling and provides an example of the flexible use of one calling system in the presence of another, here contact calls versus begging calls, within the same species.展开更多
文摘In Nigeria, almost 500 indigenous languages continue to compete with the English language that has assumed the status of a global linguistic code. The contact, in different domains between English and indigenous languages in the country continues to affect performance in English and contact languages, making effective communication in either English or any of the indigenous languages unattainable. The purpose of this study is to show that although no particular document, so named, exists expressing the nation＇s policy on language, nonetheless, the country has a policy on language that accommodates the indigenous languages as substrates, while the English language holds sway in various linguistic domains. Using a simple descriptive survey with data from previous studies, this paper examines the linguistic implications of the contact between English and indigenous languages on the younger generations who are losing contact with the mother tongue, and also not demonstrating enough proficiency in the English language. It is recommended that the opportunities that competence and maturation afforded a second language learner should be latched onto to gain the needed proficiency in English thus making them effective bilinguals and communicators in a world that is fast becoming a global village, and the inhabitants global citizens.
文摘Physical （bodily） contact among children and parents every day varies and its effect relates to the all-round personality development of the child. The purpose of this study is to present the attitudes and opinions of sixth-grade elementary students with regard to how parents interact with them physically as well as how the children would like the corresponding interaction with their parents to develop. The methodology was based on a case study. Data collection was conducted via a questionnaire with closed questions, which was distributed in person to sixth-grade students at two primary schools in the prefecture of Thessaloniki. Some results of the study indicate that more often children positively receive the ways in which their parents interact with them physically and desire physical contact with their parents even at this age. The involvement of parents and children in the sacramental life of the church seems to have a positive effect on physical contact among them. Gradually, however, children distance themselves from their parents as they enter puberty and seek physical contact with their parents selectively and only on special occasions such as their birthdays.
文摘The field of education is increasingly catching people’s eyes as more and more people become aware of its influence and significance on the young generation.Nevertheless,when it comes to the teaching and learning process,the role of nonverbal behavior is often neglected.Indeed,nonverbal behavior constitutes more than 90%of our daily communication,and it is also one vi⁃tal aspect in a classroom setting,which has the power of maintaining classroom order and the teacher-student relationships.Eye contact,one crucial part of nonverbal behavior,is a topic worth researching.The research focuses on the controversial topic that is based on a contrastive analysis of how eye contact functions differently in the western and non-western cultures.Theories of both western and non-western scholars are presented to rationalize why the use of direct and constant eye contact in a classroom context differs in the two cultures.More theories and practices are also cited to explain an apparent inconsistency,which is“teachers in both western and non-western cultures are encouraged to use direct and constant eye contacts in classes,while people in Asian countries tend to avoid direct eye contact”.
文摘At the invitation of President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva,I will soon pay a state visit to the Federative Republic of Brazil and attend the G20 Leaders'Summit in Rio de Janeiro.Endowed with an expansive land,abundant resources,breathtaking landscapes and a rich tapestry of cultures,Brazil is a favorite destination of the Chinese people.Over two hundred years ago,as Chinese products,such as tea,lychee,spice and porcelain,traversed the oceans to reach the Brazilian shores,trade and economic exchanges began to bridge our two nations and became a bond of friendship between our people.Fifty years ago,on August 15,1974,China and Brazil established full diplomatic ties.
文摘In animals, signaling behavior is often context-dependent, with variation in the probability of emitting certain signals dependent on fitness advantages. Senders may adjust signaling rate depending on receiver identity, presence of audiences, or noise masking the signal, all of which can affect the benefits and costs of signal production. In the cooperative breeding meerkat Suricata suricatta, group members emit soft contact calls, termed as ＂close calls＂, while foraging in order to maintain group cohesion. Here, we investigated how the close calling rate during foraging was affected by the presence of pups, that produce continuous, noisy begging calls as they follow older group members. Adults decreased their overall close call rate substantially when pups were foraging with the group in comparison to periods when no pups were present. We suggest this decrease was likely due to a masking effect of the loud begging calls, which makes the close call function of maintaining group cohesion partly redundant as the centrally located begging calls can be used in- stead to maintain cohesion. There was some support that adults use close calls strategically to at- tract specific pups based on fitness advantages, that is, as the philopatric sex, females should call more than males and more to female pups than male pups. Dominant females called more than dominant males when a pup was in close proximity, while subordinates showed no sex-based dif- ferences. The sex of the nearest pup did not affect the calling rate of adults. The study shows that meerkats modify their close call production depending on benefits gained from calling and provides an example of the flexible use of one calling system in the presence of another, here contact calls versus begging calls, within the same species.
