Glaciers in the eastern Pamir are important for water resources and the social and economic development of the region.In the last 50 years,these glaciers have shrunk and lost ice mass due to climate change.In order to...Glaciers in the eastern Pamir are important for water resources and the social and economic development of the region.In the last 50 years,these glaciers have shrunk and lost ice mass due to climate change.In order to understand recent glacier dynamics in the region,a new inventory was compiled from Landsat TM/ETM+ images acquired in2009,free of clouds and with minimal snow cover on the glacierized mountains.The first glacier inventory of the area was also updated by digitizing glacier outlines from topographical maps that had been modified and verified using aerial photographs.Total glacier area decreased by 10.8%±1.1%,mainly attributed to an increase in air temperature,although precipitation,glacier size and topographic features also combined to affect the general shrinkage of the glaciers.The 19.3–21.4 km^3 estimated glacier mass loss has contributed to an increase in river runoff and water resources.展开更多
Deformation during the uplift of Pamir Since the Himalayan movement, the Punjab block of Indian plate has intruded into the interior of Eurasian plate, produced a protrusive Pamir knot in eastern Tethys. The Pamir kno...Deformation during the uplift of Pamir Since the Himalayan movement, the Punjab block of Indian plate has intruded into the interior of Eurasian plate, produced a protrusive Pamir knot in eastern Tethys. The Pamir knot is where crustal shortening is most intensive in Tethys. After India\|Eurasia collision, giant relief resulted from fast uplifting of Karakorum due to the convergence and underplating in northern and southern margins of Karakorum, the uplifting rates changed with times, and thrusting would be one of the most important factors controlling the uplifting. At the same time, large scale strike\|slip faulting could produced large vertical offsets, so that the exhumation of the rocks from middle and lower crust has drawn much attention. The post\|collisional deformation and evolution of Karakorum would involve the processes of continental escape, crustal shortening and thickening, and orogenic collapse in extensional regime. The thrusting started in late Jurassic and early Cretaceous, but two peaks occurred in late Cretaceous and Eocene, respectively. A large amount of klippen produced by thrusting from north to south have been discovered in the northern slope of the Kungai in front of Pamir. Molnar and Tapponnier noted that the mount of crustal shortening in Pamir would be up to 2000km in the past 40～45Ma, and Coward proposed that 300～400km shortening has happened only in southern Pamir to northern Pakistan. In western Pamir from Kabul of Afghanistan to Quatta of Pakistan, the Chaman left\|lateral strike\|slip fault system extends 1000km long. Multiple structural superposition in eastern Pamir, due to the effects of the uplifting of Qinghai\|Tibet plateau, resulted in complex deformation patterns.展开更多
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.KZZD-EW-12-1)the National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No.41190084)+3 种基金the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST) (Grant Nos.2013FY111400,2010DFA92720-23)an immediate past project from the MOST (Grant No.2006FY110200)provided by "Investigation on glacier resources and their change in China" (Grant No.2006FY110200)"Glacier change monitoring and its impact assessment research in west China" (Grant No.kzcx2-yw-301)
文摘Glaciers in the eastern Pamir are important for water resources and the social and economic development of the region.In the last 50 years,these glaciers have shrunk and lost ice mass due to climate change.In order to understand recent glacier dynamics in the region,a new inventory was compiled from Landsat TM/ETM+ images acquired in2009,free of clouds and with minimal snow cover on the glacierized mountains.The first glacier inventory of the area was also updated by digitizing glacier outlines from topographical maps that had been modified and verified using aerial photographs.Total glacier area decreased by 10.8%±1.1%,mainly attributed to an increase in air temperature,although precipitation,glacier size and topographic features also combined to affect the general shrinkage of the glaciers.The 19.3–21.4 km^3 estimated glacier mass loss has contributed to an increase in river runoff and water resources.
文摘Deformation during the uplift of Pamir Since the Himalayan movement, the Punjab block of Indian plate has intruded into the interior of Eurasian plate, produced a protrusive Pamir knot in eastern Tethys. The Pamir knot is where crustal shortening is most intensive in Tethys. After India\|Eurasia collision, giant relief resulted from fast uplifting of Karakorum due to the convergence and underplating in northern and southern margins of Karakorum, the uplifting rates changed with times, and thrusting would be one of the most important factors controlling the uplifting. At the same time, large scale strike\|slip faulting could produced large vertical offsets, so that the exhumation of the rocks from middle and lower crust has drawn much attention. The post\|collisional deformation and evolution of Karakorum would involve the processes of continental escape, crustal shortening and thickening, and orogenic collapse in extensional regime. The thrusting started in late Jurassic and early Cretaceous, but two peaks occurred in late Cretaceous and Eocene, respectively. A large amount of klippen produced by thrusting from north to south have been discovered in the northern slope of the Kungai in front of Pamir. Molnar and Tapponnier noted that the mount of crustal shortening in Pamir would be up to 2000km in the past 40～45Ma, and Coward proposed that 300～400km shortening has happened only in southern Pamir to northern Pakistan. In western Pamir from Kabul of Afghanistan to Quatta of Pakistan, the Chaman left\|lateral strike\|slip fault system extends 1000km long. Multiple structural superposition in eastern Pamir, due to the effects of the uplifting of Qinghai\|Tibet plateau, resulted in complex deformation patterns.
