Dictatorship, Violence and Usurpation in Literature and Painting, Argentina, 19th Century

Dictatorship, violence, usurpation, even terror are presented in literary and art works. Under a dictatorship, usually works are censored and cannot be published or see the light until the regime falls. This was the case for almost 30 years since the 1830s in Buenos Aires, Argentina, under the government of Rosas, the Restorer. Three works by Esteban Echeverria and oils and engravings of several artists of the period will be compared to see how ekphrasis the communication between arts, is evident. At that time, the beginning of romanticism in literature, writers were interested in depicting reality according to their point of view. It is the political and social life of the city shown with an interpretation.

历史的精神、资本主义现代性的四重形式及其巴洛克气质——B.埃切维里亚对美洲批判理论的贡献

墨西哥学者玻利瓦尔·埃切维里亚(1941—2010)是拉美马克思主义的主要代表人物之一,他长期致力于美洲批判理论的构建和拉美马克思主义的发展。本文旨在解读他的核心概念“历史的精神”及其相关理论。埃切维里亚认为,资本主义现代性精神气质有四种形式,即:现实主义气质、浪漫主义气质、古典气质和巴洛克气质,并特别关注后者。在埃切维里亚看来,拉丁美洲特殊的历史背景造就了当地资本主义现代性的巴洛克气质。这种精神气质建立于拉美社会的经济结构基础之上,植根于生产和消费使用价值的基本形态中,是整个社会符号系统的基础。巴洛克气质的重要特征是文化混血,在拉丁美洲存在着一种较为模糊的共存方式,以及随之而来的不发达的交往行为。与哈贝马斯等人对不发达交往行为的观点不同,埃切维里亚认为巴洛克气质无视殖民主义及其资本主义后果,具有通过鼓励与他者的和谐共处为模糊这些界限和限制提供了可能性,能够将误解作为一种交往方式重新功能化,允许和平共处,因此,它在现实主义气质失败的地方却获得了成功。