AIM： To explore the effect of Echinococcusmultilocularis on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） signaling pathways and on livercell proliferation.METHODS： Changes in the phosphorylation of MA...AIM： To explore the effect of Echinococcusmultilocularis on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） signaling pathways and on livercell proliferation.METHODS： Changes in the phosphorylation of MAPKs and proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA）expression were measured in the liver of patients withalveolar echinococcosis （AE）. MAPKs, MEK1/2 [MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase （ERK）kinase] and ribosomal S6 kinase （RSK） phosphorylationwere detected in primary cultures of rat hepatocytesin contact in vitro with （1） E. multilocu/aris vesicle fluid（EmF）, （2）E. multilocularis-conditioned medium （EmCM）.RESULTS： In the liver of AE patients, ERK 1/2 andp38 MAPK were activated and PCNA expression wasincreased, especially in the vicinity of the metacestode.Upon exposure to EmF, p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase（JNK） and ERK1/2 were also activated in hepatocytesin vitro, as well as MEK1/2 and RSK, in the absenceof any toxic effect. Upon exposure to EmCM, only JNKwas up-regulated.CONCLUSION： Previous studies have demonstratedan influence of the host on the MAPK cascade inE. multilocularis. Our data suggest that the reverse,i.e. parasite-derived signals efficiently acting onMAPK signaling pathways in host liver ceils, is actuallyoperating.展开更多
Alveolar echinococcosis(AE)primarily manifests in the liver and exhibits charac-teristics resembling those of slow-growing malignant tumours.Untreated Echino-coccus multilocularis infection can be lethal.By infiltrati...Alveolar echinococcosis(AE)primarily manifests in the liver and exhibits charac-teristics resembling those of slow-growing malignant tumours.Untreated Echino-coccus multilocularis infection can be lethal.By infiltrating the vascular systems,biliary tracts,and the hilum of the liver,it might lead to various problems.Due to its ability to infiltrate neighbouring tissues or metastasize to distant organs,AE can often be mistaken for malignancies.We present a concise overview of the epi-demiological and pathophysiological characteristics of AE,as well as the clinical manifestations of the disease.This article primarily examines the imaging charac-teristics of AE using various imaging techniques such as ultrasonography,com-puted tomography(CT),magnetic resonance imaging,diffusion-weighted ima-ging,and virtual non-enhanced dual-energy CT.We additionally examined the contribution of radiography in the diagnosis,treatment,and monitoring of the condition.展开更多
BACKGROUND When Echinococcus multilocularis infects humans as a false intermediate host,alveolar echinococcosis(AE)usually manifests primarily intrahepatically and is initially asymptomatic.If the disease remains undi...BACKGROUND When Echinococcus multilocularis infects humans as a false intermediate host,alveolar echinococcosis(AE)usually manifests primarily intrahepatically and is initially asymptomatic.If the disease remains undiagnosed and untreated,progressive growth occurs,reminiscent of malignant tumours.The only curative therapy is complete resection,which is limited to localised stages,and palliative drug therapy is used otherwise.Consequently,early diagnosis and reliable detection of AE lesions are important.For this reason,abdominal ultrasonography,as the most common primary imaging for AE,relies on classification systems.AIM To investigate how hepatic AE lesion sonomorphology changes over time in the Echinococcosis Multilocularis Ulm Classification(EMUC)-ultrasound(US)classification.METHODS Based on data from Germany’s national echinococcosis database,we evaluated clinical and US imaging data for 59 patients according to the AE case definition in our preliminary retrospective longitudinal study.There had to be at least two liver sonographies≥6 mo apart,≥1 hepatic AE lesion,and complete documentation in all US examinations.The minimum interval between two separately evaluated US examinations was 4 wk.The AE reference lesion was the largest hepatic AE lesion at the time of the first US examination.To classify the sonomorphologic pattern,we used EMUC-US.In addition to classifying the findings of the original US examiner,all reference lesions at each examination time point were assigned EMUC-US patterns in a blinded fashion by two investigators experienced in US diagnosis.Statistical analysis was performed using SAS version 9.4(SAS Institute Inc.,Cary,NC,United Stated).P values<0.05 were considered statistically significant.RESULTS The preliminary study included 59 patients,38(64.5%)women and 21(35.6%)men.The mean age at initial diagnosis was 59.9±16.9 years.At the time of initial ultrasonography,a hailstorm pattern was present in 42.4%(25/59)of cases,a hemangioma-like pattern in 16.9%(10/59),a pseudocystic pattern in 15.3%(9/59),and a metastasis-like pattern in 25.4%(15/59).For the hailstorm pattern,the average lesion size was 67.4±26.3 mm.The average lesion size was 113.7±40.8 mm with the pseudocystic pattern and 83.5±27.3 mm with the hemangioma-like pattern.An average lesion size of 21.7±11.0 mm was determined for the metastasis-like pattern.Although the sonomorphologic pattern remained unchanged in 84.7%(50/59)of AE reference lesions,15.3%(9/59)showed a change over time.A change in pattern was seen exclusively for AE lesions initially classified as hemangioma-like or pseudocystic.A total of 70%(7/10)of AE lesions initially classified as hemangioma-like showed a relevant change in pattern over time,and 85.7%(6/7)of these were secondarily classified as having a hailstorm pattern,with the remainder(1/7;14.3%)classified as having a pseudocystic pattern.A total of 22.2%(2/9)of AE lesions initially classified as pseudocystic showed a relevant change in pattern over time and were classified as having a hailstorm pattern.For AE lesions initially classified as having a hailstorm or metastatic pattern,no pattern change was evident.All patients with pattern change were on continuous drug therapy with albendazole.CONCLUSION The sonomorphology of hepatic AE lesions may change over time.The hemangioma-like and pseudocystic patterns are affected.展开更多
BackgroundIn the normal life cycle of the parasite(Echinococcus multilocularis)that causes alveolar echinococcosis,domestic and wild carnivores act as definitive hosts,and rodents act as intermediate hosts.The present...BackgroundIn the normal life cycle of the parasite(Echinococcus multilocularis)that causes alveolar echinococcosis,domestic and wild carnivores act as definitive hosts,and rodents act as intermediate hosts.The presented study contributes to the research on the distribution and transmission pattern of E.multilocularis in China having identified sheep as an unusual intermediate host taking part in the domestic transmission of alveolar echinococcosis in Gansu Province,China.MethodsFrom 2020 to 2021,nine whitish different cyst-like were collected from the liver of sheep in Gansu Province for examination.A near complete mitochondrial(mt)genome and selected nuclear genes were amplified from the cyst-like lesion for identification.To confirm the status of the specimen,comparative analysis with reference sequences,phylogenetic analysis,and network analysis were performed.ResultsThe isolates displayed≥98.87%similarity to E.multilocularis NADH dehydrogenase sub-unit 1(nad1)(894 bp)reference sequences deposited in GenBank.Furthermore,amplification of the nad4 and nad2 genes also confirmed all nine samples as E.multilocularis with>99.30%similarity.Additionally,three nuclear genes,pepck(1545 bp),elp-exons VII and VIII(566 bp),and elp-exon IX(256 bp),were successfully amplified and sequenced for one of the isolates with 98.42%similarity,confirming the isolates were correctly identified as E.multilocularis.Network analysis also correctly placed the isolates with other E.multilocularis.ConclusionsAs a result of the discovery of E.multilocularis in an unusual intermediate host,which is considered to have the highest zoonotic potential,the result clearly demonstrated the necessity for expanded surveillance in the area.展开更多
基金Supported by A PhD grant from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs (French Embassy in Beijing) to Ren-Yong Linby a project grant from the "Foundation Transplantation" (2005-2006)+1 种基金by a grant from NSFC, No. 30860253 and 30760239by the Xinjiang Key-Lab project grants on Echinococcosis, No. XJDX0202-2005-01 and XJDX0202-2007-04
文摘AIM： To explore the effect of Echinococcusmultilocularis on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） signaling pathways and on livercell proliferation.METHODS： Changes in the phosphorylation of MAPKs and proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA）expression were measured in the liver of patients withalveolar echinococcosis （AE）. MAPKs, MEK1/2 [MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase （ERK）kinase] and ribosomal S6 kinase （RSK） phosphorylationwere detected in primary cultures of rat hepatocytesin contact in vitro with （1） E. multilocu/aris vesicle fluid（EmF）, （2）E. multilocularis-conditioned medium （EmCM）.RESULTS： In the liver of AE patients, ERK 1/2 andp38 MAPK were activated and PCNA expression wasincreased, especially in the vicinity of the metacestode.Upon exposure to EmF, p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase（JNK） and ERK1/2 were also activated in hepatocytesin vitro, as well as MEK1/2 and RSK, in the absenceof any toxic effect. Upon exposure to EmCM, only JNKwas up-regulated.CONCLUSION： Previous studies have demonstratedan influence of the host on the MAPK cascade inE. multilocularis. Our data suggest that the reverse,i.e. parasite-derived signals efficiently acting onMAPK signaling pathways in host liver ceils, is actuallyoperating.
文摘Alveolar echinococcosis(AE)primarily manifests in the liver and exhibits charac-teristics resembling those of slow-growing malignant tumours.Untreated Echino-coccus multilocularis infection can be lethal.By infiltrating the vascular systems,biliary tracts,and the hilum of the liver,it might lead to various problems.Due to its ability to infiltrate neighbouring tissues or metastasize to distant organs,AE can often be mistaken for malignancies.We present a concise overview of the epi-demiological and pathophysiological characteristics of AE,as well as the clinical manifestations of the disease.This article primarily examines the imaging charac-teristics of AE using various imaging techniques such as ultrasonography,com-puted tomography(CT),magnetic resonance imaging,diffusion-weighted ima-ging,and virtual non-enhanced dual-energy CT.We additionally examined the contribution of radiography in the diagnosis,treatment,and monitoring of the condition.
文摘BACKGROUND When Echinococcus multilocularis infects humans as a false intermediate host,alveolar echinococcosis(AE)usually manifests primarily intrahepatically and is initially asymptomatic.If the disease remains undiagnosed and untreated,progressive growth occurs,reminiscent of malignant tumours.The only curative therapy is complete resection,which is limited to localised stages,and palliative drug therapy is used otherwise.Consequently,early diagnosis and reliable detection of AE lesions are important.For this reason,abdominal ultrasonography,as the most common primary imaging for AE,relies on classification systems.AIM To investigate how hepatic AE lesion sonomorphology changes over time in the Echinococcosis Multilocularis Ulm Classification(EMUC)-ultrasound(US)classification.METHODS Based on data from Germany’s national echinococcosis database,we evaluated clinical and US imaging data for 59 patients according to the AE case definition in our preliminary retrospective longitudinal study.There had to be at least two liver sonographies≥6 mo apart,≥1 hepatic AE lesion,and complete documentation in all US examinations.The minimum interval between two separately evaluated US examinations was 4 wk.The AE reference lesion was the largest hepatic AE lesion at the time of the first US examination.To classify the sonomorphologic pattern,we used EMUC-US.In addition to classifying the findings of the original US examiner,all reference lesions at each examination time point were assigned EMUC-US patterns in a blinded fashion by two investigators experienced in US diagnosis.Statistical analysis was performed using SAS version 9.4(SAS Institute Inc.,Cary,NC,United Stated).P values<0.05 were considered statistically significant.RESULTS The preliminary study included 59 patients,38(64.5%)women and 21(35.6%)men.The mean age at initial diagnosis was 59.9±16.9 years.At the time of initial ultrasonography,a hailstorm pattern was present in 42.4%(25/59)of cases,a hemangioma-like pattern in 16.9%(10/59),a pseudocystic pattern in 15.3%(9/59),and a metastasis-like pattern in 25.4%(15/59).For the hailstorm pattern,the average lesion size was 67.4±26.3 mm.The average lesion size was 113.7±40.8 mm with the pseudocystic pattern and 83.5±27.3 mm with the hemangioma-like pattern.An average lesion size of 21.7±11.0 mm was determined for the metastasis-like pattern.Although the sonomorphologic pattern remained unchanged in 84.7%(50/59)of AE reference lesions,15.3%(9/59)showed a change over time.A change in pattern was seen exclusively for AE lesions initially classified as hemangioma-like or pseudocystic.A total of 70%(7/10)of AE lesions initially classified as hemangioma-like showed a relevant change in pattern over time,and 85.7%(6/7)of these were secondarily classified as having a hailstorm pattern,with the remainder(1/7;14.3%)classified as having a pseudocystic pattern.A total of 22.2%(2/9)of AE lesions initially classified as pseudocystic showed a relevant change in pattern over time and were classified as having a hailstorm pattern.For AE lesions initially classified as having a hailstorm or metastatic pattern,no pattern change was evident.All patients with pattern change were on continuous drug therapy with albendazole.CONCLUSION The sonomorphology of hepatic AE lesions may change over time.The hemangioma-like and pseudocystic patterns are affected.
文摘BackgroundIn the normal life cycle of the parasite(Echinococcus multilocularis)that causes alveolar echinococcosis,domestic and wild carnivores act as definitive hosts,and rodents act as intermediate hosts.The presented study contributes to the research on the distribution and transmission pattern of E.multilocularis in China having identified sheep as an unusual intermediate host taking part in the domestic transmission of alveolar echinococcosis in Gansu Province,China.MethodsFrom 2020 to 2021,nine whitish different cyst-like were collected from the liver of sheep in Gansu Province for examination.A near complete mitochondrial(mt)genome and selected nuclear genes were amplified from the cyst-like lesion for identification.To confirm the status of the specimen,comparative analysis with reference sequences,phylogenetic analysis,and network analysis were performed.ResultsThe isolates displayed≥98.87%similarity to E.multilocularis NADH dehydrogenase sub-unit 1(nad1)(894 bp)reference sequences deposited in GenBank.Furthermore,amplification of the nad4 and nad2 genes also confirmed all nine samples as E.multilocularis with>99.30%similarity.Additionally,three nuclear genes,pepck(1545 bp),elp-exons VII and VIII(566 bp),and elp-exon IX(256 bp),were successfully amplified and sequenced for one of the isolates with 98.42%similarity,confirming the isolates were correctly identified as E.multilocularis.Network analysis also correctly placed the isolates with other E.multilocularis.ConclusionsAs a result of the discovery of E.multilocularis in an unusual intermediate host,which is considered to have the highest zoonotic potential,the result clearly demonstrated the necessity for expanded surveillance in the area.
