Protective effects of Ecklonia cava extract on the toxicity and oxidative stress induced by hair dye in in-vitro and in-vivo models

Oxidative hair dyes containingρ-phenylenediamine(PPD)are reported to induce an allergic reaction by promoting oxidative stress when absorbed through the skin.Despite the associated risk,these hair dyes remain popular owing to their convenience and sharpness of color.This makes it important to minimize the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by PPD-containing hair dyes.Ecklonia cava extract has been evaluated in different studies for its protective effects against external stress in fibroblasts and keratinocytes.Our study was aimed at using in-vitro and in-vivo models to investigate the extract’s effects on cytotoxicity of and oxidative stress induced by PPD-containing hair dyes.Analysis of CIEL*a*b*Color space was first used to determine the range of E.cava extract that would not interfere with the coloring ability of the dye upon addition.Subsequently,the set ranges of E.cava extract(5% and 7%)were added to the hair dye and their toxicity assessed by evaluating the viability of fibroblasts and keratinocytes.The effects on developmental phenotypes and induction of oxidative stress by hair dye were evaluated and compared with those of hair dyes containing different contents of E.cava extract using an in-vivo zebrafish model.Our results showed that E.cava extract in hair dye could significantly decrease the cytotoxicity and levels of oxidative stress caused by hair dyes containing PPD in both in-vitro and in-vivo models.These results suggest that the addition of 7% E.cava extract to 250μg/mL hair dye does not interfere with the coloring ability of the dye while showing significant protective eff ects against the hair dye.The study proposes that the use of E.cava extract as an adduct to hair dyes containing PPD reduces the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by these hair dyes.

Role of ERK/MAPK signalling pathway in anti-inflammatory effects of Ecklonia cava in activated human mast cell line-1 cells

Objective:The anti-inflammatory effects of Ecklonia cava(EC)and its mechanism of action were examined in phorbol-12 myristate 13-acetate(30 nmol/L)and A23187(1μmol/L)(PMACI)stimulated human mast cell line-1 cells.Methods:Nitric oxide content,inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression,pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β,TNF-α,and IL-6 mRNA and protein expressions were determined.In addition,extracellular regulated protein kinases/mitogen-activated protein kinase(ERK/MAPK)activation was examined.Results:EC dose-dependently suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression and subsequently it reduces nitric oxide content in PMACI stimulated human mast cell line-1 cells.EC dose-dependently inhibited the mRNA as well as protein expression of TNF-α,IL—1β,and TL-6 in the PMACI stimulated human mast cell line-1 cells without any cytotoxic effect.Furthermore,EC significantly inhibited PMACI induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in a dose-dependent manner without affecting the total protein levels.Conclusions:EC exert its anti-inflammatory actions via inhibition of ERK/MAPK signalling pathway,suggesting that EC is a potent and efficacious anti-inflammatory agent for mast cellmediated inflammatory diseases.

褐藻苷苔(Ecklonia cava)生物活性物质研究进展

褐藻因含有丰富的生物活性物质及其具有的功能作用而成为科学家研究的热点。苷苔是一种广泛分布在韩国和日本海岸的褐藻,可以作为食物成分、动物饲料、肥料和药物,其含有丰富的褐藻多酚、岩藻聚糖硫酸酯、褐藻酸盐和色素等活性物质。论文综述了从苷苔中分离出的活性物质的功能活性,重点概括了褐藻多酚、岩藻聚糖硫酸酯的抗炎、抗氧化、抗糖尿病、抗凝血和抗肿瘤等活性,阐述了近年来苷苔活性物质的应用研究进展及现状,并展望了苷苔产业的发展,为苷苔活性物质进一步研究开发提供参考。

Physiological differences in the growth and maturation of Eisenia bicyclis and Ecklonia cava gametophytes in Korea

The objective of this study was to examine the eff ects of temperature and light intensity on growth of female gametophytes of Eisenia bicyclis and Ecklonia cava and responses of these female gametophytes to Fe addition and daylength. Female gametophytes of each species were cultured at four temperatures (10, 15, 20, and 25°C) and under a combination of four light intensities (10, 20, 40, and 80 μmol photons/(m^2 ·s)) with two temperatures (15 and 20°C for E i . bicyclis;20 and 25°C for E c . cava ) to clarify their optimal growth conditions. Growth and maturation of female gametophytes of these two species under a combination of five Fe-EDTA concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 μmol/L) and three daylengths (10, 12, and 14 h) were also examined. The growth of E i . bicyclis gametophyte was maximal at approximately 15–20°C, 20 μmol photons/(m^2 ·s), Fe-EDTA concentration of 8 μmol/L and daylengths of 12–14 h. While E c . c ava gametophytes showed optimal growth at approximately 20–25°C, 20 μmol photons/(m^2 ·s), Fe- EDTA concentration of 8 μmol/L and daylength of 14 h. Maturation of gametophytes was enhanced at Fe-EDTA concentration of 4 μmol/L for E i . bicyclis and at 2 μmol/L for E c . c ava . In conclusion, optimal growth temperatures and Fe-EDTA concentrations for maturation of E i . bicyclis and E c . c ava gametophytes were diff erent. Higher optimal growth temperature for E c . c ava gametophytes may contribute to its wider geographical distribution compared to E i . bicyclis which has restricted habitats in Korea. This suggests that addition of Fe ion could be used to recover beds of these two species in barren grounds of Korea.

苷苔岩藻聚糖硫酸酯分离纯化及结构研究

为探究苷苔Ecklonia cava岩藻聚糖硫酸酯粗品(EC-FUC)的组成结构,以产自韩国济州岛海岸的苷苔Ecklonia cava中提取的EC-FUC为原料,利用DEAE-Sepharose fast flow阴离子交换层析和Sephacryl S-300、S-400凝胶柱层析对EC-FUC进行分离纯化及分子量的测定,采用苯酚-硫酸法和明胶-Ba Cl2法分别测定纯化各组分的总糖含量及硫酸根含量,采用高效液相色谱法、红外光谱法、核磁共振波谱法分别测定各个纯化组分的单糖组成并分析多糖结构。结果表明:EC-FUC纯化后得到ECF-1、ECF-2和ECF-3组分,其总糖含量分别为41.7%、57.79%、75.78%,硫酸根含量分别为3.68%、3.41%、18.03%,回收率分别为6.27%、8.77%、16.19%,其相对分子质量分别为16 430、16 430、222 460;ECF-1单糖组成主要为葡萄糖,ECF-2单糖组成主要为甘露糖醛酸、葡萄糖醛酸和岩藻糖,ECF-3单糖组成主要为岩藻糖和葡萄糖醛酸;红外光谱分析显示,ECF-1、ECF-2和ECF-3硫酸基主要连接在岩藻糖的C2、C3位置;13C核磁共振分析显示,ECF-2中存在甘露糖醛酸,ECF-3在17.97×10-6处出现α-L-吡喃岩藻糖C6信号峰。本研究结果可为苷苔藻聚糖硫酸酯组成结构提供丰富的信息。