Land Use Change During 1960～2000 Period and itsEco-environmental Effects in the Middle and UpperReaches of the Yangtze River:a Case Study in YiliangCounty,Yunnan,China

Land use/land cover change (LUCC) is a focus of the research of global environmental changes. The middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, which are the most ecologically fragile mountainous area in China as well as one of the areas in China with most notable LUCC, have been on the Chinese Government's list of priority areas for ecological restoration. This paper is to reveal the trend of LUCC and the ecological degradation arising from it, and to provide a basis for the future sustainable use of land resources in the region based on a detailed analysis of Yiliang County. Based on the county's land use/cover maps in 1960, 1980 and 2000 drawn with the aid of aerial photograph interpretation, field investigation and GIS based spatial-temporal data analysis, LUCC during 1960~2000 period and the ecological degradation arising from it were analyzed. Using the Markv model, the paper brings out a forecast of what the county's LUCC would be like if the county's current land use continues, as well as the reasons and countermeasures for restoring degraded ecosystems.

Effects of Land Use Change on Eco-environment in Hilly Area of Central Sichuan Basin——A Case Study of Yanting County, Sichuan Province

With the artificial alder and cypress mixed forest being planted, there has been a marked land use change since 1970s' in Hilly Area of Central Sichuan Basin, China. Data from meteorological observations or posts operated over long time, measurement and calculation of NPP (net primary production) and biomass of biological community, and analysis of soil organic matter content show that the artificial alder and cypress mixed forest has outstanding eco-environmental effect: adjusting local climate, raising soil fertility, alleviating menace of drought, and raising NPP and biomass of biological community. It is very beneficial for improving ecological environment to afforest artificial alder and cypress mixed forest in populous Hilly Area of Central Sichuan Basin, China. Key Words: land use/land cover change (LUCC); eco-environmental effect; Hilly Area of Central Sichuan Basin; the artificial alder and cypress mixed forest

Eco-compensation effects of the wetland recovery in Dongting Lake area

Eco-compensation is an environmental economic instrument for internalization of external cost. Returning farmland to lake is one of the important parts of restoring wetland ecosystem function in the Yangtze River Valley of China. Whether the project of lake recovery can be successful depends on the compensation to the farmers who have lost their original benefits and contributed to the wetland ecosystem recovery by returning farmland to lake. Aiming at the wetland recovery of the Dongting Lake, the practical implementation of pro- grams of the lake recovery and flood control in this area has been challenged by the heavy task of population resettlement, so it is an ideal area for case studies to reach the academic objectives proposed as the above. Based on field survey and experimentation, this research evaluated the benefit losses of the resettled farmers and the increased values of ecosystem service functions caused by wetland recovery, and furthermore, the value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers was calculated by considering the combination of the farmers＇ compensation appeal. The value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers in the Dongting Lake area was 6084.5 yuan per household by synthetic analysis of the effects on wetland ecosystem restoration. Moreover, this article took Dongting Lake area as a case to study and explore the basic issues of the eco-compensation by returning farmland to lake, that was who should pay, who should be paid, how much the payment was and what the payment means was, which sought the mechanisms of wetland restoration eco-compensation and prompted the people＇s enthusiasms for ecological restoration.

Eco-environmental Impact Assessment of the Change of Regional Industrial Structure and Regulative Measures

Acting as an important driving force for the change of the regional land use,the change of industrial structure also has some influences on the ecological environment.The assessment and mechanism analysis of these influences will be beneficial to the sustainable development of regional economy and the im- provement of relationships between man and earth.Taking Chuzhou City in Anhui Province as an example,on the basis of a qualitative analysis of the influence of the development of differ- ent industry on the regional ecological environment,this paper builds the influence factor of industrial structure on natural envi- ronment and the influence index of industrial structure on natural environment,makes a quantitative assessment of the change of the industrial structure and its comprehensive influences on the eco- logical environment in the Chuzhou City from 1974 to 1995. Studies show that,during the analysed period,Chuzhou City's industrial structure has changed markedly,having undergone two transformations.The influence of industrial structure on natural environment from 1974 to 1995 increased as a whole,while from 1996 to 2004,the influence of industrial structure on natural en- vironment decreased year-on-year.These changes indicate that the regional change of industrial structure results in better ecological effects.Finally,we propose appropriate regulatory measures ac- cording to our research results.

A review on eco-hydrological effects of condensation water

Almost half the world is suffering from drought at different levels. Since arid and semi-arid regions are characterized by extreme shortage and precipitation uncertainty, water availability is the most impo~.nt limiting factor in arid lands, and any additional source of moisture, such as condensation water, may have a positive impact upon the ecosystem. Therefore, extensive research has been carried out on condensation. Based on articles and relevant documents on the subject, this paper reviews systemati- cally and comprehensively the latest research achievements in several main aspects, including eco-hydrological effects of condensation water on plants, small animals, microbiotic crusts, soil moisture balance, ground water recharge and anthropo- genic utilization. History and trends of research about eco-hydrological effects of condensation water are intensively analyzed in order to summarize existing problems and offer opinions and suggestions for future study.

Ecological and socioeconomic effects of China's policy for grassland eco-compensation

To reverse the continuous deterioration of grassland ecology and to improve the well-being of herders, China has been formulating many national policies on payments for grassland ecological conservation. One of them, the Grassland Eco-compensation Policy(GEP), is the biggest program for grassland protection in China since 1949. The GEP conserves natural grassland by paying herders cash subsidies. It also has worldwide significance because it can increase vegetative cover, improve the ecological balance, increase carbon sequestration and lessen the amount of dust reaching other countries through inhibiting soil erosion. Overall, we find that its ecological and socioeconomic effects are beneficial and further benefits may be observed in the future because while the socioeconomic effects usually appear quickly, ecological effects may take longer to manifest. 2015 is the last year for the first round of the GEP policy implementation and the extended policy for the GEP will be approved and continued by the central government. To make the policy more successful, we suggest coordinated planning, a comprehensive overview, higher compensation and collaborative study. Efficient implementation of the GEP could also provide valuable experience for other eco-compensation programs in China and numerous other regions of the world.

Exploring harmonious development between urbanization and eco-environment based on climate analysis—A study in Changsha, China

The process of urbanization affects the urban warming.The change of urban warming was investigated by several urbanization factors in Changsha,China.The data of surface temperature(minimum,maximum and mean) of Changsha were analyzed to understand the possible effects of urbanization on the climate of this region owing to the population growth,built-up area expansion and energy consumption increases.The weights of these three factors were calculated by the analytical hierarchy process(AHP).Then,three weights were simulated with nonlinear method to obtain the urbanization development rate which was utilized to reveal the influence of the urbanization factors on the surface temperature.The result shows that there is a significant upward trend in the urban temperatures of Changsha.The temperature increase seems to be closely related to the rate of urbanization between 1993 and 2008,and there is an evidential increase trend of the influence on urban temperature by urbanization during 16 years.It is a quantifiable approach measuring the relationship between urbanization and urban eco-environment,and can be applied for the urban sustainability.

数字经济对生态效率的非线性影响--基于门槛效应的检验

数字经济与生态环境是关乎中国式现代化发展的重要议题。本文从数字产业化与产业数字化两个维度,运用熵权法对中国30个省(区、市)2011—2021年数字经济发展水平进行测度,并利用双向固定效应、门槛效应等方法实证分析了数字经济对生态效率的影响。研究发现:数字经济显著促进了生态效率的提升,且这一结论通过了工具变量法、调整样本期和改变模型设定等稳健性检验;数字经济对生态效率的促进效应具有非线性关系,存在以数字经济、环境规制强度为门槛变量的单一门槛效应;进一步的异质性分析表明,数字经济对生态效率的促进效应、单一门槛效应以及“边际效应”递增的非线性特征在南方地区和不同数字经济维度下显著。最后,根据研究结论就如何发展数字经济提升生态效率的路径提出政策建议。

碳排放权交易对试点地区绿色发展的影响及溢出效应——基于PSM-DID和SDID模型的实证分析

在碳中和、碳达峰背景下,本文选用2003~2021年全国273个地级市的面板数据,以碳排放权交易试点(CETP)为出发点,用生态效率测度绿色发展水平,通过PSM-DID和SDID模型实证检验了CETP对绿色发展的直接效应、间接效应和空间溢出效应。研究发现:(1)CETP能显著促进绿色发展,且通过了安慰剂检验和稳健性检验;(2)CETP产生的创新效应对绿色发展有推动作用,但产业结构效应不显著;(3)CETP对周边试点城市产生了显著负向的溢出效应,但对非试点城市的生态效率无明显影响。最后,结合以上研究结论,提出了政策建议。

皖江城市带近20年土地利用变化及其生态环境效应

分析区域土地利用变化及其对生态环境的影响,能为区域土地利用结构优化及生态环境保护提供理论依据.以皖江城市带为例,基于2000年、2010年、2020年土地利用数据集,运用土地利用转移矩阵模型,分析了该地区土地利用时空变化特征;同时结合生态环境质量指数、网格单元分析方法及土地利用转型的生态贡献率,探究了土地利用变化的生态环境效应.结果表明:(1)皖江城市带土地利用转移主要为耕地和森林之间的相互转移,以及人造地表对耕地的侵占;(2)皖江城市带森林的生态价值重要性最大,最高达到55.29%,人造地表用地的变动对该区域的生态影响较大,生态价值贡献率为28.20%;(3)皖江城市带生态环境质量指数稳定且有下降趋势,区域生态环境质量指数呈现“南高北低”的空间格局;(4)耕地向森林及草地的转换是导致生态环境改善的主要原因,森林转向耕地及耕地转向人造地表是导致生态环境恶化的主要原因.

“双碳”目标下“减污降碳协同增效”在生态环境法典中的立法表达

我国生态环境法典编纂既要实现环境立法的体系化,也要吸纳生态文明体制机制改革制度成果,为我国的“双碳”战略提供法治保障。实现“双碳”目标,“降碳”是战略方向,“减污降碳协同增效”是重点路径。“双碳”法治建设应秉持整体论法治理念、重视调整对象的关联性、彰显治理制度的协同性。现行减污降碳法律规范体系未确立减污降碳协同治理的整体性法治理念,未将温室气体排放作为调整对象,减污降碳协同治理制度阙如,亟待予以针对性制度创新,同时也要回应减污降碳协同效应的多层次复合关系。生态环境法典污染控制编应从更新立法理念、完善污染控制一般制度和大气污染控制专章制度等方面实现减污降碳协同治理的制度创新。

京津冀平原非常规水资源利用前景分析及其生态环境效应

[研究目的]京津冀平原水资源严重短缺,供需矛盾十分突出,加大非常规水资源利用力度,形成多元供水格局,可有效缓解水资源供需矛盾,对支撑京津冀协同发展区社会经济协调发展和推动生态文明建设具有重要意义。[研究方法]文章系统开展非常规水资源供水方向、开发利用模式和供水规模分类数据统计,依据各省(直辖市)非常规水资源供水规划及配置目标,分析其开发利用前景及其生态环境效应。[研究结果]该区非常规水资源主要包括微咸水、再生水、淡化海水、雨洪水,其中微咸水主要分布于中东部平原的天津、沧州、衡水等地,供水前景为5.43×10^(8)m^(3);再生水利用以北京、天津等大中型及工业城市为主,供水前景为34.22×10^(8)m^(3);淡化海水利用以天津等滨海城市为主,供水前景为4.19×10^(8)m^(3);雨洪水利用较分散。[结论](1)微咸水用于农业灌溉存在土壤盐渍化风险,需加强水盐调控。(2)再生水用于河流生态补水,沿线地表水富营养化,地下水体未受到明显污染;地下水浅埋区开展再生水灌溉,会增加硝酸盐污染风险;建议将高风险的新兴污染物纳入再生水利用监控体系。(3)海水淡化尾液浓盐水、冷却热水可能改变天然海洋生态系统的分布、构成与多样性,应予以关注。(4)雨洪水利用可降低污水入河的水质风险,但过度利用可能影响区域生态系统的稳定性,建议城市区适度扩大利用。

基于“三生空间”的生态环境效应演变研究——以重庆市中心城区为例

为探究区域土地利用转型下的生态环境效应演变规律,基于重庆市中心城区2000~2020年土地利用遥感监测数据,结合气泡图谱、生态贡献率、地理探测器等方法进行研究。结果表明:重庆市中心城区以生产和生活空间为主;生产和生态空间重心均位于南岸区,生活空间重心位于江北区;2000~2020年,生活空间范围不断扩张,面积增加376.42km^(2),生产空间面积减少374.70km^(2),生态空间面积总体变化不大;研究区生态环境质量水平呈现“中间低四周高”的空间分布特征,低质区以都市核心区为中心逐年向四周扩散,农业生产空间转换为工矿生产空间是导致该区域生态环境不断恶化的主要土地利用转移类型;自然和经济因素是影响研究区生态环境质量的主要因素,且经济因素的影响作用逐渐增强。

秸秆综合利用生态补偿政策与农户秸秆还田行为

秸秆综合利用生态补偿旨在激励农户积极参与秸秆还田政策,促进农业绿色发展,然而秸秆综合利用生态补偿是否真的有助于农户进行秸秆还田尚不明确。鉴于此,构建秸秆综合利用生态补偿与农户秸秆还田行为的理论分析框架,探讨秸秆综合利用生态补偿对农户秸秆还田行为的影响与作用机制,并利用湖北省黄冈市822份农户调查数据,运用Binary Probit模型进行实证检验。结果表明:1)秸秆综合利用生态补偿对农户秸秆还田行为有显著的正向影响;其中,补贴、监管和处罚均促进农户秸秆还田行为;相较于监管和处罚,补贴对农户秸秆还田行为有更明显的推动作用。2)作用机制发现,农户内在感知在秸秆综合利用生态补偿对农户秸秆还田行为的影响中产生中介效应,即秸秆综合利用生态补偿政策能够通过提高农户对秸秆还田技术的内在感知,进而促进农户秸秆还田行为。3)农户社会资本在秸秆综合利用生态补偿与农户秸秆还田行为的关系中发挥正向调节作用,即社会资本的提升能够进一步强化秸秆综合利用生态补偿政策对农户秸秆还田行为的推动作用。据此,有必要建立健全秸秆综合利用生态补偿制度,提高农户秸秆还田内在感知水平,增强农户社会资本,统筹提升农户采取秸秆还田行为的效果,推动秸秆资源化利用和农业绿色高质量发展。

带有羊群效应的生态-传染病模型动力学分析

研究了一类带有羊群效应且疾病在被捕食者中传播的生态-传染病模型,其目的是探究此模型稳态变化以及分支出现的关键性参数。从理论上分析了模型各平衡点的存在性、局部渐近稳定性以及分支(跨临界分支、鞍节点分支、Hopf分支)发生的条件;利用数值模拟进一步验证理论结论的正确性。结果表明:疾病传染率、捕食者的死亡率以及捕食率等影响模型的稳定性。

基于土地利用变化的四川省凉山州移民生态效应研究

土地利用变化是自然演变与人类活动共同作用的结果,大量的人口流动一定程度上将影响土地利用方式,进而对区域生态环境质量产生影响作用。因此,研究人口流动对土地利用变化的影响及生态效应,能为合理调控区域人地关系,促进区域生态环境与经济的平衡发展提供理论支持。基于长时序高空间分辨率土地利用数据,以具有典型移民现象的四川省凉山州为研究区,针对移民驱动下的土地利用时空变化特征及其诱发的生态效应进行研究分析。结果表明:(1)2000—2020年间,受人口迁移影响,凉山州土地资源的利用结构和程度都发生了相应改变,以耕地、草地、林地及不透水面的面积变化最为显著。在人口迁入较多的西昌、冕宁和德昌等县市内,供人类生活、生存所需要的耕地和建筑用地的数量显著增加;相反,对于大量人口迁出的喜德、昭觉和美姑等地区,人类活动强度的降低为生态用地的恢复和重建提供了条件,生态用地面积不断上涨。(2)受土地利用类型、地形条件、人口分布等因素的影响,凉山州整体生态环境质量呈西高东低、北高南低的空间分布格局。2000—2020年,整体生态环境质量仅下降了0.36%,总体较为稳定。(3)生态环境质量改善区域集中于东部的越西、美姑及昭觉等县市,而生态环境质量降低的区域主要位于盐源、会里、西昌和德昌等县市。生态环境质量的改变与区域移民活动存在紧密联系,其中由移民迁入引发的耕地和不透水面对生态用地的挤占,对生态环境质量退化贡献比重达87.97%,而随着移民迁出为生态工程的实施提供条件,凉山州内生态用地面积共增加775.84 km2。

“三生空间”视角下乌鲁木齐市土地利用转型及生态环境效应分析

为探究如何优化乌鲁木齐市城镇化快速发展的资源配置方式,实现城市在“三生空间”视角下的可持续发展,基于乌鲁木齐市1980—2020年(每10年一期,共5期)土地覆盖遥感影像数据,通过土地利用转移矩阵、生态环境质量指数、土地利用转型生态贡献率和InVEST模型估算生境质量等方法,定量分析了乌鲁木齐市土地利用功能转型及生态环境效应。结果表明:乌鲁木齐市生态空间被持续压缩,生活空间持续增加,而生产空间则经历了先增加后减少的倒V型变化趋势。乌鲁木齐市土地利用功能转型主要表现为草地生态空间与生产、生活空间之间的相互转化。乌鲁木齐市生态环境质量指数持续下降,草地转变为其他生态空间是使乌鲁木齐市生态环境质量恶化的主要原因。乌鲁木齐市的生境质量水平持续下降,草地、水域生态空间转化为其他生态空间是生境质量下降的主要原因。可见:土地利用转型会对生态环境质量产生巨大影响,研究结果可为乌鲁木齐市生态持续改善提供保障,同时还能为协调新疆土地资源的可持续利用和生态环境保护提供借鉴。

环鄱阳湖城市群“三生”用地转型的生态环境效应及其地形梯度分析

[目的]准确评估“三生”用地转型对生态环境质量的影响,可为国土空间优化和区域高质量发展提供科学依据。[方法]基于环鄱阳湖城市群2000年、2010年、2020年的土地利用数据,使用土地转移矩阵、生态环境质量指数、地形分布指数等方法,分析了“三生”用地转型过程、生态环境效应及其梯度分异特征。[结果](1) 2000—2020年环鄱阳湖城市群生活用地大幅增长(1 063.45 km^(2)),生态用地持续减少(997.41 km^(2)),生产用地总体上保持稳定,主要的用地转型模式为城镇生活用地和工矿生产用地对农业生产用地和林地生态用地的侵占。(2)时序变化上,2000—2010年,随着工矿生产用地和城乡生活用地的扩张,生态环境质量指数由1.428下降至1.424;2010—2020年,伴随着生态用地的恢复以及城镇生活用地和工矿生产用地内部格局的不断优化,生态环境质量指数由1.424升至1.447。(3)空间分布上,整体上呈现“东西高、中部低”的空间分布格局,形成了以南昌大都市圈为中心的中部生态环境质量低值区和以宜春市、景德镇市、上饶市为中心的东西部生态环境质量高值区。(4)随着地形梯度的上升,低质量区的分布指数下降,高等级质量区逐渐呈优势分布;2000—2020年,低质量区趋向于向高地形梯度转移,较高质量区和高质量区的下移趋势明显。[结论]20年间研究区的生态环境质量整体向好,空间分布差异较大。土地利用转型导致了用地属性及其空间格局的双重变化,建议在布局各类用地时,既要注重对生产、生活用地的“总量控制”,又要保证生态用地的完整性和连通性。

基于“三生空间”的福州市土地利用功能转型与生态环境效应研究

基于2000、2010、2020年3期土地利用现状遥感监测数据,按照“生产—生活—生态”土地利用主导功能分类,通过土地利用转移矩阵、生态环境质量指数、土地利用转型的生态贡献率等方法,定量分析了2000—2020年间福州市“三生空间”结构转型的时空演化特征与生态环境效应。结果表明:(1)福州市“三生空间”分布格局基本保持一致,生态空间分布最广泛呈缩减趋势,生活空间主要分布在市辖区呈扩张趋势,生产空间主要分布在福州主城区和东部地区呈先减后增趋势。(2)“三生空间”的转换以生态空间的转出、生活空间的转入为主,转入量和转出量并不平衡,转换较为活跃的地区主要分布在福州主城区和东部地区,其他地区转换较为零散。(3)福州市生态环境质量改善和退化趋势并存,但两者发生区域在空间上并不重叠,整体的生态环境质量指数下降,生态环境质量空间分异显著,高值区主要位于永泰县,低值区集中于主城区。生态环境质量的改善主要以农业生产用地、草地生态用地转为林地生态用地为主,林地生态用地和农业生产用地转为工矿生产用地则是导致生态环境质量退化的主要影响因素。

气候变化背景下黑河流域“三生”空间转型对生态环境质量的影响

选择中国西北干旱区黑河流域为研究对象,以ArcGIS10.6和Mathematica 8.0为研究平台,分析1990—2020年“三生”空间转型的时空格局,结合植被指数(NDVI)和土壤盐度指数(SI)分析生态环境质量的时空变化,通过建立混合效应模型与归因分析模型,分离气候变化背景下“三生”空间显性与隐性转型对生态环境质量变化的贡献,得到如下结果。1)黑河流域强弱生态空间各占28.12%和65%,生活和生产空间仅占6.88%;30年间生活和生产空间各增长0.32%和0.96%,强弱生态空间之间转换频繁(72.8%)。生态环境质量变化以2000年为转折点,由下降变为持续好转趋势。2)“三生”空间显性转型和气候变化对生态环境质量变化的贡献分别为39.8%和36.6%,降水对生产与生活空间的生态环境有主要贡献,气温则对生态空间环境质量存在非线性影响,隐性转型对生态环境变化的贡献率为23.6%。3)“三生”空间转型对生态环境的空间异质性影响更强,而气候变化对生态环境的时间异质性影响更强,中游地区生态环境质量同时受显性与隐性转型影响,下游则主要受隐性转型影响。研究结果可为黑河流域的国土空间优化和生态系统管理提供科学依据。