Substantive Characteristics of Water and Soil Conservation and Ecological Civilization Construction in China

Water and soil conservation is an important part of eco-civilization con-struction. It is a major part of eco-construction and lifeline of social and economy development. Therefore, water and soil conservation is of great significance in maintaining eco-safety. The research concluded status quo and characters of water and soil losses in China and analyzed water and soil conservation and construction of eco-civilization from the perspectives of water and soil conservation and con-struction of eco-civilization.

Study on Relative Soil and Water Conservation Benefits of Ridge Tillage in Different Terrain Conditions in the Black Soil Area of Northeast China

Ridge tillage, which is a very common and important tillage measure in the black soil area of northeast China, has some soil and water conservation bene- fits, but has little attention. It is very important to explore the spatial distribution of the ridge direction of the arable land and its soil and water conservation benefits in different terrain conditions in the black soil area. So Binxian County of Heilongjiang Province was selected as the study area, and 168 field investigation units were ex- tracted by stratified sampling method and investigated. According to equations of slope gradient factor and slope gradient in ridge direction, and based on the soft- ware of Arcmap, SPSS and Excel, the investigation data of soil and water loss in Binxian County were analyzed and counted, The results show that in plain, hilly and mountainous areas, the average ground slope gradients are 1.92°, 6.20° and 8.27° respectively, and the average slope gradients along ridge direction are 1.33°, 4.52°and 6.45° respectively, which account for about 70%, 73% and 78% of the average ground slope gradients in the same terrain condition; the relative quantities of soil erosion in the present ridge tillage condition account for about 55%, 69% and 67% respectively of that in down-slope ridge tillage conditions, so the present ridge tillage has obviously relative soil and water conservation benefits. Based on these results, the reasons of the present ridge tillage status were analyzed, and some reform measures were proposed. The results could not only help to comprehend the spatial distribution and soil and water conservation benefits of ridge tillage in the black soil area of Northeast China, but also provide scientific references for the layout of local soil and water conservation measures.

Benefit measurement of the soil and water conservation for ecological forestry engineering

Data were collected from Three-north Region, Middle and upper reaches region of Yangtze River and Coastal region. By analysis of factors influencing soil erosion, the longitude, latitude, annual precipitation, and the slope degree were selected as regional independent variables and canopy density and stock litter were selected as independent variables, and integral diffusing models were established for evaluation of the benefit of soil and water conservation of forest. By solving the parameters of models using the package of STATISTICA, the Power function between independent variables and dependent variables was set up. The soil conservation amount of forest and economic values were estimated using the contrast method for the ecological forestry engineering of the above three areas.

Position and Role of the Soil and Water Conservation in Building Ecological Province of Anhui

According to the strategic position of ecological environment in building ecological province of Anhui, we discussed the position and role of soil and water conservation in ecological environment construction and ecological province, and put forward development suggestion of soil and water conservation under new situation.

Water and Soil Conservation in Taiwan Based on Theoretical Research of Water and Soil Ecology

Taiwan has always attached great importance to management of mountain slopes, and its steepslope water and soil conservation system has been a reference for the water and soil conservation in hot and rainy regions. From the perspective of water and soil ecology theory, new forms of water and soil loss emerged since the industrialization and urbanization of Taiwan, also known as hidden water and soil loss, such as soil hardening, change of original landform, destruction of ecological landscape etc.. These losses should be controlled through water and soil conservation measures such as initial involvement, dynamic analysis, systematic treatment and disaster avoidance, all production and construction activities should follow three elements(water, soil and vegetation) and their correlation laws, in order to maintain water and soil ecological balance. By integrating water and soil ecological concepts, water and soil conservation in Taiwan will make more progress.

A review of soil and water conservation in China

The preservation and sustainable development of soil and water resources isone of the basic principles for the development of China. Throughout the course of history, all thesocial improvement and economic development are deeply concerned with soil loss and ecologicalenvironmental protection. It is now a common sense that soil and water conservation is the safetyinsurance for national ecology and its development. For the past long period of time, soil and waterloss has been recognized as 'the No.1 killer' to the ecological environment. The nation is on thestags of the critical conditions for its development. China has massive mountain and upland areawith complicated geological conditions and accelerated human destruction and serious soil and waterloss. Based on rich historical documents, renovating experience and detailed analysis of the datacollected in field experiments and field surveys for soil and water conservation, this paper aims toreview the general characteristics of soil and water loss, to explore the relationship between soiland water conservation and sustainable economic development, and to provide relevant strategies forsoil and water conservation in China.

On Soil and Water,Soil and Water Ecology,and Soil and Water Ecological Conservation

On the basis of discussing the positions and functions of soil and water in terrestrial ecosystem,the concept of soil and water ecology is put forward.It is thought that the integral concept of inseparability between vegetation and soil,water is an important feature of soil and water ecology.Meanwhile,a new definition for soil and water ecological conservation is given,and it is divided into four types:ecological,natural,production and construction.At the height of soil and water ecology,it is an active,organic and holistic concept of soil and water conservation,and is deepening and development of the cognitive view on soil and water conservation to understand and control soil and water loss from the source and linkage of elements,which will make soil and water ecological conservation enter a new era.

Roles of Science and Technology in Soil and Water Conservation in the New Era

Firstly,current situation and main problems of science and technology development of soil and water conservation were analyzed,and then roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were studied. At last,exploration ways of roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were proposed.

The Theory of Soil and Water Ecology is a Major Scientific Issue

The theory of soil and water ecology is an important scientific issue related to the fundamental and overall situation of ecological environment and has important strategic significance for the protection of the earth’s ecological environment.Applying the theory of soil and water ecology to soil and water conservation can upgrade soil and water conservation from version 1.0 to version 2.0 of soil and water ecological conservation and further expand the space of soil and water conservation.The paper suggests that while giving full play to the existing strength of soil and water conservation departments,it should establish national soil and water conservation commission for coordinating multi sector forces and vigorously promoting the realization of beautiful and rich China.

Soil and Water Conservation Ecological Technology in China

Analysis of the development of research and technical application is a critical basis for the identification and evaluation for suitable soil and water conservation ecological technology（SWCET） in China. Among instruments for analyzing the development of research and technical application, bibliometric statistics and visualization tools such as Cite Space have been widely applied. To analyze the domestic development of SWCET, we applied Cite Space to the CNKI（China National Knowledge Infrastructure） database on Chinese research literature（from Jan 1985 to Mar 2017） and patents（Jan 2002 to Feb 2017）. The circulation of research after 2002 and quantity of patents after 2010 increased rapidly. Research institutions, people and interests were dispersed, a strong center of research has not been formed and cooperation among research institutions is weak. The number of patented inventions in western regions of China suffering serious soil erosion is far lower than that in eastern regions such as Jiangsu, Beijing, Shandong and Guangdong. Vegetation restoration, ecological slope protection and protective cultivation are relative hotspots according to technical measures： the Loess Plateau, stony desertification（area） and dry-hot valley according to research area, and expressway, side slope and sloping cropland according to application area. Research hotspots mainly appeared several years after the number of published papers increased in 2002. In the past five years, only stony desertification has emerged as a focus. We argue that further studies on the identification and evaluation of SWCET should be focused on certain technical measures, regions and areas.

HIGH QUALITY DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH FOR SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AND ECOLOGICAL PROTECTION ON THE LOESS PLATEAU

The Loess Plateau is the core area in the Yellow River basin for implementing environmental protection and high-quality development strategies. A series of ecological projects has implemented aimed at soil and water conservation and ecological management on the Loess Plateau over the past 70 years. The effects of the ecological projects are apparent mainly through a marked increase in vegetation cover, controlled soil erosion and reduced flow of sediment into the Yellow River, continual optimization of the industrial structure and increased production from arable land, poverty alleviation and greater prosperity, and optimal allocation of space for biological organisms.Major problems have also been analyzed in ecological management including the fragile ecosystem of the region, maintaining the stability of vegetation,lower agricultural productivity and continued risk from natural disasters. Some suitable schemes and models have been developed for the coordinated development of the region through research and demonstration, striking the optimum balance between rural industry and ecology, and increased regionalcapacity to supply high-quality ecological products. Countermeasures to address the problems are suggested to guide ecological management and high-quality development in the future.

Study on Soil and Water Conservation Benefit Models of Grassland Ecosystem──A Case Study on Jianou Mountain Grasslan Ecosystem

This paper studies the mechanism of grassland ecosystem's soil and water conservation function on the basis of two years experiment and inspection in Jianou mountain grassland ecosystem experiment station, Fujian province. After anaIysis on the data of soil erosion and runoff coefficient, relations between eroded soil, runoff and slope gradient. we establish soil and water conservation benefit models. According to the mode1s, experiment and inspection results, some proposals have been made to decrease the area of soil erosion in Fujian mountainous areas, e. g., optimizing land use structure in mountainous areas, taking suitable measures for local condition, closing hills for grassland development, accelerating restoration and raising quality of mountain grassland ecosystem, strengthening scientific and technological input, breeding the grass species that are suitable to local physical geographic condition.

Characteristics of water erosion and conservation practice in arid regions of Central Asia:Xinjiang,China as an example

Located in the inland arid area of Central Asia and northwest China,Xinjiang has recently received heightened concerns over soil water erosion,which is highly related with the sustainable utilization of barren soil and limited water resources.Data from the national soil erosion survey of China(1985-2011)and Xinjiang statistical yearbook(2000-2010)was used to analyze the trend,intensity,and serious soil water erosion regions.Results showed that the water erosion area in Xinjiang was 87.6
103 km^(2) in 2011,mainly distributed in the Ili river valley and the northern and southern Tian Mountain.Soil erosion gradient was generally slight and the average erosion modulus was 2184 t/(km^(2) a).During the last 26 years,the water erosion area in Xinjiang decreased by 23.2%,whereas the intensity was still increasing.The driving factors from large to small impact included:population boom and human activities4vegetation degradation4rainfall and climate change4topography and soil erodibility4tectonics movement.Soil water erosion resulted in eco-environmental and socioeconomic losses,such as destroying farmland and grassland,triggering floods,sedimentation of reservoirs,damaging transportation and irrigation facilities,and aggravating poverty.A landscape ecological design approach is suggested for integrated control of soil erosion.Currently,an average of 2.07×10^(3) km^(2) of formerly eroded area is conserved each year.This study highlighted the importance and longevity of soil and water conservation efforts in Xinjiang,and offered some suggestions on ecological restoration and combating desertification in arid regions of Central Asia.&2015 International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation and China Water and Power Press.Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

黄河流域-黄土高原水土保持与高质量发展:成效、问题与对策

水土保持是新时期山水林田湖草沙系统治理的核心,在保障黄土高原生态安全屏障方面具有重要作用.黄土高原地区自实施一系列生态治理工程以来,水土保持和生态建设等成绩斐然.基于长期监测及生态系统关键过程等研究基础,分析了黄土高原水土保持与生态治理的成效,剖析了水土保持高质量发展中存在的主要问题,主要表现在区域脆弱的生态环境仍未根本改变、生态系统稳定性仍面临巨大挑战、灾害风险依然较为严重、水土保持监管水平薄弱等方面.据此,从该地区水土保持与生态高质量发展角度出发,提出了未来黄土高原水土保持与高质量发展的若干对策建议,以更好地服务黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的国家战略.

水土保持碳汇生态产品价值实现机制及试点设想

水土保持碳汇生态产品价值的实现是“两山”转化的重要途径,也是践行“双碳”目标的重要内容。在界定水土保持碳汇生态产品内涵基础上,论述了基于“主体—要素—运行”多层次框架,构建“多主体协同—多要素投入—全周期运行”的水土保持碳汇生态产品价值实现机制,并以福建省龙岩市为试点示范区,系统梳理其试点基础及必要性,并提出相关的试点策略,以期为龙岩市及类似地区实践提供一定的决策参考。

Areas Benefiting from Water Conservation in Key Ecological Function Areas in China

Ecosystem services are transferred from the service-providing area to the service-benefiting area to satisfy human needs through some substance, energy or information. Most studies focus on the provision of ecosystem services and few focus on the demands on ecosystem services and their spatial distribution. Here, on the basis of the flow of water conservation services from the providing area to the benefiting area, the benefits produced by water conservation service are investigated and the benefiting areas are identified. The results indicate that in 2010 the water conservation service of key ecological function areas provided irrigation water for 1.67×105 km2 of paddy fields and 1.01×105 km2 irrigated fields, domestic water to urban residents and industrial water to factories, mines and enterprises of 2.64×104 km2 urban construction land and domestic water to rural residents across 3.73×104 km2 of rural settlements and formed 6.64×104 km2 of inland water which can be used for freshwater aquaculture, downstream regions comprise 1.31×104 km of navigable river, which can be used for inland shipping. The benefit areas of the key function areas located in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River are greater and more influential benefit areas. To protect these key function areas, more attention should be paid to the maintenance and improvement of water conservation. Some benefit areas have access to the benefits produced by water conservation of nine key ecological function areas and cover 17% of the overall benefit area and the length of their channels benefited accounts for 7%. Multiple key ecological function areas should be taken into account equally in the formulation of ecological compensation policies. These research findings can serve as a scientific basis for the compensated use of and ecological compensation for ecosystem services provided by key ecological function areas.

砒砂岩区生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展关键技术与模式

探索生态治理与生态衍生产业协同发展的关键技术与途径,是促进水土保持生态治理高质量发展的重要课题。为此,以生态治理难度极大的黄河流域砒砂岩区为研究对象,基于生态经济学、生态产业技术的理论与方法,提出了生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展的基本原理和应遵循的原则,探索了生态治理与生态衍生产业协同发展的关键技术与模式,并开展了示范应用。1)生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展的原理是行为互驱动、效应互补偿,应遵循的原则是“双律适应、适地适生、三方意愿”;2)鉴于砒砂岩覆土区、覆沙区、裸露区生态环境有明显差异,分别构建了小流域生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展的综合治理措施体系和模式,以坡顶、坡面和沟道为水土保持措施配置的3个地貌单元,选择兼具水土保持功能和饲用、药用、食用等经济开发价值的作物进行生物措施配置,配合注浆固结、抗蚀促生、砒砂岩改性等新的工程技术措施进行生态治理;3)研发了物理-化学-生物综合改良砒砂岩土壤、砒砂岩复配风沙土+生物改良提质、灌草优化平茬及饲料加工、煤矸石改性资源化利用、高陡边坡抗蚀+控渗+植生固稳、生态果园建植等关键技术;4)基于砒砂岩覆沙区“土壤改良固沙+”(如土壤改良固沙+经济林种植、土壤改良固沙+梭梭草套种甘草等)生态治理模式的实践与示范,探索实施了“政府支持,科技支撑,企业产业化+公益性投资,农牧民市场化参与”的多元投资、多方参与、共同受益运行机制与模式。通过灌草平茬饲料加工、土壤改良、经济作物种植等产业化中试,以及矿区回填区生态恢复、小流域生态治理-生态衍生产业协同发展示范性实践,表明脆弱生态区治理中发展生态衍生产业具有广阔的前景。

中卫市退砂土地农作物复垦的可行性分析研究

本研究旨在分析宁夏中卫市沙坡头区退砂地的土壤质量提升及农作物种植适宜性。通过连续3年的田间试验,收集并分析了8种宁夏地区广泛栽培的耐旱作物对土壤理化性质的影响及其经济效益。分析了退砂耕地适生农作物对当地土壤质量的影响及经济效益。结果表明,朝天椒和红葱在退砂地上表现出较高的产量和产值,且投入产出比大,是退砂地优先选择的作物。此外,玉米和小杂粮等作物轮作种植也显示出改良土壤结构和提高肥力的潜力。本研究为退砂地的科学利用提供了理论依据和实践指导,有助于推动中卫市经济社会可持续发展。

水土保持生态产品价值实现理论与实践研究辨析

建立水土保持生态产品价值实现机制,是落实习近平生态文明思想的重要任务,是水土保持高质量发展的内在要求。目前水土保持生态产品“难度量、难抵押、难交易、难变现”。通过对有关理论研究及实践探索工作的总结与梳理,厘清了水土保持生态产品的内涵及重要意义,系统辨析了水土保持生态产品的属性特征、产品特点、价值构成、功能定位和产业化路径等内容,并对水土保持生态产品价值实现的关键环节进行了讨论,从提高认识、出台相关标准、拓宽实现路径、提升水土保持生态产品价值、强化水土保持生态产品监测评估等方面提出建议,以期为建立健全水土保持生态产品价值实现机制提供决策思考与支持。

深入推进水土保持碳汇工作 提升水土保持生态产品供给能力

文章阐述了水土保持碳汇的基本内涵与其主要特征,分析认为水土保持是巩固和提升生态系统碳汇能力的重要方面,对我国实现碳中和具有重要作用。研究提出进一步推动水土保持碳汇工作的主要举措,包括深化碳汇基础研究和技术攻关、巩固提升碳汇作用与碳汇能力、完善碳汇监测和计量核算体系、推动建立水土保持碳汇价值实现机制等。