Economic reform, open-door policy and changes in spatial development patterns in China

The study profiles and explains the significant changes that have taken place in China's spatial development patterns since the inception of its economic reform and opening two decades ago. Principal component analysis is used to delineate spatial patterns. The analyses show that prior to the reform China's spatial development pattern was characterized by the dominance of the three municipalities and the Northeast, as well as by both the coast-interior and the north-south disparities. Northern provinces were generally more industrialized and economically powerful than the southern ones. After two decades of reform, regional development has become multi-centered with South China, the Yangtze Delta and the Beijing-Tianjin area being the three most important regions of the country. The coastal provinces as a whole rose to prominence on China's economic map while the Northeast has diminished its clout. The coast-interior gap not only remains but may have widened. The north-south disparity also still exists but there has been a role reversal with the south now in the lead position. Virtually all inland provinces now find themselves at or near the low end of the development spectrum. We argue that the major reason for the recent shifts in Chinese space economy is the spatially differentiated economic growth resulted from the reform and open door policy and from the new, uneven development strategy adopted by the Chinese government. The paper discusses four specific factors that have reshaped China's spatial development patterns.

Policy Towards Gender Equality in Employment in a Globalizing Economy——An outline of the analysis report on the impacts of China's economic reform on women employment

1.This study is one of The Applied Economic Institutes Linkages Project(AERIL)which is funded by theCanadian International Development Agency(CIDA)and jiontly managed by The Conference Board of Canada(CBOC)and the International Trade Research Institute in China.It is jointly implemented by the Institute ofEconomic Research of the Chinese State Planning Commission and the North—South Institute of Canada。

New Challenges for Occupational Health Services Facing Economic Reform in China

In China, which is facing economic reform and the rapid development of small-scale industries, various occupational hazards are reappearing. The problems are related to the ignorance of the managers and the workers, a lack of capital, the insufficiency of occupational health services, and the transfer of some hazardous work from large factories in the cities to small plants in the towns and villages. The change in life-style, especially in smoking habits, has aggravated occupational hazards. The problems may be solved by renewing the concept of health among the managers and workers, enforcing legislation related to occupational hazards, strengthening health personnel training, and reinforcing health education and self-help. 1989 Academic Press, Inc.

China＇s Economic Reform and Its Prospects

China＇s economy can be characterized as having two correlated imbalances, i.e. imbalances in its domestic and international economic structures. It would be very difficult to identify a causal relationship between the two imbalances. In any case, this is an outcome of the past few decades. The same situation can also befound in other countries. Where are China＇s economy and its reform heading towards？ At the macro-level, the econmnic policies guiding China＇s economy and its performance are closely related to the two imbalances. One thing is for certain： world economic equilibrium will help balance various economies including China. But the world economy cannot automatically balance itself. Various economies must restore their balance before equilibrium can be achieved at the global level. For individual countries, balancing their domestic economy is what they can concentrate on. In other words, China needs to rely on its own efforts to achieve internal economic balance through reform. Internal econontic balance will promote sustainable development and contribute to the world economic balance. The questhm is where will such internal balance come from？ How can China achieve an internal rebalance？

Important Economic Reform Measures in 1994

1994 was of special significance to the reform of China’s economic system. The new reform measures for taxation, finance, foreign trade, investment, and the price and enterprise system were smoothly implemented in the past year. In the reform of the taxation system, the taxation quota assigned by central government for the enterprises in the provinces and municipalities, regardless of their actual profits and losses, was replaced by a system in which tax was levied in proportion to the business turnover and profit. A turnover tax system with added-value tax as its core

Bank of Communications Benefits from Economic Reforms

TheBankofCommunications.foundedin1908,isoneofChina'sfirstbanks.Itstartedasaspecializedbankservicingmainlywaterandlandtrans-portationindustries,energyindustries,andpostalservices.Later,theBankofCorn-municationsdevelopedintoacommercialbankprovidinggene...

The Soft Power of India Viewed from Its Economic Reform

India's economic reform started from the realm of finance, which is within the category of soft power of a country. The wax and wane of the overall power of a country is largely determined by the interplay of hard and soft pwers in question. India's soft power has its own characteristics and advantages, which chiefly manifest in its culture, parliamentary democracy, education and finance. In the 21st century, these advantages will continue to have significant play.

A Comparative Analysis of Chinese-Nigerian Economic Reforms and Development Experiences

China has witnessed consistent economic growth and development in the past two decades and half in spite of the significant downturn recorded in the global economic performance during part of the period of this dramatic achievement. Principally, the Chinese economic development is the direct outcome of the economic restructuring embarked in 1978. Of interest is the fact that while the one time economically fragile communist nation has made such a tremendous progress within a period of less than three decades, most of the developing countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Nigeria, the sub regional power that engaged in similar economic reforms in 1986 has performed grossly below expectation in spite of its economic potentials. Why this sharp variation in the outcomes of the reforms in the two nations, what＇s the missing link in the Nigerian economic reforms？ This paper basically provides the response to these fundamental questions in its comparative analysis of the two distant economies and draws significant lessons for the less successful SSA economies undergoing economic reforms.

On the Two Main Lines of China’s Economic Reform

In the autumn of 1987,the State Commission for Restructuring the Economic System organized eight units including the Research Group of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences(CASS)to submit reports providing an outline economic reform plan for China for 1988-1995.The CASS Research Group recommended that enterprise reform and pricing and ownership reforms and their operational mechanisms should be carried out alongside each other in a two main lines approach.China’s deepening economic reforms have adhered to these two main lines throughout the last forty years.The first main line includes the revival and development of the individual economy,followed by the private economy,the introduction and utilization of foreign capital,and the reform of public ownership,including the state-owned system.In 1997,the 15th National Congress of the Party proposed the establishment of a socialist basic economic system with public ownership as the main body and simultaneous development of multiple forms of ownership.“Public ownership as the main body”is reflected in the dominance of public assets among total social assets and the fact that the state-owned economy controls the lifeline of the national economy and plays a leading role in economic development.The dominant role of public ownership has not changed in the forty years of reform and opening up.The second main line covers price reform,building a modern market system,reforming macro-control mechanisms and perfecting the macro-control and regulation system.From 1979 to 2017,our GDP grew at an average annual rate of 9.5 percent,while the CPI grew at an average annual rate of less than 5 percent:a perfect match.The two main line approach is in line with the provisions of economic reform in the new era proposed in the report at the 19th National Party Congress,which focuses on improving the property rights system and market-oriented factor allocation.There is no distinction of primary or secondary in the role of the two main lines;both are equally important.They are united in the establishment and improvement of the socialist market economic system.

Eating, Cooking, and Shanghai＇s =Less-than- Manly MenD： The Social Consequences of Food Rationing and Economic Reforms

This study examines some social consequences of food rationing and economic reforms in Shanghai by considering the notion of ＂Shanghai little men＂ （a broader translation of which is ＂Shanghai less-than-manly men＂）. Male Shanghainese are notorious for doing household labor and being obedient to their wives, which has earned them the nickname Shanghai little men. This study indicates that their grocery shopping and cooking were first inspired by fundamental changes in food distribution and the power structure during the 1950s and 1960s. It treats Shanghai little men as both a special group and a symbol of certain changes in gender roles at home and the redefining of gender norms in the larger society. It examines the shifting discourse concerning Shanghai little men in the era of economic reforms and analyzes a recent popular discourse about ＂seeking real men＂ and ＂being real women.＂ Finally, it deconstructs the current cultural nostalgia for traditional gender-defined divisions of labor, reflecting a parallel developmen--the ＂transnational business masculinity＂ that one sees in China.

Economic reform as a precursor to political reform for development–does China have a model for resource-rich African Muslim countries?

Having gone through colonial exploitation for centuries,most of the colonies after independence from the West were confronted with two models.Contrary to the free market capitalist system based on power-sharing,some of the newly independent countries opted for an authoritarian model and ended up with unjust/distorted development based on exclusivist institutions.Despite having rich-resource endowments with less pressure of population,these countries essentially failed to promote inclusive economic institutions to ensure private property and an unbiased system of law which,in turn,would unleash the immense potentials based on incentives,talent and skills highly required for enhancing productivity and prosperity.The authoritarian but good governance(GG)under state-led development of East Asian miracle economies,in general,and China,in particular,pursuing the goal of economic modernisation before political reform made spectacular achievements in less than quarter of a century.But some of the resource-rich African countries,being unable to remain immune from the vested interest/political lobby groups,failed to make economic reform being promoted by agricultureled development to facilitate political reform subsequently.Based on the main research question of this paper,it will be argued that the massive economic reform as that of China in terms of agriculture-led development can gradually set the stage for subsequent political reform.Based on the historical evidence of successful authoritarian development model,this paper argues in favour of Chinese style of gradualist development using incentives through empowering the households as well as individuals in materialising their potentials.However,only the effective inclusive institutions as experienced by way of ensuring all sorts of public and private goods can help the resource-rich African Muslim countries to pursue economic prosperity with fair distribution of economic,political and socio-cultural power resources.This,in turn,can help restore a‘feeling of togetherness’or what one of the greatest scholars of Islam-Ibn Khaldun-terms as‘Asabiya’for achieving a comprehensive,inclusive and sustainable development made possible by GG as opposed to liberal democracy.

Chinese Social History： Forty Years of Research under the Chinese Economic Reform

In the wake of the Chinese economic reform, Chinese scholars have welcomed in the resurgence of historical social research. Looking back over the past 30-odd years of research development, it could be said there existed four general periods： A brainstorm period, an initial ＂beginning＂ period, a period of maturation and lastly an expansion period. From looking at the context of [its] theoretical development, it is clear that scholars researching Chinese social history were, from the beginning, focused on how exactly to define ＂society.＂ This, however, resulted in much debate about the different concepts of social history itself. Though the matter has yet to be setded, the ultimate research objective for the field of historical social research is in its pursuit of truth. In recent years following the dissolution of disciplinary boundaries, the interdisciplinary viewpoint（s） established by social and cultural history have also provided forth a new horizon for the development of Chinese historical social research.

Forty Years of Ming and Qing Research Following China＇s Opening Up and Economic Reform

Increasingly, Chinese history is becoming a more significant component of academic international history. This is particularly true in light of the Chinese economic reform, whereby historical narrative has been able to go beyond more traditional standards of periodization, allowing, for example, Ming and Qing-era historical research to grow and develop qualitatively as well as quantitatively. In this sense, the field has greatly benefitted from the ＂ideological liberation＂ which followed in wake of the reform. However in a broader sense, this development is also closely related with academic exchange. Communications among domestic and international scholars of Ming and Qing history, as well as of international history, has normalized in the years following the reforms. This has not only led to a considerable influx of ＂overseas＂ historical research to China＇s mainland, but has also allowed for a larger-scale access to and citation of Chinese historical research by these overseas scholars. Domestic and international scholars have, from this, established much closer academic relations with one another. This tremendous progress made within the field Ming and Qing-era historical research during the past forty years was established upon the foundation of Chinese scholars＇ assiduous efforts as well as their increasingly frequent exchanges with international scholars and academics.

30 Years of Economic Reforms in China:Retrospect and Outlook

The Association for Chinese Economic Studies Australia （ACESA） in conjunction with China and World Economy and some other research institutions will jointly organize the ACESA＇s 20th Annual Conference in Townsville, Australia, 10-11 July 2008.

Exploring New Ways to Deepen the Reform of State-owned Foreign Economic and Trade Enterprises

By the end of the century, the reform and development of China’s state-owned enterprises will create new prospects. The reform of state-owned foreign economic and trade enterprises should also see further breakthroughs. At present, the following aspects are important: 1. Implement a Holdings System in the Reform of State-owned Foreign Economic and Trade Enterprises. The holdings system plays a major role in transferring the management mechanism of state-owned foreign economic and

Yishui County——New Outlook Through Reform and Economic Opening

Located on the upper part of the Yi River, Shandong Province, Yishui County has jurisdiction over 13 towns and 1, 219 administrative villages, with a total population of 1.13 million, covering an area of 2, 434.8 square kilometers. Because of its moderate climate and geographic advantages, the county is an ideal place for foreign investment. The county seat is 110 km from Rizhao Port, 240 km from Oingdao Port, 90 km