Economic Value Evaluation of Wetland Service in Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve,Beijing

Based on multi-source data,this paper evaluated the economic value of ecological services in the Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve,Beijing,China.The ecological services of wetland included gas regulation,water quality im-provement,biodiversity maintenance,erosion control,water supply,recreational opportunity,raw material supply and existence value.Multiple conventional evaluation methods were used to calculate the value of eight wetland services.The results showed that significant values came from biodiversity maintenance and recreational opportunity.The main reasons were as follows.Firstly,Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve was the habitat for migrant birds,and government had payed more efforts to protect precious birds.Secondly,the population is large in Beijing.People enjoyed going outside and enjoyed the natural and artificial wetland scenes.At the same time,most people were prepared to pay for wetland conservation.The decline of vegetation cover made the economic value of erosion control the lowest.While the shrink of water resource and the deteriorative water quality caused the economic value of water supply lower.The evaluation results could help decision-makers understand the present status of the Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve and provide a scientific basis for strategic decision.

REE characteristics of the coal in the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, and its economic value

The rare earth elements(REE)content of the coal in the Erlian Basin was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS),and it turns out that the REE content from different geological age shows a significant difference:The REE content of the coal in the Jurassic Alatanheli Group is from 152.05×10^(−6) to 1416.21×10^(−6),with an average value of 397.31×10^(−6),and the relative concentration factor shows enriched;the REE content of the coal in Early Cretaceous Baiyanhua Group is from 20.65×10^(−6) to 102.53×10^(−6),the mean value is 49.06×10^(−6),and the relative concentration factor shows normally.The REE distribution patterns samples in Jurassic and Cretaceous shows the difference:The REE pattern in Jurassic coal mainly manifests as H-type distribution,with the Y,Lu positive anomaly,it is speculated that the fluid carried REE ions into the coal-bearing basin,and the heavy REE gather in the coal due to the different chemical properties of each REE.The REE occurrence mode is presumed to be mainly organic.Flat type is the REE main distribution pattern in Cretaceous coal.The REE patterns in clastic rocks of the roof,parting and floor of coal seam are similar to the REE patterns in the coal and the most possible reason is that the REE main source is from the clastic rock.It showed that the coal of the Early Jurassic,especially of Amugulen coalfield has resource value.

SCISSORS DIFFERENCE AND ITS IMPACTS ON ECONOMIC VALUE OF CULTIVATED LAND IN CHINA

The problem of price scissors difference between industrial products and agricultural products is one of the important problems in China. It impacts not only the living standard improvement of farmers but also the economic value of cultivated land, furthermore results in the direct and indirect loss of cultivated land resources. China＇s cultivated land area has decreased dramatically in recent years. An important reason for the decrease is the relatively low cost of cultivated land occupancy, which results from the distortion of economic value of cultivated land due to the existence of scissors difference. This study firstly analyzed the dynamic change of scissors difference and calculated the absolute and relative magnitude of scissors difference from 1997 to 2002, then computed the economic value of cultivated land before and after scissors difference adjustment in 2002, and finally discussed the inverted scissors difference. Results suggest that the scissors difference has a remarkable impact on the economic value of cultivated land, and the adjustment of scissors difference even inverted scissors difference to the economic value of cultivated land is indisoensable.

Estimation of the Economic Value of Irrigation Water in Jordan

Insight into the different values of water is essential to support rational decision making about policies, management and investments in the water sector. The main objective of this paper is to estimate an economic value of irrigation water in Jordan by choosing appropriate methodology fit with available data. The Residual Imputation Method （RIM） is used to determine the average economic value of irrigation water used in agriculture across crops. The results showed that the weighted average of water value used in field crops is JD 0.44 m＂3 and JD 1.23 m3 for vegetable crops and JD 0.23 m3 for fruit trees. The overall weighted average water value in irrigation is estimated with JD 0.51 m＂3. With regard to individual crops, cucumbers had the highest water values with about JD 6.05 m3, followed by string beans with JD 2.64 m3, and sweet pepper with JD 2.54 m3. The lowest returns per m3 were provided by squash, radish and hot pepper. For fruit tress banana has the highest water value JD 0.79 m3 and olive tress has the lowest with only JD 0.069 m3. The current practice of some banana producers is economically rational by installing Reverse Osmosis unit to irrigate banana, since water value is twice the desalination costs of one cubic meter. The estimated values represent the maximum price that farmers might be willing to pay for water under the current market conditions. Water subsidy distorts farmers＇ perception of water as a scarce and thus valuable resource. Low water prices are thus likely to engender excessive use. It is necessary to allow water prices to recover the real cost of water supply and to ensure financial sustainability of water utilities.

Total Carbon Stock and Potential Carbon Sequestration Economic Value of Mukogodo Forest-Landscape Ecosystem in Drylands of Northern Kenya

Carbon sequestration is one of the important ecosystem services provided by forested landscapes. Dry forests have high potential for carbon storage. However, their potential to store and sequester carbon is poorly understood in Kenya. Moreover, past attempts to estimate carbon stock have ignored drylands ecosystem heterogeneity. This study assessed the potential of Mukogodo dryland forest-landscape in offsetting carbon dioxide through carbon sequestration and storage. Four carbon pools (above and below ground biomass, soil, dead wood and litter) were analyzed. A total of 51 (400 m2) sample plots were established using stratified-random sampling technique to estimate biomass across six vegetation classes in three landscape types (forest reserve, ranches and conservancies) using nested-plot design. Above ground biomass was determined using generalized multispecies model with diameter at breast height, height and wood density as variables. Below ground, soil, litter and dead wood biomass;carbon stocks and carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2eq) were estimated using secondary information. The CO2eq was multiplied by current prices of carbon trade to compute carbon sequestration value. Mean ± SE of biomass and carbon was determined across vegetation and landscape types and mean differences tested by one-way Analysis of Variance. Mean biomass and carbon was about 79.15 ± 40.22 TB ha-1 and 37.25 ± 18.89 TC ha-1 respectively. Cumulative carbon stock was estimated at 682.08 TC ha-1;forest reserve (251.57 TC ha-1) had significantly high levels of carbon stocks compared to ranches (209.78 TC ha-1) and conservancies (220.73 TC ha-1, P = 0.000). Further, closed forest significantly contributed to the overall biomass and carbon stock (58%). The carbon sequestration potential was about 19.9MTCO2eq with most conservative worth of KES 39.9B (US$40M) per annum. The high carbon stock in the landscape shows the potential of dryland ecosystems as carbon sink for climate change mitigation. However, for communities to benefit from bio-carbon funds in future, sustainable landscape management and restorative measures should be practiced to enhance carbon storage and provision of other ecosystem services.

Potential Economic Value of Chitin and Its Derivatives as Major Biomaterials of Seafood Waste,with Particular Reference to Southeast Asia

With a growing population,changes in consumerism behavior and trends in consumption in Indo-Pacific Asia,our seafood processing and consumption practices produce a large volume of waste products.There are several advantages in regulating and sustaining shellfish processing industries.The major advantage of waste management is that it leads to better conservation of natural resources in the long run.Shrimp shell waste contains useful biomaterials,which are still untapped due to inadequate waste disposal and solid waste management.Chitin,the major component of shell waste,can be extracted either chemically or biologically.The chemical extraction approaches,which use acids and alkali,could be an environmental burden.On the other hand,biological methods can be eco-friendly alternatives for shell waste management.In this review,recent trends in management of shellfish waste as sources of chitin,conversion of chitin into chitosan,economic aspects of waste treatment and application of chitosan will be discussed.

Japanese Media Strategy： The Recognition of Economic Value Chains

This paper examines, as a case study, Japanese media production, remaking, and transferences of media content derived from the manga Janguru Taitei （Jungle Emperor） and contemporary Japanese government strategies to protect and promote Japanese cultural and economic value within the content business. The study utilizes methodological triangulation inclusive of textual, document, and value chain analysis. The Japanese government has progressively appreciated the intrinsic value of the media content from both a commercial and cultural context and the loss of value in unregulated segments of the regional market. In 2003, they established an Intellectual Property Strategy Group to support and promote the Japanese media content business. There has been a continuum of policy development since then to protect and amplify the financial value of Japanese media products. All of the developments in media industry are fuelled not only by government regulations, the imagination of talented artists and writers, and the growing regionalization and internationalization of the industry but also the ＂bottom line＂ emerging from the value chain. The recognition of the need for sustaining profit growth to continue the viability of original and remade content in Japan is paramount for Japan.

Analysis of nutrient content and assessment of economic value for major salt-tolerant plants in coastal areas:a case study of Dongying City, Shandong Province

Salinization of soil is a worldwide problem concerning resources and ecology,especially serious in coastal areas.Testing of 26 sorts of data or parameters are carried out on leaves of 22 plant species(in 24 plant variety) of existing main salt-tolerant plant of the Yellow River Delta region.Data or parameters include the following ele-ments:contents of K+,Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+ and Cl-,contents of protein,fat,total energy,ash and contents of 17 amino acids.The results show that these tested plants have economic values.For example,according to their uses,they can be divided into edible plants,forage plants,medicine or health plants,and some of them can be used for multipurposes.These plants have played important roles in the sustainable utilization of plant resources in coastal areas.This paper has taken evaluations on the economic uses of salt-tolerant plants and given suggestions for saline soil improvement and resource utilization in coastal areas.Based on the results of investigation and experiments,we suppose that the salt-tolerant plants in coastal areas can be grouped into 9 main groups according to their economic value:pioneer plants for saline land improvement,medicine,edible and forage plants,industry material,forestation,breeding material,energy plants and eco-tourism resources.

Empirical Analysis on Performance Evaluation of A Pharmaceutical Company Based on Economic Value Added

Objective To establish an economic value added(EVA)performance evaluation system to maintain the competitiveness of pharmaceutical company A under the environment of fierce competition in the pharmaceutical industry.Methods An EVA performance evaluation model was established by adjusting the items of EVA performance evaluation index,such as after-tax profits,total invested capital and weighted average cost of capital rate.Results and Conclusion EVA values of pharmaceutical company A from 2014 to 2018 were calculated and compared with the traditional performance evaluation method,it was found that EVA performance evaluation model reflected the real performance of pharmaceutical company A.Therefore,pharmaceutical company A is doing well,but its growth rate is unstable.

Economic value of freshwater provisioning services of the cryosphere in the Urumqi River, Northwest China

As an important component of cryospheric provisioning services, freshwater provisioning services of the cryosphere is particularly critical to human well-being and socio-economic sustainability. It is imperative to quantitatively estimate the value of freshwater provisioning services to facilitate informed decision-making for ecosystem management and economic development. This study assessed the economic value and associated changes in benefits of freshwater provisioning services for industrial, agricultural, services and domestic water uses combining cost-based method and hydrological model in the Urumqi River during 2010–2016. The results showed that the average annual economic value of agricultural, services, domestic and industrial water uses generated from freshwater provisioning services were estimated to be 1.7, 4.4, 9.9, and 15.7 million CNY. The annual value of snowmelt provisioning services of sectorial water uses was much higher than that of glacier meltwater due to the greater contribution of snowmelt to outlet streamflow than glacier melt. The relative contributions of agricultural, services, domestic and industrial sectors to total economic value of freshwater provisioning services were 6%, 13%, 32%, and 49% respectively, depending on the meltwater supply and market prices. The benefits of freshwater provisioning services from different sectors generally increased in 2010–2016, with a significant increase in the services sector. Considering the impact of changes in freshwater supply under climate change on the assessment of cryospheric provisioning services, the results emphasize the necessity of promoting industrial structure optimization and adopting resource-efficient policies.

The economic value of grassland ecosystem services: A global meta-analysis

Background:Grasslands provide a wide variety of ecosystem services that contribute to human wellbeing.While an increasing number of studies are evaluating the monetary value of grassland ecosystem services,most of them focus on specific grassland ecosystem services at regional or local scales,and they use different assessment methods.Methods:This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the economic value of global grassland ecosystem services based on a meta-analysis of 702 observations from 134 primary studies.Results:The economic values of different ecosystem services cover a wide range of grassland types,regions,and estimation methods.The annual economic value per hectare ranges from$3955 for semidesert grasslands to$5466 for tropical grasslands.On average,regulating services have the highest value,which is approximately four times that of provisioning services or approximately eight times that of food supply services.Several factors impact the estimated ecosystem service values,including the evaluation method,source and year of publication,and study site.The results indicate that the annual economic value of global grasslands exceeds$20.8 trillion.Conclusions:The findings of this study not only provide useful information for understanding the economic value of various ecosystem services associated with different types of grasslands but also have important policy implications for the ecological conservation of grassland globally.

PREDICTIVE STUDY ON THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF RADIO SPECTRUM IN CHINA

Increasing popularity of spectrum-based services brings the striking contradictions between the limited spectrum resource and its increasing demands.This paper puts forward an approach to forecast the future spectrum demand and its economic value,so as to offer a scientific basis for spectrum regulators to resolve this contradiction effectively and make a long-term spectrum-use plan.Specifically,this paper analyzes the driving factors of spectrum demand firstly,based on which a forecasting model is constructed to predict the spectrum demand and its deficit/surplus in the next few years.Then,a forecasting model to measure the economic value of spectrum is proposed based on marginal opportunity cost theory,and the indifference curve is introduced to show the economic value generated by additional spectrum.Additionally,an empirical study is conducted to forecast the spectrum demand and its economic value for China in the next 10 years according to the proposed method.The results of this study show that spectrum deficit is a trend in future and releasing additional spectrum will bring China huge economic benefits.

Preliminary Accounting on Economic Value of Bamboo Resource in China

The current area of bamboo resource in China is 7.21 million ha, 4.21 million ha of which is the pure bamboo forest The stock value of the bamboo resource is 30.312 billion Renminbi (RMB) yuan, the present value of actual output from bamboo wood and shoot is 149.062 billion RMB yuan. The bamboo forest land is valuated as much as 8.133 billion RMB yuan. It is raised to improve the production and management conditions of the 2nd and 3rd type bamboo forests to raise production capacity of wood and shoot an...

Economic Valuation of Auctioned Tourist Hunting Blocks in Tanzania

Economic valuation of ecosystems is increasingly being recognized as an important exercise to inform sustainable utilization and conservation of natural assets. It helps in planning and establishing fair profit margins that accrue either directly or indirectly from the consumptive and non-consumptive uses of ecosystem goods and services. This paper is based on a study which estimated the economic values of tourist hunting blocks (HBs) in Tanzania using the Analytic Multicriteria Valuation Method (AMUVAM). The study used a sample size of 12 out of 24 vacant hunting blocks which were to be auctioned to potential hunting companies in December 2022. The economic values of HBs were estimated using the time horizon of 10 years (the mean tenure for winning company). The results show that the economic values ranged from USD 6,215,588 to USD 653,470,695 per hunting block and the Existence Value (EV) constituted about 19% of the Total Economic Value (TEV). EV ranged from USD 632,210 to USD 125,147,285. The study underscores the need for decisions to allocate ecosystems, such as HBs, to both direct and indirect uses, to be guided by a though understanding of their values. We further recommend building the capacity of staff charged with the role of managing and allocating uses of these ecosystems to enable them undertake economic valuation of ecosystems using both simple and more robust analytical tools, such as the GIS, relational databases, and worldwide websites based tools, like InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs), ARIES (Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services), and Co$ting Nature.

Optimizing Sorghum Productivity Using Balanced Fertilizers on Dryland

Sorghum is thefifth most required cereal crop globally.Sorghum bicolor has the advantage of being adaptive to both lowland and dryland,with drought-tolerant and wide adaptability.The low nutrient availability in dryland requires additional effective fertilizers to increase sorghum productivity.The research aimed to assess the appli-cation of organic,inorganic,and biofertilizers for sorghum productivity on dryland.Research in Central Java,Indonesia as dryland sorghum areas,from November 2022 to February 2023.The experiment cooperates with the farmers in a split-plot design,the main plot was two varieties and subplots of four fertilizers.The enhanced sorghum yield(21.38%–36.06%)with combined fertilizer was greater than the existing fertilization.Nutrient con-trol does not rely on inorganic fertilizers but also on applying biofertilizers.The sorghum farming economic value farming indicated that combinations of fertilizer treatments and varieties provide benefits of USD 929.81–1955.81 with a revenue-cost ratio(R/C)value>1.Sorghum is an essential food commodity that faces the threat of the global crisis and an unfavorable environment.This study indicated balanced fertilizers could provide suffi-cient nutrients to the soil and increase nutrient absorption availability for sorghum growth and productivity.Balanced fertilization increases the uptake of N,P,and K nutrients correlates with an increase in yield of 21.38%–36.06%.

Forest Ecosystem Services and Their Values in Beijing

As the most important ecosystem in Beijing, the forest supports a lot of ecosystem services to local and around communities, which plays a key role in the maintenance of urban ecological security.However, the valuation on the forest ecosystem services based on regional scale could not provide precise and reasonable values for forestry sector management.In this study, we estimated the magnitudes and economic values of the forest ecosystem services in Beijing at sublot level.The economic value of forest ecosystem services in Beijing was estimated to be 19 339.71×10 6 yuan(RMB) in 2004.Among all the ecosystem services indicators we estimated in this study, only fruit, timber and part of the recreation(which only include the tourism income from the forest parks and scenic areas, but not include that from other forest types) were measured in the social economic system.As estimated in this study, more than 82.19% of the economic value of forest ecosystem services could not be measured in the socio-economic statistical system.The importance of forest ecosystem services in Beijing to human welfare was underestimated by the socio-economic system.Therefore, the policies about the eco-compensation of forest ecosystem services should be established to maintain the sustainable supply of the forest ecosystem services in Beijing.

Value of Ecosystem Services in Conventional and Organic Rice Paddies:A Case Study in Wannian,Jiangxi,China

In the current study,the ecosystem services(ES) of conventional and organic rice paddies in Wannian,Jiangxi Province,China are investigated.First,the ES at the field level under organic and conventional paddies were investigated.Total economic value of ES in organic rice paddies was 30093.08 yuan RMB/ha per year and that of conventional rice paddies was 22 793.31 yuan RMB/ha per year.The total indirect value of ES was 14 813.7 yuan RMB/ha per year in organic rice paddies and 12 424.56 yuan RMB/ha per year in conventional ones.There were significant differences between organic and conventional rice paddies for the economic values.Then,this economic information was used to extrapolate and to calculate the total and indirect value of ES from rice paddies in Wangnian.The total and indirect economic values of ES from conventional rice paddies in Wannian were 6791 million and 3702 million yuan RMB per year respectively,and the total and indirect economic values of ES from organic rice paddies in Wannian were 1311 million and 646 million yuan RMB per year.If half the area had being converted to organic farming in Wannian,the total and indirect economic values of ES from conventional rice paddies were 3397 million and 1851 million yuan RMB per year,and the total and indirect economic values of ES from organic rice paddies were 5794 million and 2852 million yuan RMB per year.Finally,the total economic value of ES in rice paddies in Wannian was demonstrated through geographic information system techniques.

Does the EVA valuation model explain the market value of equity better under changing required return than constant required return?

Through the Economic-Value-Added(EVA)valuation model,the expected market value of equity can be determined by adding the book value of equity with the present value of expected EVAs under the assumption of constant required return and constant return on equity.The equation of EVA valuation model has taken its shape under the assumption of constant required return and constant return on equity.However,a large body of empirical evidence indicates that required rate of return never remain constant.The EVA-valuation model formulated under constant required return cannot be implemented under the scenario of changing required return.In this study,we explored whether the EVA valuation model could be implemented under changing required return by making any changes in the model and found that it could be implemented under the scenario of changing required return by replacing the book value of the equity of the existing model with the present value of required earnings or normal market earnings.We further examined whether the explanatory ability of the EVA valuation model under the assumption of changing required return is better than that of the valuation model under the assumption of constant required return.Relative information content analyses were conducted by considering sample of the intrinsic value of equities determined by valuation models and the market value of equities of 69 large-cap,88 mid-cap,and 79 small-cap companies.The results showed that the EVA-based valuation model with changing normal market return outperformed the EVA-based valuation model with constant required return.

Managing wetlands:an ecological economic analysis of the Hong Kong Wetland Park

This paper addresses the question of whether the Hang Kong government made a rational economic decision when it decided to set aside land to develop a Wetland Park, or whether it should have used the land for alternative commercial developments. Different analytical methods are used to estimate the economic value of the environmental benefits of the Wetland Park： the Value Transfer Method is used to estimate the economic value oJ the ecological services provided by the Park. the Direct Market Price analysis for the economic value of the goods purchased in the Wetland Park, the Hedonic Housing Price Analysis for the value of the Park to those residing in its proximity, the Travel Cost and Contingent Valuation Method for the value of the Park to the visitors, and the Contingent Valuation for the Passive （Nonuse） Values of the Park. These benefits are compared to the opportunity cost of the land and the cost of running the Wetland Park. The article concludes that if a rate of 5% or less is used to discount fiture costs and benefits, we would find that the government＇s decision to set aside land for a Wetland Park was economically sound while using a discount rate of 6% or more shows that it was not.