Analysis on the Economic Ethics Thoughts in the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844

Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 are one of Marx＇ s early works with great significance. It marked the thought development of Marx to a new stage. Marx in the Manuscripts through the criticism of the national economics, alienation labor theory to the problem of human essence, existing in the capitalist society of economic development and the moral result inverse problem and the communism theory expounds main contents such as the economic reality of capitalist society in profound ethical criticism, reveals the capitalist society economy inhumane between moral and ethical relations, in all of his criticism is always full of profound urges and powerful strength of moral criticism and deep ethical care, contained in the Manuscripts of economic ethics in today still has the significant theory significance and practical guiding value.

The Intemal Implication of the Economic Ethics in the Alienated Labor Theory of Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844

Alienated labor, also known as labor alienation, was a concept with historical creativity, which was first raised in Marx＇ s Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844. The Manuscripts was important works of Marx, in which the social relations of capitalism private ownership were analyzed by Marx using the concept of alienated labor. A deep analysis was conducted by Marx from the specific historical facts, in which the rational kernel of the alienated problem in the social relations of capitalism was mentioned. Specifically, the alienated labor theory was analyzed from the relationship of laborers with their labor products and labor itself, human＇ s essence, and other people under the condition of the capitalist private ownership; the ＂ought to be＂ ethical characteristics of labors were expounded from the perspective of ethics, and the abnormal labor relations in the process of capitalist production were ethically reviewed and criticized. Therefore, rich economic ethics thoughts were contained in Marx＇ s analysis of the alienated labor theory.

Ethics and the Techno-Economic Future

The general theme-“ethics in the future”-intends to question a form of human knowledge,ethics,in relation to a dimension of time,the future.In broader terms,the title refers to a question about the relationship between knowledge and time,which in turn includes questions such as:“To what do different forms of knowledge-ethics,economics,physics-refer when they discuss the future?”;“What do they mean by a possible,probable,preferable future?”;“What future emerges through their key concepts?”;“What kind of future challenges present knowledge within an epochal context that is established in the form of an incessant reproduction of relative means and ends,one that is constantly outdated?”;“What form of knowledge is required first and foremost so that the establishment of this epoch can take place?”

The Economic Context of Our Time:A Diagnosis in the Light of Transformative Ethics

The following contribution is the attempt to touch upon some fundamental questions for a reliable ethical diagnosis of what can be called the economic context of our epoch.For this purpose,we will consider a well-known concept within the medieval economics in light of its modern reappropriation against the backdrop of transformative ethics:the meant concept is usury;the meant reappropriation is that of Ezra Pound.For reasons of space,the single steps will merely hint at ethical questions that require a much more careful investigation.Within these limits,the essay will therefore analyze certain traits of our current economic context while reconsidering its ethical dimension in the light of the concept of usury.The framework within which this analysis will be conducted is that of transformative ethics.

Max Weber on Religious Ethics and Life Conduct

The purpose of this paper is not to provide an overview of the contributions of Weber＇s sociology of religion, but to discuss an issue that guides his comparative studies of religions, which is to say the influence of religious beliefs on the life conduct. The principal aim is to highlight how the images of the world produced by world religions are responsible, in part, by the variability of economical conducts. In this sense, the paper discusses the explanation of Weber to the fact the capitalist system has been a singularity of the West, although in other civilizations, there has been some of the necessary conditions for its development. In the conclusion, it is said that the emphasis on the practical effects of religious beliefs, as well as the recognition of religion as a form of rationalization of the world, are the central dimensions of Weber＇s thought about religious phenomena.

Ethical Implications of Economic Responsibilities

The focus of the present research is on the notion of economic responsibility as it was first introduced by Jean Maurice Clarke in the early 20th century and further expounded on by Milton Friedman half a century later.Thereby the aim is neither to present a historical and systematic description of validated positions nor to draw a comparison between them,but rather to elaborate on a sufficiently distinctive characterization of the ethical questions implied,though not explicitly presented,in the concepts of economic responsibility.The research is carried out against the backdrop of the premise of the precedence of reason and constitutive for the tradition of metaphysical thinking.It involves critical distinctions characteristic of Immanuel Kant’s ethics.

The need for a new framework for the economic evaluation of health services in a national health scheme

The normative theory of economic evaluation and its welfare theoretic basis are deeply problematical and result in recommendations which are potentially unfair. The root cause of the problem is the set of assumptions behind the theory which posit behaviours and motivations that are not universal, and which exclude other behaviours and motivations that are potentially important. As falsification of assumptions may be evaded indefinitely this paper presents an alternative critique. We commence with six an- omalies with the theory which are attributable to the assumptions. The first three—the net present value criterion, the willingness to pay criterion and moral hazard—arise from welfare theory. The remaining three are associated with the present definition of cost, the concept of efficiency and the omission of sharing, which are common to most economic evaluation. We argue that these anomalies are indicative of a defective core theory and that they are equivalent to observations that conflict with a positive theory. In the final section we outline and illustrate a more general framework for decision making that is capable of overcoming the ano- malies we discuss.

激励制度在公民逝世后器官捐献中的伦理分析

器官移植在重建健康、挽救生命的卓越成效表明了其重大价值所在,其中器官捐献是促进我国器官移植事业发展的重要组成部分。近年来,我国器官移植取得了重大进展,器官捐献率也逐年上升。尽管如此,我国依然面临捐献器官数量不足的严峻事实,破解这个难题需要医学科学技术和公共卫生政策进一步完善。根据国际经验,实施一定的激励制度可以有效地提高捐献率,但是激励制度本身隐藏的伦理特性似乎与器官捐献事业中的利他精神有着根本性的冲突。因此,本文从激励的性质、器官捐献与激励制度以及激励制度的伦理论证进行综述,以期为我国官捐献和移植事业的进一步发展提供参考。

高等教育高质量发展促进共同富裕的三维视界及实践进路

共同富裕是社会主义的本质要求,也是中国式现代化的重要特征。从代内公平、经济伦理和人的全面发展三个维度审视,高等教育高质量发展是以全体人民共同富裕为原则、以每个人都走向富裕为目标、以所有人都实现富裕为核心的发展。高等教育高质量发展的价值意蕴包括以增强社会认同构筑共同富裕的心理基础,以提高国家实力破解共同富裕的实践难题,以突出人民中心地位释放共同富裕的政策效能。高等教育虽然在促进全体人民共同富裕方面取得了重要进展,但因代内教育帮扶乏力、有效供给不足和人的单向度发展,依然面临贫困家庭难脱贫、相对贫困蔓延和财富增长缓慢的困境,进而制约了共同富裕水平的提升。为加快高等教育高质量发展,扎实推进共同富裕,需要建立代内教育帮扶机制,创新高等教育供给体系,打造本土特色育人模式,以增强人民创造财富的能力与实现全体人民共同富裕的意愿。

发展危机抑或生存挑战:现代市场经济视域下竞技体育商业化的伦理问题及其规制

在现代市场经济中,竞技体育伦理要求与商业化经济行为之间的矛盾冲突,是不以人的意志为转移的客观存在,也是以获取经济利益方式来驱动竞技体育发展所必然需要直面的问题。个体实践中的价值理性失落问题、群体实践中的合理利益追求问题和组织实践中的机会主义倾向问题是目前我国竞技体育商业化进程中存在的突出伦理问题。竞技体育经济属性的有限性、经济思维道德选择的利己性和调控干预机制建设的滞后性是问题产生的主要成因。针对上述问题,提出应以微观层面的个体伦理、中观层面的组织伦理、宏观层面的制度伦理为基础,架构一个循环反馈“试探”经济利益最大化的伦理调控系统。与此同时,需要在路径依赖上突破对伦理主体自觉意识的依赖,从个体行为主体层面突出知行并重,从组织集中行动层面突出管控结合,从宏观制度保障层面突出德法共治,探索平衡竞技体育运动目标、商业化经济目标和伦理规范要求的有效路径。

高质量发展的经济伦理意蕴

高质量发展是我国经济发展转型、化解社会主要矛盾的必然趋势。新时代,经济发展以高质量发展为鲜明主题,其蕴含着丰厚的经济伦理意蕴,主要表现为以美好生活为价值旨归、从资本之外探寻发展动力、以公平正义为价值追求、以协调发展为伦理要求多重维度。探索高质量发展的经济伦理之维,利于开拓中国发展观的道德新境界,建构中国发展伦理价值规范体系,加速推进质量强国建设。

青年马克思劳动伦理观探析——基于《1844年经济学哲学手稿》文本

对劳动者群体境况的反思和关怀伴随了马克思一生,同时也是马克思主义的理论趣旨。青年马克思的劳动伦理观植根于对劳资关系的深刻审视与考察,是马克思解构资本主义生产体系提出的重要理论成果。其主要理论内涵包括:对劳动本质的探究和对劳动者生命活动的关照、对劳资对立下资本逻辑的批判、对象性关系中的人与自然、劳动主体的解放与人的本质的复归。这四个维度层层递进,具有严密的逻辑关系,构成了完整的劳动伦理观理论图式。

经济伦理共同体:扎实推进共同富裕的时代新路

经济伦理共同体是在经济伦理和“共同体”思想的基础之上提出来的一个新的理论范畴,是解决时代之困、现实之需和扎实推进共同富裕的思想密钥与实践路径。在本质表现上,经济伦理共同体和共同富裕具有社会归属同质性、价值引领趋同性、实践范式统一性、目标指向一致性、双向交互联动性特征。在新的时空场域中,要使经济伦理共同体对共同富裕起到根本性的推动作用,就必须在党的领导和政府的主导下,积极建构以经济伦理共同体为目标指向、以基本经济制度规范体系和“经济人”社会综合治理为“两翼”的“一体两翼”格局,探索开创出一种具有“人民至上、公正合理、义利统一、守信尽责、共建共享”的中国特色的社会主义新型经济伦理生态,从而扎实推进共同富裕。

马克思生产伦理原则探赜——以《1861—1863年经济学手稿》为考察中心

在《1861—1863年经济学手稿》中,马克思运用历史唯物主义和唯物辩证法作为根本的历史观和方法论,遵循从批判到建构的逻辑理路,通过对资本主义生产目的、生产手段以及生产形式的道德批判,建构了自己生产伦理的基本原则:以人为本——对生产者的道德关怀;利己与利他——经济效益与社会效益相统一;人与自然和谐统一——对生产过程的道义吁求。

《史记》经济伦理思想探析

司马迁的《史记》具有丰富的经济伦理思想。从社会分工上为商人存在的合法性正名,从道义伦理上肯定了商人谋取财富的正当性,对商人致富过程主张善因利导,在商人富裕之后又充分肯定了他们的兼济情怀。《史记》中的经济伦理思想对当下的经济建设具有重要启示。

Is There a Trade-off Between Freedom and Safety?A Philosophical Contribution to a Covid-19 Related Discussion

The aim of the present paper is to critically discuss the common claim that in times of the Covid-19 pandemic there is a trade-off between freedom and safety when it comes to measures taken by authorities to ban the virus.In order to approach the question of whether or not this claim is justified a distinction is made between a more or less common economic view of reality and a philosophical interrogation of the assumptions underlying economic reality.Thus,the paper provides two insights.First,that the economic concept of trade-off is not appropriate for a reflection on freedom and human dignity.Second,in the light of classical philosophical notions of freedom,the implicit or explicit understanding of freedom in the economic domain turns out to be insufficient.This is why the paper argues that the perception of the mentioned trade-off as such is already a severe,albeit inconspicuous,threat of freedom.

社会认知神经科学研究的最新进展

社会认知神经科学是一门采用认知神经科学技术研究社会认知现象的交叉学科,目前已经形成认知神经科学与心理生理学的热点研究领域。该文回顾了近年来有关情绪、情绪障碍、自我意识、经济决策、道德等方面的脑机制研究,临床研究和脑成像研究表明,恐惧、厌恶、愤怒、惊讶、快乐、悲伤等基本情绪在表达和识别上具有普遍性与特殊性;孤独症与"男性脑"的特征相关,抗抑郁药百忧解对抑郁症儿童的治疗作用;在自我意识的研究领域,自我概念产生的脑区定位、灵长类的自我意象、精神疾病患者的自我概念变化等研究的热点问题;经济决策的研究最近成为亮点之一,主要包括强互惠合作、风险决策、跨期选择以及品牌决策等方面;在道德的脑机制研究中,重点涉及了道德判断与捐赠行为的神经基础。文章最后展望了社会认知神经科学在我国发展的前景。

再论道德资本

道德资本在经济工作过程中是一种能带来经济效益的特殊的力的存在 ,是资本存在的一种特殊方式。道德资本在生产、交换、分配、消费过程中起着其他资本所不能替代的特殊作用。因此 ,研究道德资本对正在转型中的中国社会来说则显得尤为重要。为此 。

经济伦理内涵的反思——意识、规范与实践的统一

我国学界对经济伦理范畴的理解主要有经济的伦理、伦理的经济、经济与伦理等三种方式。虽然各有道理,但都没有揭示经济伦理的实质。根据历史唯物主义的基本原理,经济伦理是一种植根于人们经济交往关系中的伦理道德观念、规范和实践活动,其内涵有三:一是指经济关系的伦理意识即经济伦理意识,是人们关于经济关系的善与恶、是与非、正当与不正当、应该与不应该等价值取向的各种心理过程和观念;二是指经济行为的伦理准则即经济伦理规范,是指导和评价经济主体行为的善恶价值取向、调整主体与主体之间利益关系的行为规范;三是指经济主体的道德实践即经济伦理实践,是经济活动中经济主体的一切可以进行善恶评价的行为和活动,可分为经济个体道德活动和经济组织道德活动。当前经济伦理实践有提倡议、订守则,社会责任投资,创建伦理管理体系等形式。经济伦理意识、经济伦理规范和经济伦理实践这三方面相互依存、相互制约而构成一个有机整体。

体育经济研究中的经济伦理

运用文献资料等研究方法,阐述经济伦理学的兴起与应用,分析体育经济领域出现的道德问题,从道义论、功利论和美德论三个维度论证体育经济伦理研究的道德理论基础。认为:现代意义上的体育经济不仅是法制经济,更是德治经济,经济伦理是体育经济研究的一个新视角。体育经济伦理研究对于丰富体育伦理学和体育经济学理论系统具有一定的价值,同时对体育市场经济的社会实践也具有指导意义。