我国免水生态厕所的发展现状与展望

由于具有节水、环保、、无害化和资源化等特点,以及能在无上下水设施的场所使用等独特性能,免水生态厕所在公共场所、风景名胜区、临时会所、交通设施中的应用已显示其不可替代性。介绍了国内外生态厕所的类型、原理、特点及应用情况,并重点对免水生物降解型生态厕所进行效益分析,阐明推广中尚存在的问题及发展前景。

农村生态卫生厕所综合效益分析研究

目的 对农村生态卫生厕所的综合效益开展研究。 方法 通过对恭城等 10个地区三种类型厕所的调查 ,对其综合效益进行比较分析。 结果 三格化粪池卫生厕所、三联式沼气池卫生厕所和粪尿分集式生态卫生厕所能达到粪便无害化卫生标准 ,都具有一定的综合效益。 结论 三者都可在农村地区应用 ,但由于后两者有较高的生态效益和综合效益 ,更适宜在各种不同地区推广应用。

Solar versus Non-Solar Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilets—Evaluation of Temperatures inside the Vaults of Different UDDT Systems

The Urine Diverting Dehydration Toilet (UDDT) is one of a wide range of technologies Ecological Sanitation (Ecosan) offers. A commonly used type is the so called solar UDDT, constructed with inclined vault doors or panels which are usually made from black iron sheets to increase the temperature inside the vaults and therefore would facilitate dehydration and hygienisation. The study aims to give recommendations on the most appropriate system by comparing solar and non-solar UDDT systems. Existing building standards for UDDTs were reviewed, 133 UDDT sites visited and a comparative temperature study of the temperature inside the vaults of different UDDT systems carried out. The temperature study needed to assess if solar UDDTs would actually succeed in raising the temperature inside the vault. Programmed temperature loggers were placed in the vaults of solar and non-solar UDDTs. The review of building standards showed that the system recommended most is the solar UDDT. The field visits identified a number of problems related to the construction of solar UDDTs. The temperature study showed that solar UDDTs do not necessarily increase the temperature inside the vault significantly and therefore are not speeding up dehydration and pathogen destruction. The study hence concludes that before a solar UDDT system is chosen the climatic conditions have to be assessed carefully. The recommended standard design should be a non-solar UDDT system. It is hoped that the study will facilitate a move towards the construction of non-solar UDDTs.

农村废水污水排放系统生态建设探讨

新农村建设水环境问题是个难题,如何应对农村的废物排泄和处理以及其对农村环境的影响,是关系农村大环境改善的重要问题。针对这一问题,从生态卫生观念出发,解决人及其它动物的排泄废物的处理问题及排泄废物的再利用,将会给农村的环境建设提供新的思路,将对农村可持续发展和生态环境的维护产生深远影响。

源分离技术的国内外研发进展及应用现状

污水末端处理的最大缺陷是以大量清洁水稀释人粪、尿等排泄物,并经管道收集、输送后进行集中处理。现代生活中卫生而不生态的水冲便器不仅浪费和污染大量水资源,而且也彻底阻断了营养物质回归土地的生态之路。因此,污水末端处理方式日益受到质疑。粪便与尿液从源头分离可从根本上改变末端处理的弊端,原生态的生活习惯可通过粪、尿液分离便器达到既生态又卫生的目的。从尿液源分离概念及优越性入手,首先概述了包括生态卫生(ECOSAN)在内的源分离技术最新研究进展。其次,总结并讨论了源分离技术在国内外的工程应用实例。最后,对源分离技术的未来发展进行了展望。