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Implications of Declining Ground Water and Water Quality in the US Southeastern Coastal Plain Ecoregion and Areawide Environmental Impact Statement Required for Mining in the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin—Part 1
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作者 Sydney T. Bacchus Sergio Bernardes Marguerite Madden 《Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection》 2023年第3期201-276,共76页
Karst aquifers occur worldwide and exhibit groundwater flow responses that differ considerably from aquifers lacking fractures, bedding planes, and other karst conduits where significant and rapid groundwater flow can... Karst aquifers occur worldwide and exhibit groundwater flow responses that differ considerably from aquifers lacking fractures, bedding planes, and other karst conduits where significant and rapid groundwater flow can occur. The regional, karst Floridan aquifer system underlies the United States (US) Southeastern Coastal Plain Physiographic Region and exhibits hydrologic interconnections with overlying surficial aquifers and throughout other zones of the aquifer system, as is characteristic of other karst aquifer systems. Anthropogenic groundwater declines in this regional karst aquifer system have been documented in published literature for decades, but the impacts of those declines in this coastal plain region and the embedded ecosystems that provide essential and critical habitat for native, endemic, and federally endangered and threatened species have not been considered previously. Those anthropogenic groundwater declines reduce surfacewater levels and flows due to the capture of both groundwater and overland flow of surfacewater, resulting in induced recharge through semi-confining zones and interbasin flow through fractures and other karst conduits. This case study identifies examples from the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin study area and comparison areas of how those declines result in loss of historic base flow to surface waters and other capture of surface waters, ultimately increasing saltwater intrusion. Those results alter and degrade the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters, in violation of the US Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1972. Historic groundwater declines from mining and other anthropogenic groundwater withdrawals from this regional karst aquifer system already threaten the survival and recovery of federally endangered and threatened species, as well as existing and proposed critical habitat for those species within this regional extent, in violation of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973. This case study and its companion publication (Part 2) appear to be the first to provide scientific support for this regional karst aquifer system as the unifying factor in habitat responses to irreversible groundwater impacts on aquatic and marine ecosystems. These adverse impacts strongly suggest that the extent of the regional Floridan aquifer system should be designated as the Southeastern Coastal Plain Ecoregion for the purpose of managing natural resources. Mining activities continue to expand in our study area, which is the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin. Despite that fact, no comprehensive Areawide Environmental Impact Statement (AEIS), similar to the AEIS required for phosphate mining within the Central Florida Phosphate District (CFPD) approximately a decade ago has been conducted for any of the numerous mining projects that are occurring and are proposed within the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin. This case study also provides examples of why a comprehensive AEIS is essential to consider all of the adverse direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts of those mining activities to the CWA, the ESA, and the irreversible losses to local economies, because federal agencies responsible for considering those adverse impacts rely on public comments to identify those adverse impacts. The mining activities authorized throughout the regional Floridan aquifer system under Category 44 Nationwide Permits (NWP) result in the same type of adverse impacts as the mining activities evaluated under Individual Permits in that region. Therefore, those Category 44 NWP mining activities also should be required to obtain Individual Permits and be evaluated under an AEIS in the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin. This case study also describes how Florida’s assumption of the CWA Section 404 regulatory authority in 2020 severs four sub-basins within the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin study area at the state line between Florida and Georgia. 展开更多
关键词 1994 Government Accountability Report for ecosystem Management Abuse of Economics Environmental Laws and Regulations Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge Resource Sustainability
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Accounting for liabilities related to ecosystem degradation
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作者 Sue Ogilvy Roger Burritt +4 位作者 Dionne Walsh Carl Obst Peter Meadows Peter Muradzikwa Mark Eigenraam 《Ecosystem Health and Sustainability》 SCIE 2018年第11期2-17,共16页
Introduction:A growing belief that accounting can and should play a role in halting and reversing degradation of ecosystems is leading to conceptual and methodological develop-ments that recognize the cost of degradat... Introduction:A growing belief that accounting can and should play a role in halting and reversing degradation of ecosystems is leading to conceptual and methodological develop-ments that recognize the cost of degradation,attribute the cost to the entities responsible and assure that entities can't ignore the economic burden associated with it.Outcome:Demonstration accounts prepared around a scenario where agricultural use of land includes an obligation to maintain ecosystem condition.The accounts are compliant and coherent with both the intermational accounting standards for individual entities and the United Nations'System of Environmental-Economic Accounting.Discussion:Accounting for labilities for ecosystem degradation demonstrates that,where the liability reflects the lost economic value of the ecosystem,the accounts communicate a reduction in the total net worth of the economy and a redistribution of net worth away from the party responsible for the degradation.The inclusion of both libilties for degradation and the cost of degradation does not lead to double-counting the economic impact of degradation.Conclusion:Accounting principles and frameworks encourage greater accountability for entities responsible for ecosystem condition by providing greater visibility of the economic cost to individual entities,governments and nations. 展开更多
关键词 ecosystem accounting LIABILITIES degradation sustainability sustainable development goals(SDG)
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Natural capital accounting perspectives:a pragmatic way forward 被引量:2
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作者 Kerry Turner Tomas Badura Silvia Ferrini 《Ecosystem Health and Sustainability》 SCIE 2019年第1期237-241,I0016,共6页
Introduction:Recent debates surrounding the application of natural capital accounting(NCA)have produced several approaches to further develop this system,as well as highlighted a number of conceptual and methodologica... Introduction:Recent debates surrounding the application of natural capital accounting(NCA)have produced several approaches to further develop this system,as well as highlighted a number of conceptual and methodological issues that need to be resolved before mainstreaming NCA into policy and decision making.We argue that prolonged debate over the value concepts(i.e.,exchange versus other values)underpinning different modifications to NCA has slowed progress in experimentation and uptake by policymakers.Outcomes:Consequently we propose three broad approaches which can be progressed in parallel to reinvigorate experimentation with the NCA principles and practice,while at the same time generating policy relevant tools and evidence bases for decision support.The three approaches are;extended SNA accounting anchored to the use of exchange values;a complementary accounts network(CAN)that utilizes plural values as supplementary accounts to the SNA system;and wealth accounting that focuses on measures of welfare and wellbeing.The three approaches are complementary and data developed in any one can inform the other two.Conclusions:We contend that CAN offers the most flexibility and opportunities to progress short term support for decision making on environmental issues which are now becoming urgent. 展开更多
关键词 Natural capital accounting SEEA ecosystem accounting wealth accounting exchange values welfare values
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Toward development of ecosystem asset accounts at the national level 被引量:1
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作者 Dava Vačkářů Ioanna Grammatikopoulou 《Ecosystem Health and Sustainability》 SCIE 2019年第1期36-46,I0022,共12页
Ecosystem accounting has become one of the key components in the revision of international statistical standards.Expansion of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for ecosystem services follows the rapid pr... Ecosystem accounting has become one of the key components in the revision of international statistical standards.Expansion of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for ecosystem services follows the rapid progress of science in this area as well as expanding applications to sustainability challenges.In this contribution,we discuss approaches to accounting of ecosystem assets as a natural capital basis that is critical for ecosystem service delivery.Based on examples from the Czech Republic,a Central European country,we illustrate the construction of ecosystem extent accounts based on the methodology of Land and Ecosystem Accounting.This analysis is complemented by monetary ecosystem asset accounting through quantification of the present value of future ecosystem service flows.Ecosystem condition is represented by the Mean Species Abundance indicator,which gauges the direction of ecosystem naturalness.Based on the demonstration of approaches to ecosystem asset accounting,we discuss selected aspects of ecosystem condition measurements,valuation,and policy implications of ecosystem asset accounting at the national level. 展开更多
关键词 ecosystem accounting ecosystem services land cover change Mean Species Abundance value transfer Czech Republic
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Extending the production boundary of the System of National Accounts (SNA) to classify and account for ecosystem services 被引量:1
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作者 Mark Eigenraam Carl Obst 《Ecosystem Health and Sustainability》 SCIE 2018年第11期19-32,共14页
There is a broad acceptance to depicting the relationship between ecosystems and human well-being using the concept of ecosystem services,emanating in large from the findings and research published in the Millennium E... There is a broad acceptance to depicting the relationship between ecosystems and human well-being using the concept of ecosystem services,emanating in large from the findings and research published in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment in 2005.While the generic concept of ecosystem services provides an excellent platform for discussion,the ongoing lack of clarity surrounding the definition,clas sification and measurement of ecosystem services,is emerging as a barrier to more extensive collaboration across disciplines.This paper applies the principles of national accounting to bring additional rigor and consistency to the discussion on ecosystem services.In this paper we revisit four fundamental aspects of the System of National Accounts(SNA)that underpin the measurement of the economy,namely,the definition of economic units;the definition of production;the recording of transactions and the recording assets.By considering each of these aspects in the context of the United Nations'System of Environmental-Economic Accounting,the paper presents a framework to describe the relationship between ecosystems and human aativity that can then be used to consistently define,classify,measure and account for ecosystem services. 展开更多
关键词 ecosystem accounting system of national accounts ecosystem services ecosystem asset environmental accounting
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Adjusted macroeconomic indicators to account for ecosystem degradation:an illustrative example
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作者 Alessandra La Notte Alexandra Marques 《Ecosystem Health and Sustainability》 SCIE 2019年第1期133-143,I0003,共12页
Adjusting macroeconomic indicators to account for the depletion and degradation of natural capital has long been viewed as a way to show the linkages between nature and the economy and foster more sustainable paths of... Adjusting macroeconomic indicators to account for the depletion and degradation of natural capital has long been viewed as a way to show the linkages between nature and the economy and foster more sustainable paths of development.Here,we show how the System of Environmental Economic Accounting(SEEA)Experimental Ecosystem Accounting(EEA)can be used to develop environmentally adjusted macroeconomic indicators.More specifically,we show how an enlargement of the production boundary to include the consideration of ecosystems as institutional units allows the development of a net value added metric that reflects depreciation and degradation of the natural capital assets.This measurement could be useful for policymaking:the linkage of ecosystem services to economic activities allows us to account for loss,repair and substitution of natural capital,and thus helps us to formulate and monitor environmental policies. 展开更多
关键词 ecosystem services natural capital ecosystem accounting SUSTAINABILITY degradation
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