Evaluation of Ecotourism Resources in Dawangling Nature Reserve,China

Dawangling Nature Reserve in Guangxi is famous for its rich ecotourism resources such as diversified animal and plant resources,picturesque natural scenery and pleasant climate.A.Through the field investigation and the application of landscape resources management system,the authors adopted 7 landscape quality factors to evaluate aesthetic quality of Dawangling Nature Reserve that could be experienced,specifically,terrain,plant,water,color,influence of neighboring landscapes,scarcity and human modification.The evaluation score was obtained as 20.0(A-grade),which implied that natural scenery in the study area was of high aesthetic value,and suitable for various experiential tourist activities.B.Ecological assessment standards for nature reserves were applied to evaluate eco-quality of the tourist environment in the study area,6 specific assessment indexes were adopted,specifically,diversity,scarcity,representativeness,naturalness,appropriateness of area and threats of survival.The evaluation score was obtained as 86.1(Grade Ⅰ),which implied that tourist environment of the study area was excellent and suitable for ecotourism development.C.According to the detailed landscape grading standards,the total score of its landscapes was obtained as 86(up to the standards of international 4A-class tourist site or spot),which implied that landscape quality of the scenic area was fine,and had great development potentials.D.By consulting the evaluation model tree of mountainous scenic areas in China,a comprehensive quantitative evaluation of the study area was carried out from the perspectives of tourist resource conditions,location and tourist source conditions,regional economic background.The score of its tourist resources was obtained as 60.67,accounting for 85.6% of the total;that of location and tourist source conditions was 11.83,accounting for 79.8% of the total;that of regional economic background was 10.55,accounting for 72.5% of the total,which implied that tourist resources in the study area were of high development value,enjoyed obvious location advantages,great value of regional economic background,thus had excellent development advantages.This study aimed at providing useful references for the further development of ecotourism resources in Dawangling Nature Reserve,which would facilitate the overall improvement of tourism industry in Baise,enhance its economic development and exploration of more ecotourism projects.

Assessing the Contribution of Ecotourism to Economic Growth and Rural Development Offered by Wildlife Resources to People Living in Communities around Matusadonha National Park

Ecotourism is one of the major drivers of economic growth and rural development in many countries involved in wildlife resource management.The objective was to assess the contribution of ecotourism to economic growth and rural development offered to people living in communities around Matusadonha National Park.A total of 140 participants were interviewed and questionnaires were administered to the same number of people.Data were analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods.Results show that the majority of participants(57%)were females.Safari operations were the major(54.7%)ecotourism activity in Matusadonha National Park.Above half(58.8%)of participants indicated that ecotourism contributed toward economic growth in communities around Matusadonha National Park.Most people(343)were employed on a part-time basis from 2000 to 2022.Participants indicated that the standard of living in most communities increased by more than 50%.Above 50%of participants were satisfied with the contribution of ecotourism towards rural development.It can be concluded that ecotourism has the potential to improve economic growth and rural development if close monitoring and accountability of funds are monitored closely.Local people should be included in the accountability of funds and management of wildlife resources to improve economic benefits to local people.

Study on the Current Situation and Protection Countermeasures of Wild Plant Resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve

[Objective] The aim was to study the current situation and protection countermeasures of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve. [Method] The current situation of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve was researched by means of route survey, sample plot survey and literature survey, and then the main impact factors of wild plant resources were analyzed by using participatory rural appraisal and problem tree analysis, finally protection countermeasures were put forward according to current situation and main impact factors. [Result] There were 2 779 species of vascular plants belonging to 214 families and 1 012 genera (including subfamilies and varieties) in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve, among them, there existed 261 species of pteridophyte belonging to 41 families and 91 genera, 14 species of gymnosperm belonging to 6 families and 6 genera, and 2 504 species of angiosperm belonging to 167 families and 915 genera. Wild plant resources in reserve were mainly affected by planting under forest, habitat fragmentation, cutting trees, collection and utilization of no-timber products, development of animal husbandry, insufficient recognition of community residents to reserve management establishment and lots of floating population. In the future, wild plant resources in reserve could be protected through strengthening propaganda, education and management, enforcing the law strictly and other countermeasures. [Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical foundation for the protection of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve.

ASSESSMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AT HONGHE NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE

A detailed assessment on water resources of HNNR is to find the changing rules in time and space scale of water resources of HNNR and its adjacent areas, and the generating and degrading factors of wetland and provide scientific base on restoring and managing the hydrologic regime for planning and designing at HNNR. Both the assessment area and its adjacent watershed of Bielahong River belong to the same region in the climate and surface features. Total of 46 years of serial data from 1956 2001 in the Bielahong Hydrology Station was employed. Typical analysis of the serial runoff was conducted by adopting the residual mass curve method. The calculation methods of hydrological parameters are valuable for analyzing the water balance of HNNR. The results showed that the inputs of 118.29×10 6 m 3 of the surface runoff and 1 478km 2 of the areas of natural watershed in HNNR were decreased. At the same time some measurements to control and prevent water resources decreased have been proposed.

Coupling Relationship Analysis on Households′ Production Behaviors and Their Influencing Factors in Nature Reserves:A Structural Equation Model

A households′production behavior directly influences the quality of the environment and determines the successful development of nature reserves.Meanwhile,the households′production behaviors are complicated by interrelated factors,such as protection attitudes,resource endowment,and family wealth.This research evaluated households near the Crested Ibis National Nature Reserve in Shaanxi Province,acquiring data from 436 households around Yang County and Ningshan County in the south slope of Qinling Mountains,China.Based on the collected data,we developed a structural equation model to evaluate the coupling relationships among households′ protection attitudes,production behaviors,resource endowment,and family wealth.The results showed that:1) households with great resource endowment had more negative attitudes,probably due to their greater protection costs;2) the households with higher education levels had worse protection attitudes;3) the households with more family wealth were likely to use fewer fertilizers,pesticides,and firewood;4) the households with more resource endowment showed less production and management behaviors;5) the enhancement of households' attitudes improved production behaviors to protection the environment,but the effects were not statistically significant.Our results provide a basis for the government's protection policy making,exploring the effective management measures that are beneficial for both nature reserve management and community development.

我国自然保护地环境教育功能实施路径研究

自然保护地是中华民族的宝贵财富,是进行生态建设的核心载体。自然保护地体系建设,是推进人与自然和谐共生的现代化、建设美丽中国的重要体现。我国的自然保护地既是生物多样性和生态系统功能保护的关键区域,又是开展科学研究、实施环境教育、传承生态文化、发展生态旅游的重要基地。如何在科学合理保护自然保护地的前提下,在自然保护地内划定适当区域有效实施环境教育成为应当关注的重要议题。

苍山洱海国家级自然保护区森林资源动态

目的:了解云南苍山洱海国家级自然保护区(以下简称“保护区”)森林资源近20年的动态变化特征,为保护区编制经营管理方案提供指导。方法:以2005、2015年森林资源调查矢量数据、2021年森林、草原、湿地监测数据、第三次全国土地调查数据为基础数据,基于GIS技术,分析保护区森林资源动态。结果:保护区土地利用类型中,有林地面积最大,并逐年增加;林地中,3个调查年度均以有林地和灌木林地为主,面积占保护区总面积的60.82%以上;保护区森林覆盖率2005—2015年间逐年增加,2015—2021年间增加值逐步趋于稳定;蓄积量以有林地蓄积为主,并逐年增加;乔木林地面积和蓄积量以栎类、云南松、华山松和苍山冷杉为主,且逐年增加;乔木林地中幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和成熟林比重相对均衡,过熟林面积较少;各年度郁闭度等级均以中为主,且郁闭度等级为中和密的乔木林地面积和蓄积量均逐年增加。结论:保护区森林质量和生态防护功能逐年提高,后期森林资源管理以增加栎类等阔叶林为主。

长江上游保护区干流江安-重庆段禁渔初期鱼类时空分布特点

为掌握“长江十年禁渔”初期长江上游保护区干流江安-重庆江段鱼类资源时空分布特征,研究在开展鱼类资源调查的同时,利用SIMRADEK80分裂波束科研回声探测仪于2020年12月和2021年5月在江安-重庆江段开展水声探测。水声学探测结果表明,江安-重庆江段2020年12月和2021年5月鱼类平均密度分别为25.31和41.23 ind./1000 m^(3),鱼类目标强度均值分别为–55.81和–52.79 dB,无显著差异,估算鱼类平均体长分别为17.97和24.36 cm。在水平方向上,两次调查鱼类都主要分布在重庆-江津江段,两次水声学探测的鱼类密度在垂直方向上呈现出一定差异,2020年12月表现为下层>中层>上层,2021年5月表现为上层>中层>下层。此次鱼类资源调查共发现了鱼类12科62种,其中瓦氏黄颡鱼、光泽黄颡鱼、蒙古鲌和贝氏䱗等小型鱼类的数量占比达到50.21%,与水声学结果一致。研究初步探究了保护区内鱼类在不同时段的空间分布规律,评估了禁捕初期长江上游鱼类分布特征,为长江“十年禁渔”生态效果评估提供基础数据参考。

基于SWOT分析大熊猫国家公园卧龙片区生态旅游发展动态特征

为丰富自然保护地生态旅游发展过程中优势、劣势、机遇和威胁动态趋势理论研究体系,运用SWOT法分析了大熊猫国家公园卧龙片区生态旅游不同阶段(1996—2001、2002—2007、2008—2015、2016至今)的优势、劣势、机遇及威胁状况,识别不同阶段卧龙片区生态旅游发展的关键因素,建立生态旅游发展战略矩阵。结果显示:(1)大熊猫特色、优美自然风光、凉爽气候一直是卧龙生态旅游的主要优势,而保护区与社区积极参与、道路交通便捷和旅游区位优势成为最近(2016年至今)发展生态旅游的优势;(2)一直以来,旅游技术人才、服务和基础设施都是卧龙生态旅游发展的主要劣势因素,随着道路恢复,旅游再度兴盛,盲目不科学的投资、旅游管理混乱、社区和市场关系混乱成为制约卧龙旅游发展新的因素;(3)国家及地方政策的支持和旅游消费需求增加是卧龙生态旅游过去几十年的主要发展机遇,近年来大熊猫国家公园的建设、山地轨道交通计划、青少年研学的兴起等成为新的发展机遇;(4)流行传染病(如“非典”“新冠”)在不同时期会对生态旅游造成威胁,自然灾害频发、同行竞争激烈和环境压力增大也是近年来卧龙生态旅游发展面临的威胁;(5)在不同阶段,卧龙生态旅游发展的优势、劣势、机遇及威胁存在变化。本文基于卧龙现阶段生态旅游发展状况,提出4种发展战略。

太宽河野生蕙兰濒危机制分析与保护研究

[目的]为野生蕙兰(Cymbidium faberi Rolfe)种质资源的保护与利用提供科学依据,为太宽河自然保护区管理局野生蕙兰种群繁育和恢复奠定基础。[方法]采用固定样方法,对野生蕙兰的资源进行调查,运用濒危系数分析法,以能够反映蕙兰濒危程度的活株数、自然枯死株数、幼苗数、开花植株数、坐果植株数、动物啃咬株数、人为采挖株数作为评价指标,对野生蕙兰濒危程度进行了定量分析。[结果]各指标濒危系数表现为动物啃咬濒危系数(C动)0.99>坐果濒危系数(C果)0.93>幼苗濒危系数(C苗)0.89>开花濒危系数(C花)0.88>活株濒危系数(C活)0.83>人为采挖濒危系数(C人)0.71>自然枯死濒危系数(C枯)0.53。调查结果显示,综合濒危系数为0.82,依据国际濒危物种等级新标准,处于濒危状态,其中野生动物危害较大和自我更新能力差是导致保护区内野生蕙兰濒危的主要因素,同时与人的因素也密不可分。[结论]建议建立以保护野生蕙兰为主的重点保护区域,积极开展以野生蕙兰种群恢复为主的科学研究;设立野生动物补饲点,减少对野生蕙兰资源的破坏;加大宣传力度,禁止非法采挖、放牧等人为干扰行为。

贵州省麻阳河国家级自然保护区大型真菌资源调查研究

为了解贵州省麻阳河国家级自然保护区(简称麻阳河保护区)大型真菌资源,采用随机踏查法对麻阳河保护区的大型真菌进行初步调查,并对其资源进行评价。麻阳河保护区有大型真菌247种,隶属于59科121属;其中优势科有红菇科、多孔菌科、小菇科、鹅膏科、牛肝菌科;优势属有红菇属、乳菇属、鹅膏属、小菇属、栓孔菌属、粉褶菌属、枝瑚菌属、灵芝属、小皮伞属。大型真菌中食用菌68种,药用菌23种,食(药)用菌18种,毒菌41种。调查研究表明,麻阳河保护区有丰富的大型真菌,物种多样性高。

典型国家保护区内矿产资源差别化管理经验借鉴及启示

如何管理保护区内矿业活动是大部分矿业国家面临的共同课题,典型国家制定保护区规划较早,目前已经做出了很多制度性探索,为我国进一步制定自然保护地内矿业权差别化管理政策提供了经验借鉴。本文以美国、澳大利亚、加拿大、芬兰等国家为例,总结梳理了各国的自然保护地区内矿业活动在准入、运营、处置等不同阶段的管理模式,从保护区规划、法律制度、机构建设和管理机制四方面提炼出共性特点。同时,结合我国生态保护红线与矿产资源开发活动间面临的矛盾,提出启示和建议。

央地关系视角下国家公园自然资源产权制度的完善

【目的】阐明央地关系在国家公园自然资源产权制度建设中的关键作用,并针对其完善路径与方法展开探索,以解决当前国家公园自然资源产权制度存在的不足,并推动国家公园的可持续发展。【方法】首先基于经济学的产权理论,对央地关系与国家公园自然资源产权制度的相互交织关系进行了深入探究,为后续研究提供理论基础;其次,通过实证研究,对国家公园自然资源产权制度的现状进行全面透视和分析,揭示存在的不足之处,如事权和财权配置不清晰、不均衡以及权责交叉重叠等。在此基础上,进一步探讨构建央地协同共治机制以解决上述问题。【结果】优化国家公园自然资源产权制度需要央地各方积极参与,明确组织结构和职权划分。中央政府和地方政府需在权力分配、政策制定与执行、资源开发与保护以及利益分配等方面实现协同与合作。【结论】构建央地共同参与治理的新机制将有效促进国家公园自然资源的合理利用和可持续保护。本研究强调了央地关系在国家公园自然资源产权制度中的重要地位,也为新时代国家公园体制建设提供了理论依据和制度建议。然而未来需要进行更深入的实证分析研究,以进一步完善本课题的研究内容。

海伦森林公园风景资源质量评价及其游憩项目设计策略

合理利用天然旅游资源是森林公园规划设计的重点方向,也是边远、欠发达地区发展生态旅游的重要手段。针对黑龙江省的冰雪旅游资源优势,以黑龙江海伦国家森林公园为研究对象,在公园发展方向及旅游偏好问卷调查的基础上,采用专家咨询和AHP法,构建适合该公园地域特色的风景资源质量评价体系,评价结果表明:1)旅游偏好:受访者更容易被互动性高、体验感强的游憩项目吸引,公园旅游适游期长短、基础服务设施、内部游憩项目均是影响公园游客量的重要指标。2)评价体系及权重排序:峡谷地貌独特性、物种多样性、空气负离子含量、基础设施条件和内部交通排序位于前列,是海伦森林公园开发建设过程中需重点关注的指标。在此基础上,根据存在的问题和开发潜力提出公园游憩项目的设计策略为:重点突出峡谷特色,利用冰雪资源创新发展冰雪游憩项目、延长旅游适游期,加强内部交通并完善基础服务设施;将设计的思路从主观经验化的想象转变为依据游客偏好调查、公园现状资源调查评价以及ArcGIS分析数据等定性、定量分析结果来科学指导森林公园规划设计,最大限度发挥公园的地域特征,提升社会文化、产业经济等价值,提高旅游吸引力,为更多具有不同地域特征的森林公园规划建设提供参考。

国家公园设立后自然保护地的分类处置与类型划定——以三江源国家级自然保护区为例

建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系是加强新时代生态文明建设的重要任务.国家公园设立后剩余自然保护地的分类处置、类型划定是构建以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的重要基础.基于ArcGIS空间数据的处理分析功能,利用自然保护地整合优化数据、国土三调资料、自然资源数据等,从自然保护地的主要保护对象、自然生态系统、生物多样性、自然景观与自然遗迹、面积适宜性、管理有效性等角度分析,构建自然保护地分类处置的评估方法体系,评估剩余自然保护地的保护价值,明确其分类处置方式、保护地的类型划定.基于该方法,以三江源国家级自然保护区为例,通过系统分析评估,确定三江源国家公园设立后三江源国家级自然保护区剩余区域的分类处置和类型划定.

国家公园为主体的自然保护地采矿权退出补偿方式研究

在国家公园为主体的自然保护地建设中,妥善处理采矿权退出补偿方式是平衡生态保护与矿产资源开发的关键。研究深入剖析自然保护地内采矿权退出补偿方式的立法与司法实践,揭示了其存在的复杂性特征。这种复杂性归因于三方面,一是补偿范围模糊笼统,直接损失范围不统一,间接损失常被忽略;二是补偿标准设定粗略,未体现分类管理原则,缺乏科学评估方法,且补偿结果的可接受性低,影响了补偿标准的合理性、科学性和公正性;三是补偿手段平面单一,资金补偿受限于财政压力与评估难题,而非资金补偿方式面临操作复杂和难以落地执行。鉴于此,有必要完善目前的补偿方式,具体而言:在补偿范围上,应公平合理地认定直接损失,基于权益限制的区别划分具体赔偿内容,且扣除公平负担,同时全面考虑间接损失。在补偿标准上,应根据自然保护地的类型和功能分区制定三类补偿标准,并采用贴现现金流量法与可比销售法等科学方法来确定补偿金额,同时确保补偿的公正性。在补偿手段上,应优化资金补偿的筹措机制,并强化非现金补偿方式的制度化衔接。最终,在国家公园的自然保护地体系建设中形成采矿权退出补偿方式的制度合力,以最严密的法治思维促进国家公园为主体自然保护地建设的高质量发展。

国家公园确权登记制度的实践审视与优化路径

随着生态文明建设与产权制度改革的深入发展,确权登记制度已成为国家公园体制建设进程中必须慎重对待的命题。国家公园确权登记工作现已迈入实质性的操作阶段,但整体改革的艰巨性依然显著。本文基于生态整体主义理论、功能主义理论、可持续发展理论等理论基础,对我国国家公园确权登记制度进行实践审视,提炼出国家公园确权登记制度在功能定位、主体设置、单元划定以及成果保障等方面的实践困境。因应于此,应当重申确权登记制度的双重功能目标,采取中央直管模式下的登记主体设置规则,坚持以生态边界为原则的登记单元划定规则以及建立以登记信息为基础的成果保障机制,以期推动国家公园确权登记制度的持续优化。

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世界自然保护地经验对于我国自然保护地建设的启示

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