Differential aluminum tolerance and absorption characteristics in Pinus massoniana seedlings colonized with ectomycorrhizal fungi of Lactarius deliciosus and Pisolithus tinctorius

Plant tolerance to aluminum(Al)toxicity can be enhanced by an ectomycorrhizal(ECM)fungus through biological filtering or physical blockage.To understand the roles of ECM colonization in Al absorption with regard to Al tolerance,Pinus massoniana seedlings were inoculated with either Lactarius deliciosus(L.:Fr.)Gray isolate 2 or Pisolithus tinctorius(Pers.)Coker et Couch isolate 715 and cultivated in an acid yellow soil with or without 1.0 mM Al^(3+)irrigation for 10 weeks.Biomass production,Al bioaccumulation and transport in seedlings colonized by the two ECM fungi were compared,and the three absorption kinetics(pseudo-first order,pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion)models used to evaluate variances in root Al^(3+)absorption capacity.Results show that both fungi increased aboveground biomass and Al tolerance of P.massoniana seedlings,but L.deliciosus 2 was more effective than P.tinctorius 715.Lower Al absorption capacity,fewer available active sites and decreased affinity and boundary layer thickness for Al^(3+),and higher Al accumulation and translocation contributed to the increased Al tolerance in the ECM-inoculated seedlings.These results advance our understanding of the mechanisms and strategies in plant Alto lerance conferred by ECM fungi and show that inoculation with L.deliciosus will better enhance Al tolerance in P.massoniana seedlings used for forest plantation and ecosystem restoration in acidic soils,particularly in Southwest China and similar soils worldwide.

Distinguishing ectomycorrhizal and saprophytic fungi using carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions

Ectomycorrhizal fungi, a group of widespread symbiotic fungi with plant, obtain carbon source from trees and improve plant mineral nutrient uptake with their widespread hyphal network. Ectomycorrhizal fungi can be used as inoculants to improve the survival rates of plantation. Saprophytic fungi use the nutrition from the debris of plant or animals, and it is difficult to distinguish the saprophytic and ectomycorrhizal fungi by morphological and anatomic methods. In this research, the differences of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of these fungi were analyzed. The results showed that the abundances of 13C of were higher than those of ectomycorrhizal fungi and the abundances of 15N of saprophytic fungi were lower than those of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Such differences of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions between ectomycorrhizal fungi and saprophytic fungi can be ascribed to their different nutrition sources and ecological functions. These results collectively indicate that stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions are an effective proxy for distinguishing between ectomycorrhizal and saprophytic fungi.

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Jiangsu Province,China

A survey was conducted for about 3 years to study the abundance and diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) in Jiangsu Province, China. The identification of the fungal species was based on the microscopic and macroscopic characteristics of their fruiting bodies. About 126 species of EMF were found in Jiangsu Province. These fungi were largely categorized into three orders (of 121 species), four families (of 96 species), and six genera (of about 86 species).

Bio-Mobilization of Potassium from Clay Minerals: Ⅱ. By Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

Ectomycorrhizal fungi, including Cenococcum geophilum SIV (Cg SIV), and Pisolithus tinctorius 2144 (Pt 2144), 441 (Pt 441) and XC1 (Pt XC1), were cultured in Pachlewski liquid medium with H2KPO4,KCl- saturated vermiculite and mica as K sources, respectively, to investigate the mechanism of K absorption and mobilization by the fungi. Fungal growth rate, K absorption and mobilization varied significantly among the fungal species. Faster growth and greater K accumulation in Pt XC1 than Pt 2 144, Pt 441 and Cg siv were observed. Ectomycorrhizal fungi depressed HCl-soluble K in minerals after successive extractions by water and NH4OAc. Ratio of the total amount of K, including water-, NH4OAc- and HCI-soluble K, lost from substrates to the K accumulated in fungal colonies was less than 60%. These reveal that the ectomycorrhizal fungi could utilize K in interlayer and structural pools, which are usually unavailable for plants in short period. Large differences in the depletion of K in interlayer and structural pools by fungi were observed at fungal harvest. Taking into account the nutrient absorption by ectomycorrhizal fungi in symbionts and the direct contact between hyphae and soils, the fungi species colonized on the root surfaces seemed to be related to the effectiveness of mycorrhizas to utilize K in soils. Ectomycorrhizal fungi differed in the efflux of protons and oxalate. Pt XC1 was observed to have greatest ability to effuse protons and oxalate among the fungi adopted in the experiment. Furthermore, the higher the concentrations of protons and oxalate in the liquid culture solutions, the larger the depletion of K in interlayer and structural pools in minerals by fungi. Protons could replace interlayer K and chelation of oxalate with Fe and Al in crystal lattice could cause weathering of clay minerals. So, protons and oxalate produced by ectomycorrhizal fungi might play an important role in K mobilization in these two pools.

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi of Conifers and Their Economic Value From Xinjiang China

91 noteworthy ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Larix sibirica Ledeb. etc. from Xing jiang are discussed. Hydnellum caeruleum(Horn. :Pers. )Karst. ,H. peckii Banker apud Peck,Cortinarius azureovelatus Orton,C. pinicola Orton, C. rickenianus Maire are new record to China. Among which 66 species are edible, 14 species are poisonous, 13 species are pharmaceutical, 22 species are probably anticancer.

Biosorption Characteristics of Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Mycelium for Anthracene

Objective To investigate the potential of Gomphidius viscidus,a kind of ectomycorrhizal fungi,for phytoremediation of anthracene in soil.Methods Absorptioe changes of micro-habitat were studied in detail.Conclusion Ectomycorrhizal plants have a strong potential for remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarn characteristics of both active and inactivated mycelia.Results A high calculated adsorption capacity of 1 886.79 mg/g and 1 515.15 mg/g at 25 ℃,pH 6.0 for active and inactivated mycelia respectively,was obtained based on Langmuir model.The ANT biosorption was more ideally characterized by the Langmuir model than by the Freundlich model.The biosorption of anthracene to biomass was extremely fast and could be modeled with pseudo-second order adsorption kinetics.Moreover,ectomycorrhizal mycelia demonstrated a strong ability to adjust the physiological process to get adapted to the change of micro-habitat.

Effects of an ectomycorrhizal fungus on the growth and physiology of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings subjected to saline-alkali stress

This research investigates the mechanism of increased salinity tolerance of ectomycorrhizal fungiinoculated P. sylvestris var. mongolica to provide a theoretical basis for the application of the fungus in saline soils.Growth effects due to inoculation of seedlings with Suillus luteus(a symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungus), were determined in four kinds of saline–alkali soils. Growth and physiological indicators, including photosynthetic characteristics, plant height, biomass, photosynthetic pigments,catalase(CAT) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) enzyme levels, and malondialdehyde(MDA), an organic marker for oxidative stress, and soluble protein levels were determined. Mycorrhizal colonization rate decreased with increasing saline–alkalinity and growth of inoculated seedlings was significantly enhanced. Biomass and chlorophyll contents also increased significantly. SOD and CAT activities were higher than in non-inoculated seedlings. However, MDA content decreased in inoculatedseedlings. Soluble protein content did not increase significantly. Inoculation with a symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungus could enhance the saline–alkali tolerance of P. sylvestris var. mongolica. Growth and physiological performance of inoculated seedlings were significantly better than that of uninoculated seedlings. The results indicate that inoculated P. sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings may be useful in the improvement of saline–alkali lands.

Ability of Ectomycorrhizal Fungns Laccaria bicolor S238N to Increase the Growth of Donglas Fir Seedlings an

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Linking ectomycorrhizal mushroom species richness and composition with dominant trees in a tropical seasonal rainforest

Vegetation,elevation gradient and soil temperature are considered as major drivers of ECM fungi species richness.ECM sporocarps were collected during rainy seasons for two years to study the link between the distribution of ECM mushrooms with Castonopsis echinocarpa,Parashorea chinensis,and Pittosporopsis kerrii with varying elevations and soil temperatures,in a tropical rain forest Xishuangbanna,Yunnan,China.For each tree species,60 trees of approximately the same size were selected,where half of them were growing at higher elevation levels and the rest at lower levels.The highest total counts of ECM fungi,as well as the highest species richness were produced by P.chinensis followed by C.echinocarpa and P.kerrii.Highest species richness was shown in September by P.chinensis,while P.kerrii trees had the lowest count of mushrooms across rainy seasons.Species of Boletales were recorded with highest species richness followed by species of order Agaricales around both C.echinocarpa and P.chinensis.ECM fungi count declined with increased elevation.Furthermore,fungi species richness increased positively with increased soil temperature in a tropical seasonal rainforest.

黔中山地麻栎天然林外生菌根真菌多样性研究

为揭示亚热带山地麻栎外生菌根真菌多样性特征,选取黔中山地麻栎天然林群落为研究对象,采用形态学与分子生物学技术结合的鉴定方法分析其多样性。结果表明:共鉴定27个EMF OTUs,隶属2门4纲8目9科10属,其中担子菌门和子囊菌门的OTUs丰富度占比分别为86.05%和13.95%,显示了担子菌丰富度明显高于子囊菌。红菇科和革菌科为优势EMF类群,红菇属和棉革菌属为优势属类群,绒盖牛肝菌属、黏滑菇属、革菌属、蜡蘑属和块菌属5个类群OTU种类最少。

林分改变驱动的优势菌根真菌类型变化影响土壤有机碳积累

马尾松林(PinusmassonianaLamb.)是典型的外生菌根(Ectomycorrhiza,ECM)优势林,但是近年来受到松材线虫病的影响,生态服务功能下降,逐渐被丛枝菌根(Arbuscularmycorrhiza,AM)占优势的阔叶林所替代,但亚热带地区马尾松林转变为阔叶林过程中,优势菌根类型的改变对土壤有机碳积累的影响仍不清楚。以建德市马尾松林和阔叶林为研究对象,通过高效液相色谱和中性脂肪酸、磷脂脂肪酸等技术,测定优势菌根真菌生物量、球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(GRSP)含量以及土壤胞外酶活性和微生物群落特征。结果表明:AM真菌占优势的阔叶林(AMD)取代ECM真菌占优势的马尾松林(ECMD),土壤有机碳显著提高了36.81%,微生物碳利用效率(CUE)显著提高了53.85%,AM真菌生物量提高了25.57%,ECM真菌生物量下降45.04%,并且ECM真菌占优势的马尾松林受到更严重的氮限制。磷脂脂肪酸分析显示,相比于AM真菌占优势的阔叶林,ECM真菌占优势的马尾松林革兰氏阳性细菌(G^(+))以及革兰氏阳性与阴性细菌之比(G^(+)/G^(–))分别显著下降了21.47%和6.46%。冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)结果表明,AM真菌占优势和ECM真菌占优势的森林之间土壤微生物群落结构存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中AM真菌生物量和土壤有机碳与微生物群落结构变异显著相关。GRSP含量下降以及不同类型菌根真菌招募微生物类群不同是导致ECM真菌占优势森林土壤有机碳下降的重要原因。因此,亚热带地区马尾松林被阔叶林替代后增加森林土壤有机碳含量,提高森林碳汇功能。

北京地区蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)外生菌根真菌群落特征

为揭示北京地区蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)外生菌根真菌群落特征,选取北京农学院林场、云蒙山国家森林公园和百花山国家级自然保护区3个蒙古栎山区自然分布地,以及奥林匹克森林公园和中关村森林公园2个平原引种地为采样地,采集土壤和生有外生菌根的蒙古栎根部样品,检测其土壤理化及酶活性指标,采用ITS高通量测序技术对其外生菌根真菌群落进行测定,初步分析真菌群落多样性与环境因子之间的相关性。结果表明,平原采样地和山区采样地的土壤特性存在明显差异,山区分布地的全氮、速效磷含量以及磷酸酶活性较高,而平原引种地的pH、全磷含量较高。测序后经过OTU注释和α多样性分析,发现绒盖牛肝菌属(Xerocomellus)、丝膜菌属(Cortinarius)、红菇属(Russula)、块菌属(Tuber)为北京地区蒙古栎主要外生菌根真菌类群,但各采样地的优势菌各不相同,并且平原采样地蒙古栎根部外生菌根真菌群落多样性指数低于山区采样地。真菌群落与环境因子相关性分析表明,土壤全氮含量、全磷含量、速效磷含量、碳氮比、磷酸酶活性、海拔、坡度等与真菌多样性关系密切。

马尾松和米槠林下外生菌根真菌对宿主的选择性

【目的】探究森林土壤中外生菌根真菌(Ectomycorrhizal fungi,ECMF)对宿主的选择性。【方法】采用不同的土壤菌源(马尾松土壤Pinus massoniana soil,PmS和米槠土壤Castanopsis carlesii soil,CcS),分别对马尾松(Pinus massoniana,Pm)和鳞苞锥(Castanopsis uraiana,Cu)进行接种试验(Pm-PmS、Pm-CcS、Cu-PmS、CuCcS)。培育6个月后,采用ITS进行菌根鉴定,检测并计算不同土壤菌源下马尾松和鳞苞锥根中ECM出现的频率、侵染率、相对丰度、相对频率、丰富度和多样性,并测定苗木生长指标以及土壤理化性质。【结果】米槠土壤pH值、全磷含量、全碳含量、有效磷含量显著高于马尾松土壤,且接种苗木后幼苗的地上干重和根长均显著高于马尾松土壤。两种土壤中共检测到19个OTUs的ECMF,分别属于7科和10属,Cenococum geophilum、Rhizopogon boninensis和Tomentella sp.2为两种土壤共有。马尾松林下土壤鉴定到的13种ECMF中,能侵染马尾松的有8种,能侵染鳞苞锥的有6种。米槠林下土壤鉴定到的9种ECMF中,能侵染马尾松的有4种,能侵染鳞苞锥的有7种。C.geophilum和Sebacina sp.2均能与马尾松和鳞苞锥建立共生关系;而Hyaloscyphaceae sp.、Lactarius inconspicuous、Rh.boninensis、Rh.flavidus、Tomentella sp.1、Tomentella sp.3和Tomentellopsis submollis只侵染马尾松;Athelia sp.、Amanita sp.、L.atrofuscus、Russula minor、Russula sp.、Sebacina sp.1、Thelephora sp.1、Thelephora sp.2和Tomentella sp.4只侵染鳞苞锥。马尾松土壤的ECMF丰富度指数(IV)、Shannon多样性指数(H′)、Simpson优势度指数(D)高于米槠土壤;但马尾松土壤接种不同宿主植物后的Sorensen相似性指数(0.14)低于米槠土壤(0.36)。部分ECMF的侵染率与寄主的生理生态指标密切相关。【结论】ECM是经过长期与树种共同进化而建立的共生关系,因此马尾松土壤中的ECMF更倾向于侵染马尾松,而米槠土壤的ECMF更倾向于侵染同为壳斗科的鳞苞锥;马尾松林下土壤的ECMF相对于米槠土壤,对寄主植物选择性的更强。虽然土壤理化性质在一定程度上影响了侵染率,但是ECMF的定殖主要受宿主植物的影响。

增温对外生菌根真菌的影响研究进展

全球变暖正深刻影响陆地生态系统。外生菌根(EM)真菌可与2%的维管植物互惠共生,协助植物吸收养分,提高植物抗胁迫能力,影响土壤碳循环过程。目前大部分研究发现增温可以直接或间接影响EM真菌的分布、侵染率、探索类型及群落组成等,EM真菌的改变则可能对寄主植物及土壤碳库产生反馈。由于生态系统的复杂性,增温对EM真菌影响的研究因区域、树种、增温时长及方式等的不同而出现结论不一致的情况。因此,今后应加强增温与其他全球变化相关因子的交互实验,同时注重低纬度地区EM真菌以及EM真菌种内及种间关系的研究。

连城国家级自然保护区外生菌根真菌多样性调查分析

外生菌根真菌是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,对森林的生产力、稳定性和生物多样性有显著影响。连城保护区是我国黄土高原和青藏高原过渡区域以森林生态保护为主的国家级自然保护区,具有丰富而独特的外生菌根真菌资源,但其物种多样性和分布规律一直未进行系统研究。经过5年的调查、采集和分类鉴定,在连城国家级自然保护区共收集到15科、20属、70种外生菌根真菌,并对这些物种在保护区内的多样性和分布规律进行了分析。

矿物风化与食用性菌根真菌共生策略与可持续性研究进展

外生菌根(ectomycorrhizal,ECM)真菌是一类能够与植物形成外生菌根结构的真菌,是连接地上共生植物与地下生态系统的重要纽带,其中很多种类是营养美味的食用真菌。ECM真菌能促进植物对矿质营养,特别是限制性的磷等矿质元素的吸收,进而促进植物生长。一般认为,ECM真菌对土壤矿质营养的获取主要是通过其对土壤中难降解性矿物的风化作用,但风化过程与机制尚不清楚。通过野外考察、菌种分离和实验条件下的风化实验研究,发现很多ECM真菌不能通过上调小分子有机酸合成来风化矿物,显示出较弱的矿物风化能力,特别是不能独自利用磷灰石中的磷元素。结合生物组学技术研究,发现在森林土壤中,某些风化能力较弱的ECM真菌能通过富集矿物风化细菌来促进矿物溶解,并通过自身的高亲和性离子转运系统吸收溶出的矿质营养来供应宿主植物。此外,ECM真菌还能富集特殊的多功能性草酸盐降解菌(如兼具固氮和促进菌根形成作用)来消除过量草酸盐对矿物风化与营养吸收产生的障碍。研究证实,ECM真菌能够调控植物根际微生物群落结构,促进“植物-真菌-细菌”之间互惠协作关系,从而维持健康、可持续的森林生态系统。本文主要从矿物风化的角度分析ECM真菌的共生策略,提出增加林地ECM真菌产量和促进林地生态系统可持续性的新思路,并对该领域的未来研究方向进行展望。

马尾松优良促磷吸收菌树组合的筛选

【目的】筛选优良促磷吸收马尾松菌树组合。【方法】以盆栽马尾松2月龄幼苗为试验对象,接种外生菌根真菌使其形成外生菌根,菌种选择为:彩色豆马勃(P.t)、粘盖牛肝菌(S.b)、浅黄根须腹菌(R.l)、褐环粘盖牛肝菌(S.l),分别进行单接种和4种菌种的混合菌剂接种,同时设置一个接种灭活混合菌剂的处理为对照,育苗基质为纯蛭石。接种3个月后对成功形成外生菌根的幼苗进行三个不同磷浓度处理,分别设置为P1(2 mg·L^(-1))、P2(6 mg·L^(-1))、P3(10 mg·L^(-1)),再培养两个月后检测不同菌树组合的菌根侵染率、苗木生长、生理生化指标,旨在筛选促磷吸收的优良马尾松菌树组合。【结果】P1条件下:S.l处理的马尾松幼苗菌根侵染率、苗高、生物量、MDA含量的表现均优于其他处理;R.l处理下马尾松幼苗的叶绿素和脯氨酸含量均为最优;S.b处理下的马尾松幼苗全P含量最高。P2条件下:S.l处理下马尾松幼苗的苗高、全P含量、MDA含量优于其他接种处理;R.l处理下的马尾松幼苗菌根侵染率、叶绿素含量和脯氨酸含量最优;S.b处理下的马尾松幼苗生物量优于其他接种处理。P3条件下:R.l处理下马尾松幼苗的菌根侵染率、生物量、叶绿素、全P、优于其他接种处理;S.l处理下马尾松幼苗的苗高、脯氨酸、MDA含量均为最优。【结论】接种褐环粘盖牛肝菌(S.l)显著提高马尾松在磷匮乏环境对磷的吸收能力,褐环粘盖牛肝菌(S.l)与马尾松共生为最优菌树组合。

Diversity of mycorrhizal fungi and soil indicative species in coastal plantations of northeast Brazil

The aim of this work was to evaluate arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi as soil indicators and the mycorrhization of native and exotic tree species planted in the Acaraúbasin,a transition area from the coast to the Brazilian semiarid region.Plots with 6-year-old trees of four native and three non-native species as well as one non-forested area were evaluated in terms of the diversity of AM fungi in the mycorrhizosphere and the root colonization by AM and ectomycorrhizal(EcM)fungi.Twenty-four AM fungi were identified;Claroideoglomus etunicatum,Glomus sinuosum,Paraglomus albidum,Acaulospora laevis,and Acaulospora brasiliensis were abundant in the forest soil.Diversity,dominance,evenness and richness indices of AM fungi were higher in plots with native trees.All root samples were colonized by AM fungi and only A nadenanthera colubrina,Acacia mangium,Casuarina equisetifolia and Eucalyptus urophylla formed associations with EcM fungi.Acaulospora morphotypes served as soil indicators for coverings with the native species Astronium fraxinifolium and Colubrina glandulosa.Exotic species may favor the proliferation of rarer AM fungi.These fungi–plant relationships may be important in the management of forest systems,and the evidence with mycorrhizal associations allows the inclusion of Brazilian species in tropical reforestation.

紫陀螺菌的分离鉴定及其液体发酵条件的研究

为了系统性地研究外生菌根食用菌紫陀螺菌菌丝体的液体发酵体系,以紫陀螺菌子实体GPA为试材,采用组织分离和分子鉴定的方法,获得纯化后的紫陀螺菌株GP01。选用A培养基为基础培养基,通过单因素试验,研究了不同发酵温度、初始pH值、装液量、接种量、转速及发酵时间对紫陀螺菌液体培养菌丝体生物量的影响。结果表明,紫陀螺菌液体发酵的最适温度为24℃,最适的初始pH值为6.5,最适装液量为20%,最适接种量为14%~16%,最适转速为180 r/min。同时,适当增加接种量和摇床转速有助于快速提高菌丝体生物量和缩短发酵时间,但在培养基装液量相同条件下,振荡培养15 d后,a、b、c 3组处理的生物量大体相同且趋于稳定。综上所述,紫陀螺菌是一种极具开发价值的菌根性食用菌,紫陀螺菌菌丝体液体发酵相对便捷,可为后续合成紫陀螺菌菌根苗的研究奠定基础。

山西大同大学校园主要林木根系ECMF和DSE分布调查

菌根真菌能够与植物根系互利共生,对于促进植物的生长发育具有重要作用。本研究通过前期调查,选取了山西大同大学校园4个典型样地和5种主要林木(丁香、国槐、圆柏、新疆杨和云杉),对其根系进行采样并测定其根系外生菌根真菌(ECMF)和深色有隔内生真菌(DSE)的侵染状况。结果表明,ECMF侵染率明显高于DSE。ECMF和DSE在不同样地、植被间均存在显著差异。其中,ECMF和DSE侵染率最高分别出现在丁香和国槐根系。忽略物种的影响时,DSE分布在样地间差异显著。本研究对于校园植被的维护和种植,以及对校园ECMF和DSE真菌分离、鉴定和利用具有一定的指导意义。