Development Countermeasures of County-level Edible Fungi Industry in Hebei Province from the Perspective of Rural Revitalization

In recent years,the edible fungi industry in Hebei Province has developed rapidly,with gradually increased cultivation scale and production output,and has become the pillar industry of the province,playing a certain role in promoting the development of rural economy and rural revitalization.Based on the in-depth analysis of the development status,future development direction and current constraints of the edible fungi industry in each typical county of Hebei Province in recent years,the paper puts forward corresponding development countermeasures,which has certain reference value for the county-level edible fungi industry of Hebei Province to promote rural revitalization.

Healthy function and high valued utilization of edible fungi

Edible fungi are large fungi with high added value that can be utilized as resources.They are rich in high-quality protein,carbohydrate,various vitamins,mineral elements and other nutrients,and are characterized by high protein,low sugar,low fat and low cholesterol.In addition,edible fungi contain a variety of bioactive substances,such as polysaccharides,dietary fiber,steroids,polyphenols,and most of these compounds have antioxidant,anti-tumor and other physiological functions.This review comprehensively discusses the bioactive components and functional characteristics of edible fungi(such as antioxidant,anti-aging,hypolipidemic activities,etc.).Then the recent developments and prospect in the high-valued utilization of edible fungi are discussed and summarized.The objective of this review is to improve the understanding of health-promoting properties of edible fungi,and provide reference for the industrial production of edible fungi-based health products.

Advances in Utilization of Agricultural Waste Based on Production of Edible Fungi

Along with the rapid development of edible fungus industry in China,the traditional mode of production giving priority to wood chips will be severely limited,and using agricultural waste distributed widely,having large yield,and containing high content of organic matter to produce edible fungi has good economic and ecological benefit. In this paper,based on the analysis of characteristics of agricultural waste in China,the present situation of application of agricultural waste in the production of edible fungi at home and abroad was introduced,and the main problems existing in production of edible fungi by using agricultural waste in China at the present stage were pointed out. Finally,the development direction of using agricultural waste to cultivate edible fungi was discussed,and some suggestions were put forward,such as improving the theoretical system for using agricultural waste to produce edible fungi,and establishing the standardized technical system for using agricultural waste to produce edible fungi.

Optimal Selection of Raw Material Forest Species for Edible Fungi in Guizhou Province

A comprehensive evaluation system,which focused on optimal selection of raw material forest species for edible fungi,was established by combination of Analytic Hierarchy Process（ AHP） and Experts Grading Method（ EGM）. The evaluation system had 4 indices of grade I and 12 indices of grade II. Among the 12 indices of grade II,the weighted values of production quality of edible fungi P2（ 0. 287 4）,usable time P7（ 0. 187 3）,annual average increment P8（ 0. 187 3）,edible fungi production suitability P1（ 0. 095 8） were larger than the values of others. Based on the comprehensive evaluation system,this study analyzed and screened 47 broadleaf species of 40 genera of 25 families. There were 16 broadleaf species having the comprehensive evaluation scores of equal to or greater than2. 400 0,which were available as major tree species for edible fungi development of Guizhou Province,especially species such as Liriodendron chinense,Quercus acutissima,Alnus cremastogyne,Betula luminfera,Elaeocarpus duclouxii,Elaeocarpus sylvestris,Choerospondias axillaris. The 10 broadleaf tree species with comprehensive evaluation score of 2. 100 0 ≤ Y 2. 400 0 were recommended as candidates for edible fungi production,while the 21 broadleaf species with the comprehensive evaluation score of less than 2. 100 0 were not recommended.

Studies on Growing Edible Fungi on Improved Straw from a Dual Use Rice Cultivar

Every year 500 million tons of rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw are generated worldwide, which was almost equal to the production of rice grain. Most straw is not recovered due to the poor quality, high cost or complicated treatment operations. Through genetic improvements, a rice cultivar '201' was developed with both high nutrient content in straw and high grain yield. The results of 15N tracer experiments showed thatls N of urea could be effectively transformed into straw protein of ' 201' and the recovery rate of 15N in the straw of '201' was 104% higher than that of the check 'TY 63'. The straw protein of '201' could be effectively transformed into mushroom protein and the recovery rate of 15N was 21.7% higher than that of 'TY 63'. Using the straw of ' 201' as material to cultivate straw-based edible fungi, improved the yield and protein content of mushrooms. A total of 7.5 mg·ha-1straw of '201' increased the yield and crude protein of the edible mushroom Volvariella volvacea 797 kg yield and 67.9 kg respectively, and increased the yield and crude protein of the edible mushroom Agaricus blazei Murrill 675 kg and 80 kg respectively. The straw powder of '201' could be used to substitute for the same weight of wheat bran to cultivate lignicolous edible fungi, with no significant difference in terms of mushroom yield or the crude protein content. Straw powder could substitute for 20% of total amount of material to grow Auricularia polytricha, Auricularia auricula, Hypsizygus tessulatus, Lentinula edodes and Hericium erinaceus, 8% of that to grow Agrocybe cylindracea and 7.5% of that to grow Flammulina velutipes respectively.

Main Species and Medicinal Value of Wild Edible(Medicinal) Fungi in Yunnan Province

Yunnan Province is rich in wild edible( medicinal) fungus resources,where there are about 882 species,96 genera,35 families,11 orders,and 2 classes,and the species of the resources accounts for 40. 7% of the world's resources and 90. 0% of China's resources,so Yunnan is known as " the kingdom of medicinal and edible fungi". Edible fungi contain a variety of functional ingredients,such as polysaccharides,peptide amino acids,nucleosides,triterpenes,minerals,vitamins,etc.,so they have important medicinal value. In order to understand and rationally develop wild edible( medicinal) fungus resources in Yunnan,the main trading species of wild edible( medicinal) fungi in Yunnan Province were investigated,and the biological characteristics and medicinal value of these wild edible( medicinal) fungi were summarized.Moreover,the development prospects of wild edible fungi in Yunnan Province in edible and medicinal fields were discussed.

Dielectric properties of edible fungi powder related to radio-frequency and microwave drying

Edible fungi are rich in nutrition,but they are susceptible to spoilage,and often prolonged by drying.RF and microwave energy drying have the advantages of short drying time,high energy efficiency and good process control.However,to develop an effective dielectric drying method,it is important to understand dielectric properties,the major factor characterizing the interaction between the electromagnetic energy and the food.At present,there is a lack of research on dielectric properties of edible fungi.In this study,a vector network analyzer and an open-ended coaxial-line probe were employed to measure the dielectric parameters.The dielectric parameters were observed at different temperatures(25–85°C)for edible fungi powder with moisture content ranging from 5 to 30%wet basis over a frequency range of 1–3000 MHz.The relationship between the dielectric properties and frequency,temperature,and moisture content were obtained via regression analysis.Further,the dielectric penetration depth was calculated,and the effects of frequency,moisture content,and temperature on the penetration depth were also analyzed.The results showed that the dielectric properties of edible fungi powder increased with an increase in moisture content and temperature,while they decreased with increasing frequency.At high moisture content and temperature,the increase in dielectric properties was slightly larger than that at low moisture content and temperature.The dielectric properties changed more evidently at lower radio frequencies than at higher radio frequencies.The penetration depth decreased with an increase in temperature,moisture content,and frequency.It can be concluded that a large penetration depth at radio frequencies below 100 MHz could be used to dry edible fungi on a large scale,whereas microwave energy could be employed for drying edible fungi on a small scale.

Prospects for Development of Edible and Medicinal Mycorrhizal Fungus in Shanxi Province

This paper first elaborated basic characteristics and research development of the edible mycorrhizal fungus. Then,it analyzed the natural ecological environment and development conditions of edible fungus in Shanxi Province. Finally,it discussed edible mycorrhizal fungus resources in Shanxi Province and development and utilization prospects of edible mycorrhizal fungi,to provide some references for the development of edible fungi industry and edible and medicinal mycorrhizal fungus in Shanxi Province and adjacent provinces.

Solid Material Formula of Small Fragrant Chicken Soup Stock and Improvement of Boiling Process

[Objectives]To study the solid material formula and boiling process of Small Fragrant Chicken Soup Stock.[Methods]Small fragrant chicken and edible fungi were used as the main raw materials to prepare instant chicken and Morchella esculenta soup stock,and the influencing factors such as solid material ratio,ratio of liquid to material,time and temperature were studied,and the optimal formula and process of the soup stock were screened out through sensory and instrument evaluation experiments.[Results]The optimal formula and process of Small Fragrant Chicken Soup Stock were as follows:small fragrant chicken 40%,M.esculenta 6%,Lyophyllum decastes 3%and Lentinus edodes 1.5%;the ratio of liquid to material was 2.5:1,the boiling time was 2 h,and the boiling temperature was 120℃.Under these conditions,the sensory score of Small Fragrant Chicken Soup Stock was the best.[Conclusions]This study provided a theoretical basis for the industrial production of edible mushroom prepared dishes.

食用菌黏菌病化学防治研究(英文)

[ Objective ] The paper was to find effective chemical methods to control myxomycetes disease in edible fungi. [ Method] Some low toxic and pollution- free chemical reagents were first selected to carry out indoor toxicity test, and their inhibition effects against myxomyeetes were measured. Then the reagents with small effect on the growth of Pleurotu.s ostreatua were selected according to the indoor bioassay results, and carried out control test against myxomyeetes disease in mushroom house. [ Results] The results showed that the combination of Ludanlan sephora flavescens 1 000 times liquid ＋ salicylic acid 300 times liquid, Clolrim- azole suppositories 1 000 times liquid, Ludanlan sophora flavescens 1 000 times liquid and salicylic acid 300 times liquid had the best control efficacy against the disease. They were the preferred reagents for the prevention of myxomycetes disease in production practice. [ Conclusion] The results provided basis for the effec- tive control d myxomycetes disease in edible fungi.

Investigation of stimulated growth effect using pulsed cold atmospheric plasma treatment on Ganoderma lucidum

Cold atmospheric plasma(CAP)driven by pulsed high-voltage power has specific advantages in various fields,such as the growth promotion of edible fungi in plasma agriculture.Compared with other strains,Ganoderma lucidum has the significant advantage of high medicinal value,but the shortcomings of low yield,long growth cycle,and an uneven market quality.In this study,Ganoderma lucidum was treated with a CAP powered by a homemade pulsed highvoltage power supply.Three groups of Ganoderma lucidum were treated under different conditions.The stalk lengths and pileus areas of Ganoderma lucidum were recorded to evaluate growth status.Results showed that treatment frequency affected growth status considerably.Ganoderma lucidum was treated with 40 s plasma once a week and showed an improved growth status with a 33.63%increase in average stalk length and a 28%increase in the number of individuals whose pileus areas was greater than the average.Meanwhile,the growth speed was accelerated.However,treatment at an excessive frequency would damage and slow down the growth of Ganoderma lucidum.

Collembola associated with edible mushrooms in China

Collembola,a common pest of mushrooms,could reduce the yield and quantity of edible mushroom and causes great economic losses in their production.During the investigation of Collembola in the main edible mushroom production areas in China,27 species belonging to five families and 16 genera,hosted by more than ten species of edible mushrooms have been revealed by morphological and molecular evidence.The most diverse genus was the genus Ceratophysella with five species reported.Fourteen of the 27 species were distributed only in China,while others were widely distributed all over the world.Fifteen species on mushrooms have been barcoded;the results of the species delimitation by mitochondrial COI marker confirmed the results by morphology,with low intra-specific divergences(0-8%).Two Thalassaphorura species,with the only difference being in the presence of parapseudocelli on the anterior ventral head,were clearly differentiated by the molecular markers.

Cantharellus(Cantharellales,Basidiomycota)revisited in Europe through a multigene phylogeny

Resolving species delimitation issues of European Cantharellus is crucial to correctly name chanterelles around the globe.Thirty names referring to Cantharellus s.str.have been described in Europe,some of which are used in other continents.Based on combined analyses of ITS2,LSU,RPB2 and TEF-1,merely eight species are here recognized in Europe applying the genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition criteria,one of which,C.roseofagetorum,is described as new.Morphological characters used in species delimitation are mapped and their variability evaluated.The colour of the hymenophore in young specimens is found to be a rather constant morphological character of taxonomic use.European species of Cantharellus are morphologically distinguished by unique combinations of characters,such as the presence of a pink pileal coating,pileus and hymenophore colour when young,and in some cases,the mean spore length and ecology.Eighteen type specimens from Europe are sequenced.Based on revised species concepts sixteen novel taxonomic synonyms are here proposed for European chanterelles:C.alborufescens(=C.henrici,C.ilicis,C.lilacinopruinatus),C.amethysteus(=C.cibarius subsp.squamulosus,C.cibarius var.umbrinus,C.rufipes),C.cibarius(=C.cibarius var.atlanticus,C.parviluteus),C.ferruginascens(=C.cibarius var.flavipes),C.friesii(=C.ignescens),C.pallens(=C.cibarius var.albidus,C.cibarius var.bicolor,C.subpruinosus),and C.romagnesianus(=C.pseudominimus,C.lourizanianus,C.romagnesianus var.parvisporus).The type of Cantharellus,C.cibarius,is epitypified.Descriptions,colour illustrations and a key to all European species are provided.