The Prediction of Engel's Coefficient and Education Expenditure Based on the Linear Regression Model for Heilongjiang and Ontario

It is meaningful to study trends in food and education expenditure as proportions of total household expenditure.In this study,based on year 2006 to 2017 data from Heilongjiang province in China and Ontario province in Canada,a linear regression model is used to forecast the Engel’s coefficients(proportion spent on food)and the education proportion from year 2018 to 2027 for those two regions.The results suggest that in both regions the Engel’s coefficients show a decreasing trend,while the education expenditure proportions show an increasing trend.The ratios of education expenditure to food expenditure in both places show an increasing trend.

Household Expenditure on Education in China:Key Findings From the China Institute for Educational Finance Research-Household Surveys(CIEFR-HS)

Purpose:This study uses data from the 2019 China Institute for Educational Finance Research-Household Survey to investigate expenditure on children's education in China.Design/Approach/Methods:Using descriptive and regression analysis,this study analyzes the level and structure of household expenditure on children's education,the associated disparities,and household financial burden.Findings:The average household expenditure on regular full-time education nationwide was RMB 8,139 per child,accounting for 10.8%of total household expenditure.On average,24.4%and 15.5%of elementary and high school students participated in out-of-school subject-and interest-oriented tutoring in AY 2018-2019,respectively.On an average,it costs a household approximately RMB 233,000 to educate a child from preschool to the undergraduate level.The total investments in regular full-time education nationwide were estimated to be RMB 6.2 billion-6.87%of the national Gross Domestic product.Moreover,based on an overview of various statistics on school funding,this study found that several years of public investments in compulsory education and rural schools have significantly reduced the disparities in school funding among income groups.OriginalityValue:This research is the first report giving a comprehensive picture of household expenditures on education nationwide in China.It provides empirical evidence for exploring policy tools to realize the balanced development of education.

Educational Investment for Future Marriage? Evidence of Missing Girls from China

Numerous studies have shown that a sex ratio imbalance(more boys than girls in a society)may result in a sequence of social problems.This study investigated the expected effect of a high sex ratio on educational investment.Using nationally representative data from the China Family Panel Studies and the 2010 Census,we determined the following:(i)a high sex ratio increased educational expenditure for boys relative to girls;(ii)parents who took education seriously and who cared about their children's education were more likely to invest in education to appear attractive in the future marriage market,and(iii)the profound impact of a high sex ratio on educational expenditure was more pronounced in less educated and poorer families.Our findings raised the possibility that the effect of the sex ratio may bring about more gender inequality in the future.The implicit cost of a high sex ratio may further lead to a vicious cycle of family fertility and childbearing.

An analysis of the regional disparity in the average educational expenditure per senior secondary student and its relevant factors in China

The essay deals with regional disparities in the average educational expenditure of every ordinary senior secondary student,including budget funds for education,the proportion appropriated to the ordinary senior high school by the government,tuition fee per student and the proportion of tuition fees of the total educational expenditure.By analyzing the relevant educational and economic indicators,we find that the average educational expenditure and tuition of every student in the western area are lower than those in the eastern and the middle area while the proportion of funds allocated by the government is the highest.However,in the middle area,both of the government appropriation of education funds for every student and its proportion of the total educational expenditure are the lowest in China,but on the other hand the proportion of tuition fee of the total educational expenditure and the income of the rural residents are the highest.Therefore,the aim of this essay is to look at the reasons why there are such differences.

Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers and County-Level Education Expenditure in China

Purpose-The purpose of the paper is to investigate the impact of various types of intergovernmental fiscal transfers on local public education expenditure at the county level in China and to estimate the leakage of categorical subsidies for rural compulsory education.Design/Approach/Methods-It is a quantitative study.The paper constructs a quantile regression model and adopt data collected in 2007 for 1,985 counties in China to examine the impact of relevant fiscal transfers.Findings-The results reveal that most intergovernmental fiscal transfers exert a substitution effect on the local education expenditure,whereas subsidies for rural compulsory education from the Central Government have a crowding-out effect on education investments from local financial resources.Although the subsidy program generally narrows the education expenditure disparity across counties,there are heterogeneous effects across different regions.Originality/Value-The paper estimates and compares the impact of fiscal transfers on both the level and disparity of local public education in different regions,and provides a possible explanation for the crowding-out effect of fiscal transfers in China.

An inspection on the Gini coefficient of the budget educational public expenditure per student for China's basic education

Using statistical data on the implementing conditions of China's educational expenditure published by the state,this paper studies the Gini coefficient of the budget educational public expenditure per student in order to examine the concentration degree of the educational expenditure for China's basic education and analyze its balanced development condition.As the research shows,China's basic education is undergoing an unbalanced development due to diversified factors,which is mainly reflected as follows:firstly,the budget educational public expenditure presents a four-tiered appearance of the strong,the less strong,the less weak and the weak,which lead to a great discrepancy between the two opposing extremes;secondly,the compulsory education in rural areas is still confronted with great difficulties;thirdly,the general senior secondary education is loaded with the crisis of unbalance.Therefore,it is necessary to construct a balanced development policy framework of the basic education and pay close attention to the benefit and effectiveness of the educational input.In addition,it is also important to clearly stipulate the criterion of the government's educational allocation and to support the disadvantaged areas in order to promote the balanced development of the basic education.

Does Population Aging Hinder the Accumulation of Human Capital?Evidence from China

There is no consensus on the impact of population aging on education investment.To explore this question,we first build an overlapping generations(OLG)model to theoretically analyze the effect of population aging on human capital investment in China,and then test our theory by conducting an empirical study based on micro household data.We find the following.(1)Theoretically,the OLG model shows that population aging has a crowding-out effect on education investment.(2)Empirically,the results show that the share of education and training expenditures decreases by 5.27 percentage points as the ratio of old people in the household increases by 100 percentage points,which confirms the crowding-out effect of population aging on human capital investment.(3)The crowding-out effect is far more intense on urban households than on rural households since health care expenditures will be greater in urban areas as population aging increases.(4)A quantile regression indicates that the negative effect of population aging on the share of educational expenditure is concentrated in households with higher shares of education expenditures.We confirm the robustness of our results using regional fixed effect and instrumental variable(Ⅳ)regressions.