Cross-sectional study of the educational background and trauma knowledge of trainees in the “China trauma care training” program

Background:Since the trauma knowledge of trauma providers correlates with the outcomes of injured patients,this study aims to assess the socio-demographic characteristics and levels of trauma knowledge of trainees in the China trauma care training(CTCT)program in addition to their post-course test results to provide support for the development of trauma care training programs and trauma systems in China.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted by collecting demographic information,hospital-related information and trauma knowledge of the trainees from 19 regions in China.All participants were assessed by questionnaires collecting the socio-demographic data,the trauma care knowledge levels and the information of the hospitals.Results:There were 955 males(78.9%)and 256 females(21.1%)enrolled.Among them,854 were physicians(70.5%),357 were registered nurses(29.5%).In addition,64 of them also played an administrative role in the hospitals(5.3%).The score of the trainees who were members of the emergency department staff(72.59±14.13)was the highest among the scores of all the personnel surveyed,followed by those of the trainees from the intensive care unit(ICU)(71.17±12.72),trauma surgery department(67.26±13.81),orthopedics department(70.36±14.48),general surgery department(69.91±14.79)and other departments(69.93±16.91),P=0.031.The score of the professors(73.09±15.05)was higher than those of the associate professors(72.40±14.71),lecturers(70.07±14.25)and teaching assistants(67.58±15.16),P<0.0001.The score of the individuals who attended experts’trauma lectures(72.22±14.45)was higher than that of individuals who did not attend the lectures(69.33±15.17),P=0.001.The mean scores before and after the training were 71.02±14.82 and 84.24±13.77,respectively,P<0.001.The mean score of trauma knowledge after the training of trainees from different provinces and with different educational backgrounds was higher than that before the training,with a statistically significant difference(P<0.05).Conclusions:The level of trauma knowledge of trauma care providers was associated with their department,professional position and previous participation in related academic conferences.Trauma care experience and participation in academic lectures and training program including CTCT may effectively improve individuals’level of trauma knowledge.

The Realization of Politeness Strategies in Children＇s Refusal： A Case Study of Parents＇ Educational Background on Children＇s Utterances

Language as a means of communication is represented in two basic forms, written and spoken. Spoken is the first form mastered by language speaker, particularly children. Speech community consists of adult and children. In producing their utterance, children are supposed to be affected by their parents. As a result of different educational background of their parents, children may produce different utterances including refusal. Children from different parents＇ educational background vary their refusal. The tendency that the higher parents＇ educational background will result the more polite refusal produced by children is not proved.

Entrepreneur Education Level and Its Utility Maximization

The education level of entrepreneurs plays an important role in the decision-making process of loan financing. In this paper, the research method of optimization theory is used to study the problem of the education level and maximizing utility of entrepreneurs, and the optimal analytic solution is obtained. On this basis, the influence of the change of bank loan interest rate, the marginal effect of entrepreneur’s effort, the marginal effect of entrepreneur’s investment, the elastic coefficient of entrepreneur’s effort and the elastic coefficient of entrepreneur’s investment on the optimal solution of entrepreneur’s effort and investment amount is discussed.

A Study on the Perceptions of Students on Renewable Energy at Suleyman Demirel University in Isparta, Turkey

Recent research suggests that public opinion＇s acknowledgment is a major obstacle in the way of renewable energy use. Renewable energy will be more preferred and available through social and individual perception and ing. However, first of all, it is necessary to identify the existing perception and demographical factors affecting it to achieve renewable energy perception. In this regard, perceptions of students studying at different departments of faculties and vocational schools at SiJleyman Demirel University on renewable energy and the factors affecting their perceptions were studied. According to the research results, there was not a significant difference between students＇ hometowns, parents＇ occupations and renewable energy perception. However, there was a significant difference between parents＇ educational background, monthly income and students＇ renewable energy future tendency. Mother＇s educational background was also effective on renewable energy future vision, and there was a significant difference between students＇ faculties and renewable energy perception.

Factors in International Student Identity Formation： Processes and Challenges

International students choosing to study abroad face a change in self-identity, which in many cases takes them by surprise and which is affected by a multiplicity of factors. Within the framework of Tajfel＇s Social Identity Theory, we examine the nature of identity and the many contexts in which it is shaped, mainly in reference to the ESL （English as a Second Language） classroom, but with broader implications for the students＇ experiences in Western classroom as a whole. We discuss the challenges facing not only students, but also faculty who wish to assist students in the formation of their new identities

Impact of Demographic Structure on Paddy and Forestland Management

In order to understand the impact of demographic structure on paddy and forestland managementafter the convening of the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC (Communist Party of China) CentralCommittee and the implementation of the Household Responsibility System (the government divided upland among peasants for cultivating and the peasants sell a set part of their produced goods to thegovernment at stipulated prices by contract in the countryside of China), 147 households in 6 villages,belonging to Xiangtan County and Zhuzhou County in Hunan Province, were selected as research samples,and interview, questionnaire survey and second hand data analyzing were used as the methods. The resultsshowed: Persons with different ages had different ideas, and young peasants would like to work in townsor cities for more income, so they used and depended on land less; In terms of sex, the male was still themain user of land, and therefore the ability, idea and activity of male played an important role in landmanagement; Generally, the labors with better educational background grasped more knowledge andtechnologies, and they had more opportunity to get jobs and had better working condition and moreincome in town or cities, so they depended on and used land less.