Fertilization for High Yields in Corn-Sweet Potato-Wheat Rotation: A Systematic Approach to Nutrient Limiting Factors of Soils in Chongqing, China

A systematic approach was adopted to investigate the nutrient limiting factors in gray-brown purple soils and yellow soils derived from limestone in Chongqing, China, to study balanced fertilization for corn, sweet potato and wheat in rotation. The results showed that N, P and K were deficient in both soils, Cu, Mn, S andZn in the gray-brown purple soils and Ca, Mg, Mo and Zn for the yellow soils. Balanced fertilizer application increased yields of corn, sweet potato and wheat by 28.4%, 28.7% and 4.4%, respectively, as compared to the local farmers' practice. The systematic approach can be considered as one of the most efficient and reliable methods in fertility study.

Chemical Fertilizer Reduction and High Yield Cultivation Technique for Peanut

For a long time,the amount of fertilizer applied to peanuts in China has been much higher than that of other main peanut producing countries.At the same time of increasing production,chemical fertilizers have also brought many adverse effects,which have brought potential threats to the sustainable development of peanut production.While continuously increasing the yield,reducing the amount of chemical fertilizer has become an urgent problem to be solved in peanut production of China.Based on the research results of our team,this paper appropriately absorbed the latest research progress of chemical fertilizer reduction in related fields,and established the cultivation technique for peanut fertilizer reduction and high yield under different cultivation modes,to realize the synchronization of fertilizer reduction and yield increase for peanut production.The technique includes two parts:common technology and different cultivation mode fertilization schemes.The former includes crop rotation,proper deep tillage,application of organic fertilizer,selection of nutrient-efficient varieties,topdressing of foliar fertilizer,etc.,the latter includes film mulching spring peanut,continuous cropping field,acidified soil,peanuts interplanting with wheat,and summer direct sowing,etc.This technique provides a technical support for the chemical fertilizer reduction of peanut production in China.

Effects of Postponing N Application on Metabolism,Absorption and Utilization of Nitrogen of Summer Maize in SuperHigh Yield Region

[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of application postponing of N fertilizer and the mechanism of yield increase in order to provide references for N fertilizer application in a rational way. [Method] In a super-high yielded region of summer maize, field experiment was conducted to research effects of N fertilizer postponing on key enzymes of N metabolism, yield of maize and N fertilizer use. [Result] After application of N fertilizer was postponed, NR, SPS and GS activities of ear-leaf of summer maize increased by 11.99%-34.87%, 8.25%-10.64% and 10.00%- 16.81% on the 28^th d of silking; content of soluble sugar in leaves enhanced signifi- cantly and accumulated nitrogen increased by 5.00%-9.74% in mature stage. The postponing fertilization of ＂30% of fertilizer in seedling stage＋30% of fertilizer in flare- opening stage＋40% of fertilizer in silking stage meets N demands of summer maize in late growth period. Compared with conventional fertilization, the maize yield, agro- nomic efficiency and use of N fertilizer all improved by 5.05%, 1.75 kg/kg and 6.87%, respectively, after application postponed. [Conclusion] Application postponing of N fertilizer maintains activity of NR, GS and SPS higher and coordinates metabolism of C and N in late growth period, to further improve yield of maize.

Effects of “3414” Fertilization Effect Test on the Yield and Economic Benefit of Sagittaria sagittifolia

[Objective] To screen the optimal fertilizer formula, and to lay foundation for the research on special fertilizer for Sagittaria sagittifolia production. [Method] Based on the ＂3414＂ fertilization design, the yield of S. sagittifolia in each treatment was determined, and the effects of N, P and K treatments on the yield and eco- nomic benefit of S. sagittifolia were investigated, obtaining the optimal fertilizer appli- cation ratio. [Result] N, P and K had relatively good effects on the yield of S. sagittifolia. Treatment of N2P2K3 showed the optimal fertilizer application ratio, with the yield of 18 397.80 kg/hm2, yield increasing rate of 104.77%, and net income in- crease of 80 317.35 Yuan/hm2. N fertilizer had the greatest impacts on the yield of S. sagittifolia, followed with K fertilizer; while P fertilizer showed the poorest impacts. [Conclusion] To achieve the highest yield of S. sagittifolia, the fertilizer application was as follows： N of 446.70 kg/hm2, P20 of 568.10 kg/hm2, K2O of 534.90 kg/hm2, when the highest yield was 18 612.75 kg/hm2. Fertilizer application for the optimal economic benefit was N of 420.60 kg/hm2, P2O5 of 70.50 kg/hm2, K2O of 492.15 kg/hm2, when the optimal yield was 18 579.00 kg/hm2.

Influence of Different Fertilization Levels on Maize Yield and Fertilizer Effect Based on the "3414" Experimental Design Scheme

In order to provide scientific basis for rational fertilization of maize under different soil quality and fertility,the effect of combined application of NPK on yield and fertilizer effect of different maize varieties was studied by using "3414" experimental design scheme in this paper. The results showed that there were significant differences in ear length,ear diameter,barren ear tip length,kernel number per spike,kernel weight and yield among different fertilization treatments. Fertilization can improve the agronomic characters of maize and increase the yield.The yield increase of maize in two experimental plots( MHQ and HZY) was 11. 0%-64. 3% and 0. 2%-61. 9%,respectively. There was obvious interaction effect among nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers,the yield of maize was the highest at the level of medium nitrogen,medium phosphorus and medium potassium fertilization,and the fertilizer effect was in the order of N > P_2O_5> K_2O. The results of curve fitting showed that the recommended application rates of N,P2_O_5 and K_2O in MHQ plot were 373. 7,74. 8 and 79. 9 kg/ha,respectively; the recommended application rates of N,P_2O_5 and K_2O in HZY plot were 419. 7,75 and 75 kg/ha,respectively.

Effects of Slow Release Fertilizer on the Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Carnation and Its Environmental Protection Effect

[Objective] The aim was to study the effects of slow release fertilizer on the yield,economic benefit and nutrient use efficiency of carnation and environmental pollution.[Method] Taking carnation（Dianthus caryophyllus）as research object,the application effect and environmental protection effect of slow release fertilizer on carnation were discussed through field plot test.[Result] The main agronomic characters of carnation improved after the application of slow release fertilizer;compared with Conv-F treatment,the yield of carnation with slow release fertilizer increased by 18.67%-20.83%,and its economic benefit increased by 105 500 yuan/hm2,while the ratio of output to input improved by 74.29%;under the same NPK ratio and nutrient amount,the yield,economic benefit and ratio of output to input of carnation after the application of slow release fertilizer increased by 2.11%,14 800 yuan and 16.2%,respectively;besides,the application of slow release fertilizer improved the nutrient use efficiency of carnation,and N,P and K nutrient use efficiency in Opt-F-0.7% treatment increased by 13.88%,8.57% and 30.14% compared with Conv-F treatment.[Conclusion] Slow release fertilizer could not only reduce the waste of fertilizer resources and improve fertilizer use efficiency but also decrease the pollution caused by nutrient loss,which had important practical significance for protecting ecological environment and promoting the sustainable development of agriculture.

Coupling Effect of Water and Fertilizer on Soybean Yield and Nutrient Absorption

Soybean cultivar Bei 92-28 was tested in this experiment in 2000 to study the coupling effect of water and ferilizer on soybean yield.The results showed that the effect of irrigation varied among the levels of fertilizer application,and vice versa;pods per plant,seeds per pod.and 100-seed weight had positive correlations with soybean yield,but the degrees of correlations of different treatments were various;LAI and dry matter accumulation could be significantly increased when watered and applied fertilizer with different levels,but high fertilizer application treatment didn't obtain the highest yield;watering could increase the absolute absorption amount of N,P,K in seeds,but the accumulation rates were various.

Effect of increasing levels of nitrogen on yield of tea in different agro-ecological conditions of Pakistan

Field experiment was conducted on mature tea bushes of Qi-Men variety at two different altitudes from sea level i.e. at National Tea Research Institute Shinkiari (1000 m) and on farmer’s field in Konsh valley at village Battal (1500 m). Different levels of nitrogen with constant dose of phosphorus and potassium were applied to observe the optimal dose of nutrients for highest yield under local edaphic conditions. The experiment was repeated for three consecutive years. The highest yield of fresh tea leaves were obtained by the application of 420 kg ha-1 N followed by the application of 360 kg ha-1 N at 1000 masl. The highest dose of nitrogen also reduced significantly the soil pH in the upper (0-15cm) layer depth during 1998 and 1999. During the year 2000, the reduction in soil pH was observed by the application of highest dose of nitrogen but was non-significant at 5% level. The lower soil depth (15-30 cm) showed the reduction in pH with the highest dose of nitrogen during the experimental year but was statistically non significant. At the higher altitude of 1500 masl the highest yield of fresh tea leaves was obtained by the application of 420 kg ha-1 during the experimental years but the increase was significant during the year 1999 and 2000. The yield of the fresh tea leaves was positively correlated with the amount of nitrogen application at both the altitudes. The increasing amount of nitrogen decreased the soil pH at both the depths of 0-15cm and 15-30cm. Unlike the lower altitude (1000 m) there was no any significant reduction in the soil pH during 1998 and 1999. A significant reduction in soil pH was found in the year 2000.

Effect of 30% Tiange Multifunctional Pesticide-Fertilizer on Sugarcane Pests and Yield

In order to study the effect of 30% Tiange multifunctional pesticide-fertilizer on sugarcane pests and sugarcane yield,the field test was conducted with conventional compound fertilizer and 3% carbofuran fertilizer granules as control. The results showed that 30% Tiange multifunctional pesticide-fertilizer could effectively suppress some pests such as sugarcane borer,thrip,aphid and cockchafer. 90 d after pesticide-fertilizer application,the sugarcane withered heart rate was 1. 55% and 2. 55% in the two test points,respectively,significantly lower than the rate of 15. 40% and 19. 40% under control. Before harvest,the sugarcane borer damage rate in the two test points under pesticide-fertilizer treatment was 8. 70% and 9. 47%,respectively,significantly lower than the rate of 34. 50% and 33. 50% under control,and the sugarcane yield was 21. 16% and 22. 14% higher than under control,respectively. 30% Tiange multifunctional pesticide-fertilizer had nutritional and insecticidal effect,which could help to achieve sugarcane pesticide-fertilizer integration and save labor and costs.

Establishment of a Mathematical Model for Mulberry Balanced Fertilization in Hilly Areas of Sichuan Province

In order to increase mulberry leaf yield and production efficiency in hilly areas of Sichuan Province through scientific fertilization,＂3414＂,a quadratic regression design for modern fertilization,was employed to simulate the regression relationship between mulberry leaf yield and major fertilizer elements including nitrogen（N）,phosphor（P） and potassium（K） among which mulberry leaf yield was the objective function and N,P and K were the regulatory factors to fertilization level.As a result,7 types of ternary,binary and monadic quadratic fertilizer effect functions of N,P and K fertilizer elements were established.The weight of fertilizer factors in the optimal mulberry leaf yield obtained by various types of functions was in decreasing order of KPKPNPKNKNNP,and the weight of fertilizer factors in the ratio of leaf yield to input was in decreasing order of K〉PK〉NPK〉P〉NK〉NP〉N.To be specific,the ternary quadratic fertilizer effect function（Y=20 313＋0.25X1＋43.48 X2＋34.47X3-0.01X1^2-0.14X2^2-0.06X3^2＋0.05X1X2＋0.02X1X3-0.07X2X3,in which X1,X2 and X3 indicate the fertilizer factors N,P and K,respectively） was a model containing all factors,thereby being a recommended fertilization program for mulberry field.Single factor effect analysis indicated that K fertilizer had the highest influence on mulberry leaf yield and ratio of leaf yield to input.Therefore,among all the simulation functions,the monadic quadratic fertilizer effect function of K fertilizer factor（Y=25 002.27＋44.728X3-0.084X32） leads to the optimal leaf yield and maximum ratio of leaf yield to input.By using the optimal fertilization program with 600 kg/hm2 N,210 kg/hm2 P2O5 and 254.33 kg/hm2 K2O,the optimal economic leaf yield obtained is 30 945.00 kg/hm2,the cost of fertilizer input is 4 403.65 yuan/hm2,and the ratio of leaf yield to input is as high as 17.57.After verification by production practices,the recommended fertilization indicators in the optimal mulberry fertilization program can provide reference for the construction of high-yield mulberry field in hilly areas of Sichuan Province.

Coupling Effect of Water and Phosphate on Economic Traits of Sugarcane

[Objective] The aim was to study the coupling effect of water and phosphate on economic traits of sugarcane. [Method] Taking sugarcane variety ROC22 as tested material,coupling effects of different levels of water supply quantity and different levels of phosphorus fertilizer on the yield and quality of sugarcane were studied. Among them,water supply quantity had 3 levels,that was,the water supply quantity per 10 days from the early tillering stage of sugarcane to the end of elongation was 199.5 m3/hm2 (A1),400.5 m3/hm2 (A2) and 600.0 m3/hm2 (A3),respectively; Phosphorus fertilizer as basic fertilizer had 4 levels:P2O5 0 kg/hm2 (B1),120 kg/hm2 (B2),240 kg/hm2 (B3) and 360 kg/hm2 (B4). [Result] Treatment A3B2 in water-fertilizer coupling was more suitable to improve economic traits of sugarcane. [Conclusion] The research results provide theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of water and phosphorus fertilizer in production of Guangxi sugarcane and the cultivation of high-yield and high-glucose sugarcane.

Effects of improved fallow with Sesbania sesban on maize productivity and Striga hermonthica infestation in Western Kenya

Striga hermonthica is a major constraint to smallholder sub-sistence agriculture production in the sub-Saharan African region. Low soil fertility and overall environmental degradation has contributed to the build-up of the parasitic weed infestation. Improved cropping systems have to be introduced to address the interrelated problems of S. her-monthica and soil fertility decline. Thus, the effects of improved fallow with leguminous shrub Sesbania sesban on maize yields and levels of S. hermonthica infestation on farm land in the bimodal highlands of western Kenya were investigated. The experimental treatments were arranged in a phased entry, and randomized complete block scheme were six months Sesbania fallow, 18 months Sesbania fallow, six months natural fallow consisting of regrowth of natural vegetation without cultivation, 18 months natural fallow, continuous maize cropping without fertilizer application, and continuous maize cropping with P and N fertilization. Results show that Sesbania fallows significantly （p0.05） increase maize yield relative to continuous unfertilized maize. S. hermonthica plant populations decrease in continuous maize between the first season （mean = 428 000 ± 63 000 ha-1） and second season （mean=51 000 ± 15 000 ha-1）, presumably in response to good weed management. S. hermonthica seed populations in the soil decrease throughout the duration of the experi-ment in the continuous maize treatments. Short-duration Sesbania fal-lows can provide modest yield improvements relative to continuous unfertilized maize, but short-duration weedy fallows are ineffective. Continuous maize cultivation with good weed control may provide more effective S. hermonthica control than fallowing.

Enhanced Growth and Yield Performance of Cassava Peel Compost and Mineral Fertilizer on Corchorus olitorius L.

Application of inorganic fertilizers improves crop yields but costs and adverse health effects often discourage their applications. This study therefore aims at evaluating the combined effects of cassava peel compost with poultry manure and mineral fertilizer on growth and yields of Corchorus olitorius. Pots （factorial laid out in a randomized complete block design） and field （split-plot with fertilizer being the main effect and the varieties the sub plot effect） experiments were carried out during rainy season at Ibadan, Nigeria. Treatments consisted of 0, 5, l0 and 20 t/ha composts prepared from cassava peel and poultry manure in ratio 3：1 and mineral fertilizer （NPK 15：15：15） at the rate of 250 kg/ha, using two varieties of C. olitorius. Five and six weeks after planting （WAP）, plants were assessed for growth and yields in pot and field experiments respectively, and also in residual studies. Application of compost significantly improved growth （heights） （36.50-41.56 cm）, while morphological and dry weight values increased with increase in compost. Marketable yield increase of 13.2%, 22.3%, 32.1% and 29.3% were recorded using 5, 10, 20 t/ha compost and NPK fertilizer respectively in the field. Corresponding increase when ratooned were 40.0%, 42.9%, 57.1% and 52.0%, respectively. Application of compost at the rate of 20 t/ha performed better in the main and residual effect experiments compared to NPK fertilizer and other compost rates. Application of cassavas peels compost at the rate of 20 t/ha proved to be adequate for optimum growth and yield performance of C. olitorius.

生物质缓释土壤保水增肥剂对宁夏盐池县土壤及其作物的影响

为探讨生物质缓释土壤保水增肥剂对农田土壤水温环境、土壤养分吸收和作物产量的影响,在宁夏回族自治区吴忠市盐池县以玉米、马铃薯、燕麦等为供试作物,生物质缓释土壤保水增肥剂为供试材料,采用田间试验,设置生物质缓释土壤保水增肥剂不同梯度的施用量,测定土壤含水量、酸碱度、电导率、容重和土壤养分等,研究其对试验地区土壤理化性质、土壤养分以及不同作物产量的影响。结果表明:在施用量不同的情况下,所种植的作物总体上产量都有所增加。苏丹草和燕麦草增产率最高,分别达到36.26%和24.35%。荞麦在生物质缓释土壤保水增肥剂施用量为120kg/hm^(2)时产量增产率达到23.19%,而马铃薯在生物质缓释土壤保水增肥剂施用量为120kg/hm^(2)时产量增产率最高,达到了77.78%,增产效果显著。但玉米产量变化趋势有所不同,在生物质缓释土壤保水增肥剂施用量为60kg/hm^(2)时产量反而有所下降,当施用量增加至120kg/hm^(2)时产量有所上升,但增产率只有0.69%,主要是由于地块所处位置、地势以及土壤组分存在一定程度的差异性,导致生物质缓释土壤保水增肥剂施用量对玉米产量影响不大。

豫东平原‘郑麦1860’不同播期播量试验的超高产效应

为了实现豫东平原小麦主产区超高产栽培良种良法配套,充分发挥优质中强筋小麦新品种‘郑麦1860’的超高产潜力,运用裂区试验及统计分析方法,研究确定‘郑麦1860’在豫东平原小麦主产区超高产条件下适宜的播期播量指标。结果表明‘:郑麦1860’的适宜播期为10月10日-10月15日,最佳播期为10月15日;适宜播量为187.5~225.0 kg/hm^(2),最佳播量为225.0 kg/hm^(2)。最佳播期播量组合为10月15日与187.5 kg/hm^(2),折合单产12326 kg/hm^(2)。本项试验所取得的适宜播期播量技术指标,可在豫东平原小麦主产区‘郑麦1860’超高产栽培条件下推广应用。

早熟甘蓝型油菜不同生育阶段氮素亏缺与补偿效应研究

为探明早熟油菜不同生育阶段氮素亏缺与补偿效应,以赣油105为试验材料,通过盆栽方式,分别于苗期、越冬期、抽薹期、初花期及终花期进行不施氮、后一生育阶段等量和加倍恢复供氮处理试验,分析了不同处理下早熟甘蓝型油菜的产量及其相关性状、干物质量、氮素吸收与利用效率等指标。结果表明:越冬期至抽薹期氮素亏缺对早熟甘蓝型油菜干物质生产积累影响较大,其加倍施氮处理较等量施氮处理下的总干物质量增加了7.71%;越冬前和初花后氮素亏缺对早熟甘蓝型油菜单株籽粒产量影响较小;越冬期缺氮显著降低了早熟油菜的株高和一次有效分枝数,抽薹期缺氮对单株有效角果数影响最大;早熟油菜产量相关性状及干物质量均存在一定的氮素亏缺补偿效应,各指标补偿效应的大小及补偿有效期存在一定的差异;越冬期至抽薹期保证氮素的充分供应对早熟油菜的氮肥吸收利用效率可起到优化的效果。综上,本研究初步确定了早熟甘蓝型油菜越冬期至抽薹期是氮素需求的关键期和敏感期,初花期是氮素补偿的有效关键期。

化肥减量配施鱼蛋白有机液肥对番茄产量和品质的影响

为探讨增施鱼蛋白有机液肥替代化肥的效果,以每667m^(2)施用高钾水溶肥5.0kg为对照,设置每667 m^(2)施用高钾水溶肥3.5 kg+鱼蛋白有机液肥5.0 L、高钾水溶肥2.0 kg+鱼蛋白有机液肥5.0 L、高钾水溶肥0.5kg+鱼蛋白有机液肥5.0L这3个化肥减量处理,比较分析化肥减量增施鱼蛋白有机液肥对番茄生长、产量和果实性状及可溶性固形物含量的影响。结果表明:在每667m^(2)施用5.0L鱼蛋白有机液肥的情况下,减少水溶肥用量会降低番茄的株高、叶长和叶宽,但促进了茎粗、果实纵横径的生长,其中不同处理的果实纵径差异不显著,果形指数和可溶性固形物含量随水溶肥用量的减少先升高再降低,以每667 m^(2)每次追施高钾水溶肥3.5 kg和2.0 kg的果形指数最大,但与其他处理没有显著差异。不同处理的平均单穗坐果数没有显著差异,单果质量和果实纵横径的变化趋势一致,每667 m^(2)每次追施高钾水溶肥0.5 kg的小区产量最大。因此,在追求产量的情况下,果实膨大至采收前以每667 m^(2)每次追施高钾水溶肥+0.5 kg鱼蛋白有机液肥5.0 L的肥料配比最适合生产;如果追求品质,每667 m^(2)每次追施高钾水溶肥2.0 kg+鱼蛋白有机液肥5.0 L的肥料配比有利于生产,比对照果实可溶性固形物含量可提高5.8%,667 m^(2)产量提高17.2%。

氮磷钾配比施肥对短葶山麦冬生长及有效成分的影响

文章采用L_(9)(3^(4))正交设计的大田试验方法,研究氮磷钾配比施肥对短葶山麦冬生长状况、块根产量和有效成分的影响,以期为提高短葶山麦冬块根产量和品质的生产技术提供理论依据。氮磷钾不同配比施肥对短葶山麦冬的生长状况、块根产量和有效成分均有显著性影响,隶属函数分析证明,短葶山麦冬最优施肥方案为处理5(N_(2)P_(2)K_(3)),即N 345 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O(5)120 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 540 kg/hm^(2)。该处理的短葶山麦冬生长状况、块根产量和有效成分均表现最优,其株高、叶片数、分蘖数、单株块根鲜重、产量、多糖含量和皂苷C含量分别比对照组高45.83%、45.36%、45.91%、63.57%、57.97%、45.01%和35.71%。“中低”等级肥力条件下短葶山麦冬最佳施肥处理中氮磷钾配比为1∶0.35∶1.57,该配方可最大程度提高短葶山麦冬产量和有效成分含量,获得“中低”等级肥力条件下的短葶山麦冬最佳氮磷钾施肥配比。

秋露地大白菜高产栽培关键技术

为了促进秋季露地大白菜优质高效生产,基于北京市“2023年秋露地大白菜高产擂台赛”活动中67个生产主体的生产情况,总结分析了选用丰产、稳产品种是高产的前提,适期播种、育苗移栽是高产的基础,种植密度、成品率和单株质量是产量构成的三要素,水肥管理是获取高产的保障,应用轻简技术是高效生产的关键等高产经验。同时,探讨提出以下几个关键技术点,以期为露地秋白菜生产提供参考,包括冬储型大白菜生产品种可以选择北京新3号、金黄美、2171、乌冬菜和绿油3号;直播生产方式适宜播种日期为8月5—12日,育苗生产方式宜8月下旬移栽定植;大株型品种适宜每667 m^(2)种植3000~3500株、小株型品种适宜每667 m^(2)种植7000株左右。

哈尔滨市玉米种植高产施肥技术要点分析

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