Effectiveness of Firewise Approach(FWA)in Controlling Forest Fire:A Case of Uluguru Nature Forest Reserve(UNFR),Morogoro,Tanzania

Forest fire has received considerable attention in literature because it is considered one of the most common factors causing disturbances in ecosystems and at the same time considered vital in maintaining ecosystems.Firewise Approach(FWA)has been proposed and used for controlling forest fire and achieving sustainable forest management.The approach requires involvement of communities in managing forest fire incidences in reserved forests.Despite considerable period since FWA has been practiced,there is insufficient scholarly knowledge on effectiveness of the approach in managing forest fire.This paper examines the effectiveness of FWA in managing forest fires in Uluguru Nature Forest Reserve(UNFR).The study employed cross-section research design that involved quantitative and qualitative data collection.The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science(SPSS)software and content analysis.The study found alternating periods:the period of overall decrease of wildfire incidences within initial five years of practising the approach.The study concludes that the FWA is useful in reducing forest fire incidences during early period of practising the approach and another period of huge fire occurrence beyond five years.However,the FWA has challenges of sustaining successes in controlling forest fires including limited fire management training to common community.The study recommends sustaining communities’trainings on forest fire management.

The Potential Effectiveness of Communicative Approach in Xinjiang

Teaching English as a foreign language has been carried out in our

Analysis of Reading Features and Strategies

In Chinese EFL context,reading course is considered as the most important way to acquire linguistic skills compared with other skills such as listening,speaking and writing.In university,the students whose majors are non-English need to take part in CET 4(College English Test Band 4)which is closely relevant to bachelor degree or a promising prospect if they are able to pass the test with a high score.Therefore,a large amount of time is devoted to reading by English learners,while what most of the teachers tend to do is focusing on drills of grammatical rules,sentence analyzing and word memorization,neglecting the part that the students actually have to apply in the real context.It should be noted that reading plays a vital role in the daily life,such as"to get information,to respond to curiosity about a topic,to follow instructions,to perform a task,for pleasure,amusement,and personal enjoyment;to keep in touch with friends and colleagues;to know what is happening in the world;and to find out when and where things are"Rivers&Temperley(1978:187).Additionally,readers can get enjoyment through reading,which can be embodied in various aspects such as reading stories,novels,or poems and so on.However,to some extent,reading has become a way to gain knowledge or pass examination for EFL learners.The common reading problems of the students in my context will be identified in this essay.Meanwhile,it is generally believed that most of the students have no motivation at all in terms of reading.How can reading be taught efficiently and effectively?Considering the features of the students in Chinese university context,what kind of approaches should be the most suitable?

Photo-production of lowest∑^(*)_(1/2) state within the Regge-effective Lagrangian approach

Because the lowest ∑^(*) state with quantum numbers spin-parity J^(P)=1/2-is far from being established experimentally and theoretically,we perform a theoreticalstudy on the ∑^(*)_(1/2)-photo-production within the Regge-effective Lagrangian approach.Considering that ∑^(*)_(1/2)-couples to the KN channel,westudy the contributions from the t-channel K^(*) exchange diagram.Moreover,the contributions from the t-channel K^(*) exchange,s-channel nucleon pole,u-channel 2 exchange,and contact term are considered.The differential and total cross sections of the processγn→K+∑^(*)_(1/2)-are predicted with our model parameters.The results should help in experimentaly searching for the ∑^(*)_(1/2)-state in the future.

Analysis of data for γp → f1(1285)p photoproduction

The photoproduction of the f1(1285)meson off the proton target is investigated within an effective Lagrangian approach.The t-channelρ-andω-exchange diagrams,u-channel nucleon-exchange diagram,generalized contact term,and s-channel pole diagrams of the nucleon and a minimal number of nucleon resonances are taken into account in constructing the reaction amplitudes to describe the experimental data.Three different models,that is,the Feynman,Regge,and interpolated Regge models,are employed,where the t-channel reaction amplitudes are constructed in Feynman,Regge,and interpolated Regge types,respectively.The results show that neither the Feynman model with two nucleon resonances nor the interpolated Regge model with one nucleon resonance can satisfactorily reproduce the available data forγp→f1(1285)p.Nevertheless,in the Regge model,when any one of the N(1990)7/2^(+),N(2000)5/2^(+),N(2040)3/2^(+),N(2060)5/2^(-),N(2100)1/2^(+),N(2120)3/2^(-),N(2190)7/2^(-),N(2300)1/2^(+),and N(2570)5/2^(-)resonances is considered,the data can be well described.The resulting resonance parameters are consistent with those advocated in the Particle Data Group(PDG)review.Further analysis shows that,in the high-energy region,the peaks of γp→f1(1285)p differential cross sections at forward angles are dominated by the contributions from t-channelρ-andω-exchange diagrams,while in low-energy region,the s-channel pole diagrams of resonances also provide significant contributions to theγp→f1(1285)p cross sections.

Photoproduction reactionγn→K^(*0)∧in an effective Lagrangian approach

In our previous work[Phys.Rev.C 101,014003(2020)],the photoproduction reactionγp→K^(*+)Λwas investigated within an effective Lagrangian approach.The reaction amplitudes were constructed by including the t-channel K,K^(*),and k exchanges,u-channelΛ,∑,and∑^(*)exchanges,s-channel N,N(2000)5/2^(+),and N(2060)5/2^(-)exchanges,and interaction current.The data on the differential cross sections and spin density matrix elements were described simultaneously.In this study,we investigate the photoproduction reactionγn→K^(*0)Λbased on the same reaction mechanism as that ofγp→K^(*+)Λto obtain a unified description of the data forγp→K^(*+)Λandγn→K^(*0)Λwithin the same model.All hadronic coupling constants,form factor cutoffs,and the resonance masses and widths in the present calculations remain the same as in our previous work forγp→K^(*+)Λ.The available differential cross-section data forγn→K^(*0)Λare well reproduced.Further analysis shows that the cross sections ofγn→K^(*0)Λare dominated by the contributions of the t-channel K exchange,while the s-channel N(2000)5/2+and N(2060)5/2-exchanges also provide considerable contributions.

Photoproductionγp→K^(+)Λ(1690)in an effective Lagrangian approach

A gauge-invariant model is constructed for theγp→K^(+)Λ(1690)reaction within a tree-level effective Lagrangian approach to understand the underlying production mechanisms and study the resonance contributions in this reaction.In addition to the t-channel K and K^(∗)exchanges,s-channel nucleon exchange,and interaction current,the s-channel nucleon resonance exchanges are included in constructing the reaction amplitudes to describe the data.It is found that the contributions from the s-channel N(2570)5/2^(−)exchange are required to describe the most recently measured total cross-section data forγp→K^(+)Λ(1690)from the CLAS Collaboration.Further analysis indicates that the interaction current dominates the γ p→K^(+)Λ(1690)reaction near the threshold as a result of gauge invariance.The t-channel K exchange contributes significantly,while the contributions from the t-channel K^(∗)exchange and s-channel nucleon exchange are ultimately negligible.The contributions from the s-channel N(2570)5/2^(−)exchange are found to be responsible for the bump structure shown in the CLAS total cross-section data above the center-of-mass energy W≈2.7 GeV.The predictions of the differential cross sections forγp→K^(+)Λ(1690)are presented and discussed,which can provide theoretical guidance for future experiments.

Microsurgical resection of craniopharyngioma of the third ventricle via an improved transventricular approach

Background Craniopharyngioma of the third ventricle is difficult to treat and its therapeutic regimens and operative approaches have been controversial. This study was undertaken to probe indications for microsurgical resection of craniopharyngioma of the third ventricle via an improved transventricular approach, its surgical procedures and therapeutic effects, and prevention of postoperative complications.Methods Fifty-one patients with craniopharyngioma of the third ventricle were treated from January 2000 to October 2004 by an improved transventricular approach for removing the tumor via the interventricular foramen,the intermedius of the septum pellucidum or choroid fissure. Symptoms and signs of the patients, and results of imaging, operation, and follow-up were analyzed. Results Of the 51 patients who had received the improved transventricular resection, 4 underwent a combined approach with an entrance of the pterion. Forty patients (78.43%) underwent total resection and others subtotal resection, without an operative death. Epileptic seizures were found in 3 patients (5.88%) and subdural effusion in the operative field in 4 (7.84%). All patients showed good general conditions after operation, and follow-up for an average of 27.52 months showed relapse of the tumour in 8 patients (15.69%).Conclusions Microsurgical resection of craniopharyngioma of the third ventricle by an improved transventricular approach has advantages of operative safety and efficacy, lower mortality and disability, and less complications.

Possible dibaryon production at Panda with a Lagrangian approach

In order to confirm the existence of the dibaryon state d^(*)(2380)observed at WASA@COSY,we estimate the cross section for production of the possible dibaryon and anti-dibaryon pair d^(*)d^(*)in the energy region of the upcoming experiments at Panda.Based on some qualitative properties of d^(*)extracted from the analyses in the non-relativistic quark model,the production cross section for this spin-3 particle pair are calculated with the help of a phenomenological effective relativistic and covariant Lagrangian approach.

Pion-induced K^* production with Σ^* baryon off proton target

In this work,the reactionπ-p→K^*Σ^*is investigated with an effective Lagrangian approach.The contributions from the Born terms,including the s,t,and u channel,are considered,and the Regge model and the Feynman model are applied to treat the t-channel contribution.The existing experimental data can be reproduced with the best-fittedχ^2 being 2.38 and 1.54 for the Feynman and Regge models,respectively.Moreover,it is found that the contribution from the t channel is dominant in the cross-section.The contribution of the u channel is mainly distributed at backward angles,and the contribution from the s channel is small and negligible.In the Feynman model,the contribution of the t-channel K exchange is much larger than the contribution of the K^*exchange,while in the Regge model the contribution of the t-channel K exchange is comparable to that of the K^*exchange.Prediction about the differential crosssection of theπ-p→K^*Σ^*reaction is also presented,which is helpful for clarifying the role of the Regge treatment.The current results suggest high-precision experimental measurements which can be performed at J-PARC and COMPASS.

Near-threshold η production in pp collisions

We study near-threshold η meson production in pp collisions within an effective Lagrangian approach combined with the isobar model, by allowing for the various intermediate nucleon resonances due to the π, η, and ρ-meson exchanges. It is shown that the ρ-meson exchange is the dominant excitation mechanism for these resonances,and the contribution from the N＊（1720） is dominant. The total cross section data can be reasonably reproduced,and the anisotropic angular distributions of the emitted η meson are consistent with experimental measurements.Besides, the invariant mass spectra of pp and pη explain the data well at excess energy of 15 Me V, and are basically consistent with the data at excess energy of 40 Me V. However, our model calculations cannot reasonably account for the two-peak structure in the pη distribution at excess energies of 57 and 72 Me V, which suggests that a more complicated mechanism is needed at higher energy region.

Photoproduction of hidden-charm states in the γp→D^(*0)Λ_c^+ reaction near threshold

We report on a theoretical study of the hidden charm N＊cc states in the γp→ D＊0∧＋c reaction near threshold within an effective Lagrangian approach. In addition to the contributions from the s-channel nucleon pole, the t-channel Do exchange, the u-channel A＋ exchange and the contact term, we study the contributions from the N＊cc states with spin-parity JP=1/2- and 3/2-. The total and differential cross sections of the γp→ D＊0∧＋c reaction are predicted. It is found that the contributions of these N＊cc states give clear peak structures in the total cross sections. Thus, this reaction is another new platform to study the hidden-charm states. It is expected that our model calculation may be tested by future experiments.

An estimate of dibaryon production in the process of pp→d^(∗)(2380)+pn at Panda facility

Although d∗(2380)was first observed by WASA@COSY,its existence has yet to be further confirmed in different types of processes at other facilities.In this work,the possible production of the single dibaryon state d^(∗)(2380)in the process of pp→d^(∗)(2380)pn in a future experiment at the Panda facility is estimated.Following the method used in our previous study(Chin.Phys.C 46,023105),a phenomenological Lagrangian approach is employed to study the single d^(∗)production.Based on the conclusions obtained by the non-relativistic constituent quark model,the cross section of the pp→d^(∗)(2380)pn reaction via the ΔΔ intermediate state is estimated,which is in the order of nb.It is shown that the dominant contribution comes from the diagram with the ΔΔ→pn subprocess.However,it is difficult to measure owing to the large background.Further,although the cross section of the diagram with the d^(∗)→pn subprocess is small,i.e.,only approximately 3%∼4% of the total cross section or even smaller,the corresponding number of events is still sufficiently large and can be measured at Panda because the outgoing p and n come from the same source d^(∗).

K~* production in the KN → Kπp reaction

We investigate the K^∗ production in the KN→Kπp reaction using the effective Lagrangian approach and the isobar model.To describe this reaction,we first take into account the contributions from the π,ρ and ω exchanges,as in previous studies.We find that although the experimental data can be generally described,there are some obvious discrepancies between the model and the experiments.To improve the model,we consider the contributions of the axial-vector meson and hyperon exchange.It is shown that a large contribution of the axial-vector meson exchange can significantly improve the results.This may indicate that the coupling of the axial-vector meson,e.g.a1(1260),is large in the KK^∗ channel.To verify our model,measurements of the angular distributions and spin density matrix elements of K^∗0 in the KLp→K^∗0p reaction would be helpful,and we make predictions for this reaction for a future comparison.

Radiative decay ofΞb(6227)in a hadronic molecule picture

The baryonΞb(6227)with the quantum number J^P=1/2−is considered as a molecular state composed of aΣb baryon and K¯meson.The partial decay widths of theΣbK¯molecular state intoΞbγandΞ′bγfinal states through hadronic loops are evaluated with the help of the effective Lagrangians.The partial widths for theΞb(6227)→γΞb andΞb(6227)→γΞ′b transitions are evaluated at 1.50–1.02 keV and 17.56–24.91 keV,respectively,which may be accessible for the LHCb.Based on our results,we argue that an experimental determination of the radiative decay width ofΞb(6227)is important for the understanding of its intrinsic properties.

Deuteron form factors in a phenomenological approach

The electromagnetic form factors of the deuteron, particularly its quadrupole form factor, are studied with the help of a phenomenological Lagrangian approach where the vertex of the deuteron proton-neutron with D-state contribution is explicitly taken into account. The results show the importance of this contribution to the deuteron quadrupole form factor in the approach.