Development Potentials and Benefit Analysis of Efficient Water-saving Irrigation in Lixin County

On the basis of analyzing water resources,crop planning structure,and irrigation mode in Lixin County,potentials and benefits of developing efficient water-saving irrigation in the county were explored to provide references for its future water-saving irrigation.

The water-saving potential of using micro-sprinkling irrigation for winter wheat production on the North China Plain

The shortage of groundwater resources is a considerable challenge for winter wheat production on the North China Plain.Water-saving technologies and procedures are thus urgently required.To determine the water-saving potential of using micro-sprinkling irrigation(MSI)for winter wheat production,field experiments were conducted from 2012 to 2015.Compared to traditional flooding irrigation(TFI),micro-sprinkling thrice with 90 mm water(MSI1)and micro-sprinkling four times with 120 mm water(MSI2)increased the water use efficiency by 22.5 and 16.2%,respectively,while reducing evapotranspiration by 17.6 and 10.8%.Regardless of the rainfall pattern,MSI(i.e.,MSI1 or MSI2)either stabilized or significantly increased the grain yield,while reducing irrigation water volumes by 20–40%,compared to TFI.Applying the same volumes of irrigation water,MSI(i.e.,MSI3,micro-sprinkling five times with 150 mm water)increased the grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat by 4.6 and 11.7%,respectively,compared to TFI.Because MSI could supply irrigation water more frequently in smaller amounts each time,it reduced soil layer compaction,and may have also resulted in a soil water deficit that promoted the spread of roots into the deep soil layer,which is beneficial to photosynthetic production in the critical period.In conclusion,MSI1 or MSI2 either stabilized or significantly increased grain yield while reducing irrigation water volumes by 20–40%compared to TFI,and should provide water-saving technological support in winter wheat production for smallholders on the North China Plain.

What determines irrigation efficiency when farmers face extreme weather events? A field survey of the major wheat producing regions in China

Water availability is a major constraint on grain production in China, therefore, improving irrigation efficiency is particularly important when agriculture faces extreme weather events. This paper first calculates irrigation efficiency with a translog stochastic frontier production function and then investigates what happens when extreme weather events occur via a Tobit model. The estimated results reveal several important features of irrigation practices: i) irrigation efficiency is lower when extreme weather events occur; ii) large variations in irrigation efficiency occur across irrigation facilities; iii) the farm plots exhibit an extreme distribution across efficiency levels; and iv) water-saving techniques, technology adoption, and the maintenance of farmers’ economic resilience are major determinants of irrigation efficiency. Based on these results we propose the following recommendations: i) farmers should balance crop yield and water use; undertake relevant training programs and adopt water-saving techniques; ii) local governments and researchers should help farmers to find the optimal level of irrigation water use based on their own circumstances and provide better water-saving techniques and training programs rather than simply encouraging farmers to invest in irrigation facilities in the most extreme weather years; and iii) the income level of farm households should be increased so as to improve their resilience to natural disasters.

Alternate Furrow Irrigation: A Practical Way to Improve Grape Quality and Water Use Efficiency in Arid Northwest China

Field experiments were conducted for two years to investigate the benefits of alternate furrow irrigation on fruit yield, quality and water use efficiency of grape （Vitis vinifera L. cv. Rizamat） in the arid region of Northwest China. Two irrigation treatments were included, i.e., conventional furrow irrigation （CFI, two root-zones were simultaneously irrigated during the consecutive irrigation） and alternate partial root-zone furrow irrigation （AFI, two root-zones were alternatively irrigated during the consecutive irrigation）. Results indicate that AFI maintained similar photosynthetic rate （Pn） but with a reduced transpiration rate when compared to CFI. As a consequence, AFI improved water use efficiency based on evapotranspiration （WUEEr, fruit yield over water consumed） and irrigation （WUE~, fruit yield over water irrigated） by 30.0 and 34.5%, respectively in 2005, and by 12.7 and 17.7%, respectively in 2006. AFI also increased the edible percentage of berry by 2.91-4.79% significantly in both years. Vitamin C （Vc） content content of berry was increased by 25.6-37.5%, and tritrated acidity （TA） was reduced by 9.5-18.1% in AFI. This resulted in an increased total soluble solid content （TSS） to TA ratio （TSS/TA） by 11.5-16.7% when compared to CFI in both years. Our results indicate that alternate furrow irrigation is a practical way to improve grape fruit quality and water use efficiency for irrigated crops in arid areas.

Optimizing water-saving irrigation schemes for rice(Oryza sativa L.)using DSSAT-CERES-Rice model

Rice is one of the major crops in China,and enhancing the rice yield and water use efficiency is critical to ensuring food security in China.Determining how to optimize a scientific and efficient irrigation and drainage scheme by combining existing technology is currently a hot topic.Crop growth models can be used to assess actual or proposed water management regimes intended to increase water use efficiency and mitigate water shortages.In this study,a CERES-Rice model was calibrated and validated using a two-year field experiment.Four irrigation and drainage treatments were designed for the experiment:alternate wetting and drying(AWD),controlled drainage(CD),controlled irrigation and drainage for a low water level(CID1),and controlled irrigation and drainage for a high water level(CID2).According to the indicators normalized root mean square error(NRMSE)and index of agreement(d),the calibrated CERES-Rice model accurately predicted grain yield(NRMSE=6.67%,d=0.77),,shoot biomass(NRMSE=3.37%,d=0.77),actual evapotranspiration(ETa)(NRMSE=3.83%,d=0.74),irrigation volume(NRMSE=15.56%,d=0.94),and leaf area index(NRMSE=9.69%,d=0.98)over 2 a.The calibrated model was subsequently used to evaluate rice production in response to the four treatments(AWD,CD,CID1,and CID2)under 60 meteorological scenarios which were divided into wet years(22 a),normal years(16 a),and dry years(22 a).Results showed that the yield of AWD was the largest among four treatments in different hydrological years.Relative to that of AWD,the yield of CD,CID1,and CID2 were respectively reduced by 5.7%,2.6%,8.7%in wet years,9.2%,2.3%,8.6% in normal years,and 9.2%,3.8%,3.9% in dry years.However,rainwater use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency were the greatest for CID2 in different hydrological years.The entropy-weighting TOPSIS model was used to optimize the four water-saving irrigation schemes in terms of water-saving,labor-saving and high-yield,based on the simulation results of the CERES-Rice model in the past 60 a.These results showed that CID1 and AWD were optimal in the wet years,CID1 and CID2 were optimal in the normal and dry years.These results may provide a strong scientific basis for the optimization of water-saving irrigation technology for rice.

不同灌溉方式和灌水量对土壤水盐及燕麦生长特征的影响

[目的]探究不同灌溉方式和灌水量对土壤水盐变化规律及燕麦生长特征的影响,为提高盐碱地作物的生产效能和土壤水分管理提供科学参考。[方法]采用盆栽试验,设置3种灌溉方式:常规灌溉、固定单侧灌溉(fixed unilateral root zone irrigation,FURI)、交替灌溉(alternative partial root zone irrigation,APRI),3组灌水量:W_1(60%θ_f~70%θ_f,θ_f为田间持水率),W_2(70%θ_f~80%θ_f)和W_3(80%θ_f~90%θ_f),以常规灌溉作为对照,共9组交互处理。[结果](1)不同灌溉方式下,土壤各层含水率变化趋势基本一致,随灌水量增加洗盐效果越显著,常规灌溉的深层含水率总体高于其他两种灌溉方式。(2)燕麦株高、叶绿素相对含量(relative chlorophyll content of leaves,SPAD)、品质随灌水量的增加而上升,与常规灌溉相比,W_2灌溉水平下,分根交替灌溉处理的粗脂肪,粗蛋白,β-葡聚糖含量分别增加7.02%,3.76%,6.06%,但降低了燕麦叶片的SPAD值,影响其光合能力。(3)随着燕麦生育期的推进,土壤盐分均呈现不同程度的累积,分根交替灌溉的积盐率最低,同时对燕麦根系生长、水分利用效率及产量影响显著,其中根系总长、根系总表面积、根系总体积较相同灌水量(W_2)的常规灌溉分别增加6.75%,6.92%,12.5%,水分利用效率提高17.32%。[结论]采用分根交替灌溉方式下的中等灌水量(W_2)有利于提高燕麦的生产效能,对盐分累积的控制效果较好。

分根区交替灌溉在农业生产中的应用研究进展

在全球水资源日益紧缺的背景下,如何提高农业用水利用效率,对于农业可持续发展具有重要意义。分根区交替灌溉作为一种具有较好前景的高效节水灌溉技术,被认为是未来最具发展潜力的灌溉技术之一。目前,各国科技工作者围绕分根区交替灌溉对作物生长、生理的影响方面开展了大量研究,并对其节水机制进行了解析,亟待总结梳理。本文回顾了分根区交替灌溉技术的发展历程,综述了分根区交替灌溉对作物生长发育、产量及品质的影响,归纳了该技术影响作物水分利用效率的生理机制,并对分根区交替灌溉在未来的研究方向进行了展望,以期为作物分根区交替灌溉节水灌溉机理研究和节水灌溉技术的革新提供参考。

Alternate partial root-zone irrigation with high irrigation frequency improves root growth and reduces unproductive water loss by apple trees in arid north-west China

Alternate partial root-zone irrigation(APRI)can improve water use efficiency in arid areas. However,the effectiveness and outcomes of different frequencies of APRI on water uptake capacity and physiological water use have not been reported. A two-year field experiment was conducted with two irrigation amounts(400 and500 mm) and three irrigation methods(conventional irrigation, APRI with high and low frequencies). Root length density, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate, leaf water use efficiency, midday stem and leaf water potentials were measured. The results show that in comparison with conventional irrigation, APRI with high frequency significantly increased root length density and decreased water potentials and stomatal conductance.No differences in the above indicators between the two APRI frequencies were detected. A significantly positive relationship between stomatal conductance and root length density was found under APRI. Overall, alternate partial root-zone irrigation with high frequency has a great potential to promote root growth, expand water uptake capacity and reduce unproductive water loss in the arid apple production area.

根系分区交替滴灌对棉花产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了探讨旱区农业节水新途径,在甘肃省石羊河流域下游荒漠绿洲区采用常规滴灌和分根区交替滴灌方式研究不同灌溉方式对大田棉花生长发育、产量、水分利用效率以及土壤水分分布的影响。结果表明,交替滴灌处理棉花叶片气孔开度减小,减少了奢侈的蒸腾损失,灌溉定额较小时根系分区交替滴灌对棉花的株高抑制作用较明显,灌水定额较大时限制作用不显著。根系分区交替滴灌技术在大田条件下可使籽棉产量比常规滴灌处理提高21.1%,总水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率分别提高17.9%和20.9%。同等产量水平下与常规滴灌相比,交替滴灌可节省30.8%的灌水量。本研究表明根系分区交替滴灌是一种切实可行的节水灌溉技术,可在干旱缺水的棉花生产地区进一步研究和推广应用。

干旱荒漠绿洲区葡萄根系分区交替灌溉试验研究

为了探讨西北旱区葡萄节水优质高效灌溉模式,于2004～2006年在甘肃河西走廊石羊河流域干旱荒漠绿洲区进行了田间试验,研究了根系分区交替滴灌、固定部分根区滴灌和常规滴灌三种灌溉模式对鲜食葡萄产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响。研究结果表明,根系分区交替灌溉灌水量较常规滴灌减少1/2,其产量未有显著下降,而且显著提高了浆果V c含量,使果酸含量降低,可溶性固形物含量显著提高,成熟度明显改善。根系分区交替灌溉的水分利用效率较常规滴灌提高了37.36%。采用根系分区交替灌溉可以达到大量节水、提高葡萄品质和成熟度而不明显降低产量的目的,可以作为西北旱区果园有效的节水优质高效灌溉模式。

根系分区交替灌溉对温室甜椒不同灌水下限的响应

依据2006、2007年两年小区试验,对根系分区交替灌溉条件下温室甜椒生长、产量及水分利用效率对不同灌水下限的响应进行了研究。结果表明:占田间持水量60%的灌水下限(T3)处理甜椒叶片光合速率最大,有效地阻止无效蒸腾失水,水分利用效率最高,占田间持水量70%的灌水下限(T4)处理产量达到最高。对甜椒产量、水分利用效率与灌水下限之间的关系进行回归分析,得出30cm内当灌水下限为田间持水量的70%左右时,甜椒鲜质量小区产量可达最大值;当灌水下限为田间持水量的65%时,甜椒水分利用效率有最大值。综合考虑节水、增产和提高水分利用效率等多种因素,根系分区交替灌溉条件下温室甜椒灌水下限应控制在65%田间持水量左右为宜。

滴灌条件下不同根区交替湿润对葡萄生长和水分利用的影响

在干旱缺水的甘肃河西荒漠绿洲区研究了滴灌条件下不同根区湿润方式对葡萄生长和水分利用的影响,结果表明,对传统的滴灌方式适当改进可以实现根系分区交替灌溉;当灌水量减半时,尽管葡萄的生长状况受到了抑制,但交替滴灌处理葡萄生长状况优于固定一侧滴灌,控制供水条件下葡萄叶片气孔导度下降,光合作用降低不明显,而蒸腾速率大大降低,水分利用效率明显提高,在控制局部根区交替供水条件下,葡萄累积茎液流量比常规双侧滴灌处理下降了25%。表明在葡萄上应用根系分区交替滴灌可以达到调控营养生长与生殖生长,减少生长冗余,大量节水而提高水分利用效率的目的。

苹果分根交替灌溉不同水量对树体生长和水分利用效率的影响

以3 a生分根盆栽嘎拉苹果为试材,研究了不同根域交替灌溉不同水量对树体生长和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,灌水量调控了苹果新梢二次生长的发生、生长时间和速率,每一根域每次灌水量为500 mL时,仅4/4根域灌水处理的新梢出现二次生长;灌水量为750 mL时,2/4、3/4和4/4根域灌水处理的新梢均出现二次生长;灌水量为1 000 mL时,1/4、2/4、3/4和4/4处理的新梢均有二次生长,其二次生长随着灌水根域的增多而时间提早,生长速率加快。每一根域灌水量相同时,植株主干、枝条、叶片、根系和总生物量随灌水根域增多而提高,750 mL与1 000mL根域灌水处理差异不显著。植株的水分利用效率随灌水根域的增多而降低。从确保树体正常生长和提高树体水分利用效率综合分析,2/4根域每次灌水750 mL为最佳灌溉方案。

不同局部根区供水对棉花生长与水分利用过程的调控效应

【目的】为了阐明根系分区交替灌溉对主根系作物生长和水分利用的调控机制。【方法】以温室盆栽棉花为试验材料,研究了全部根区均匀灌溉(BRI)、根系分区交替灌溉(APRI)、固定部分根区灌溉(FPRI)3种灌水模式对棉花生长发育和水分利用过程的影响。【结果】结果表明,根系分区交替灌溉可诱发棉花叶片的水分保护机制,在不明显降低光合速率的条件下降低植株叶片的奢侈蒸腾耗水,提高水分利用效率;根系分区交替灌溉可增强棉花的渗透调节能力,使叶片保持较高的膨压。【结论】根系分区交替灌溉能够调整作物营养生长与生殖生长的关系,有效控制作物生长冗余,调节光合产物在根冠间的比例和分配,棉花应用根系分区交替灌溉技术可优化根冠比,刺激根系生长和吸收功能的补偿效应。

不同膜下滴灌方式对设施黄瓜生理特性及水分利用效率的影响

为了探明黄瓜膜下分根交替滴灌的节水效果,为设施黄瓜节水灌溉提供理论依据和技术参数,以‘津优3号’黄瓜为试材,采用随机区组设计,以土壤田间持水量的65%为灌水下限,田间持水量的90%为灌水上限,研究了分根交替滴灌(APDI)、固定1/2根区滴灌(FPDI)和传统滴灌(CDI)3种灌溉模式对黄瓜生长、生理特性、产量与品质及水分利用效率的影响,结果表明:(1)随灌溉处理时间的延长,3种灌溉模式的单株叶面积和株高的差异越来越显著,而茎粗和叶片数差异不显著;(2)与传统滴灌相比,分根交替滴灌模式下黄瓜叶片净光合速率略有下降而蒸腾速率显著降低,水分利用效率显著提高;(3)分根交替滴灌处理下黄瓜可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量与传统滴灌相比差异不显著,Vc含量却显著增加;(4)分根交替滴灌模式下黄瓜产量比传统滴灌下降1.5%,而灌水量减少17%,水分利用效率提高18.6%,节水效果显著。综上所述,分根交替滴灌可以在保证设施黄瓜产量没有显著下降的前提下,改善品质和显著提高水分利用效率,可作为设施节水提质增效的一种灌溉模式,推广应用前景广阔。

分根交替滴灌对管栽黄瓜光合作用及水分利用效率的影响

【目的】探讨分根交替滴灌对管栽黄瓜光合作用及水分利用效率的影响机理。【方法】以‘津优3号’黄瓜为试材,设分根交替滴灌(alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation,APDI)、固定1/2根区滴灌(fixed partial root-zone drip irrigation,FPDI)和传统滴灌(conventional drip irrigation,CDI)3个处理,随机区组排列,研究了不同滴灌方式对黄瓜生长、光合作用及水分利用效率的影响。【结果】分根交替滴灌(APDI)作物根区的干湿交替能够刺激根系的补偿生长,提高植物的根系活力。固定1/2根区滴灌(FPDI)黄瓜叶片相对含水量、水势和渗透势都显著低于传统滴灌(CDI),而细胞汁液浓度显著高于其他两个处理,说明FPDI在一定程度上影响了黄瓜对水分的正常吸收和转运,抑制其正常生长。与CDI相比,APDI显著降低了黄瓜叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率,却显著提高了水分利用效率。APDI处理的PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量(Fv'/Fm')与CDI相比差异不显著,但较FPDI显著升高。FPDI处理的非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)显著高于其他两个处理,说明固定一侧根系的干旱胁迫导致PSⅡ吸收的光能用于光化学反应的份额显著减少,从而使得光反应的能力和效率降低,过剩光能的热耗散显著增加。另外,APDI和FPDI虽然都不同程度地减少了耗水量和渗漏量,但FPDI黄瓜生长和光合作用均受到严重抑制,因此不适用于设施黄瓜的节水灌溉,而APDI处理在节水的同时能保证黄瓜正常生长及适宜的光合作用。【结论】分根交替滴灌(APDI)可作为设施节水高效灌溉的一种灌溉模式,具有广阔的应用前景。

根系分区交替灌溉不同交替周期对苹果树生长、产量及品质的影响

以1112年生苹果树为研究对象,于2006—2007年在烟台市农业科学研究院果树研究所试验果园进行了根系分区交替灌溉(APRI)试验,研究了APRI灌溉模式下不同交替灌溉周期对苹果树生长、产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,APRI处理的苹果树湿润一侧土壤含水量随深度增加而减少,并出现明显拐点,交替周期愈短拐点愈接近地表,干旱一侧则随深度增加而增大,二者含水量最大差值出现在土壤表层010cm。每2周交替灌溉1次的APRI1处理的叶水势、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度稍有降低,但与对照均没有明显差异,而每4周交替灌溉1次的APRI2和APRI3处理的上述指标则显著低于对照(P<0.05)。APRI处理显著抑制植株的新梢生长,但对果实直径没有显著影响。APRI1和APRI2处理的苹果产量比对照和APRI3下降了11.1%14.8%,但供水量减少了50%,水分利用效率提高了71%80%,而且显著提高了可溶性固形物含量和果实干物质含量,使果实含酸量降低,果实硬度增加,果实品质明显改善。由此可以推断采用根系分区交替灌溉并进行适宜的交替周期处理(如试验中的APRI1)可以达到大量节水、提高苹果品质而不明显降低产量的目的,是苹果生产中一种切实可行的灌溉方式,值得旱地苹果园大力推广。

根区局部灌溉水肥一体化对糯玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了寻找适宜的水肥供应模式,通过盆栽试验,研究了根区局部灌溉水肥一体化对糯玉米干物质积累、产量和水分利用的影响。试验灌水方式设常规灌溉(CI),分根区交替灌溉(APRI)和固定部分根区灌溉(FPRI),施肥设100%常规施肥(F1)、100%水肥一体化施肥(F2)和80%水肥一体化施肥(F3)。结果表明,与CI处理相比,APRI处理玉米总干质量减少,耗水量显著降低,因而以干物质为基础的水分利用效率多数提高。CI和APRI处理时,与F1相比,全生育期水肥一体化玉米总干质量增加,干籽粒产量增加,因而WUEs和单位肥料水分利用效率(WUEu)提高。因此在本试验条件下,分根区交替灌溉和80%水肥一体化施肥组合是一个比较适宜的水肥供应模式。

分根区交替灌溉对玉米水分利用和土壤微生物量碳的影响

分根区交替灌溉由于创造了一个土壤水分分布不均匀的环境,从而影响土壤中微生物活性,作物水分和养分利用。为探明这种影响,该文通过盆栽试验,研究了在2种灌水水平(正常灌水W1,70%～80%田间持水率;轻度缺水W2,60%～70%田间持水率)和2种有机无机氮比例(100%无机氮,70%无机氮+30%有机氮)条件下,常规灌溉和不同生育期分根区交替灌溉(分别在苗期～灌浆初期、苗期～拔节期以及拔节期～抽雄期进行分根区交替灌溉(AI),即AI1、AI2和AI3)对玉米干物质积累、水分利用以及拔节期、抽雄期和灌浆初期土壤微生物量碳(MBC),可溶性碳(DOC)含量以及基础呼吸和诱导呼吸CO2释放量等的影响。结果表明,与常规灌溉相比,轻度缺水时,拔节期～抽雄期分根区交替灌溉总干物质质量增加23.2%～27.4%,水分利用效率提高23.3%～26.7%;相同施肥和灌水水平条件下,抽雄期时拔节期～抽雄期分根区交替灌溉土壤MBC增加,但是土壤诱导呼吸CO2释放量降低。与单施无机氮相比,有机、无机氮配施增加玉米干物质质量,在某些水分条件下(W1CI、W1AI1和W1AI2)还提高灌浆初期基础呼吸和诱导呼吸CO2释放量。因此,轻度缺水时拔节期～抽雄期进行分根区交替灌溉可以提高玉米总干物质质量、水分利用效率和微生物量碳。

不同地面灌溉方式对制种玉米产量与水分利用效率的影响

为优选西北旱区制种玉米适宜的地面灌溉技术模式，对常规沟灌（CFI）、隔沟交替灌（AFI）和小畦灌（BI）制种玉米的生长指标、产量及水分利用效率进行了研究。结果表明。制种玉米生长期内，其株高的变化基本不受灌水量和灌水方式的影响；制种玉米干物质量变化速率最快的时期为灌浆-成熟期，且AFI可减少干物质累积量，从而减少植株生长过程中的冗余生长；AFI灌水量比CFI减小30．77％时，产量变化幅度为-1．38％～8．96％，其水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率最大值分别为3．59kg／m＾3和5．76kg／m＾3，较CFI处理最高值提高6．96％和6．42％。CFI和AFl产量比B1分别提高9．68％～17．1％左右。隔沟交替灌溉是制种玉米田适宜的灌溉模式。