Influence of efflux pump inhibitors on the multidrug resistance of Helicobacter pylori

AIM:To evaluate the effect of efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) on multidrug resistance of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).METHODS: H. pylori strains were isolated and cultured on Brucella agar plates with 10% sheep's blood. The multidrug resistant (MDR) H. pylori were obtained with the inducer chloramphenicol by repeated doubling of the concentration until no colony was seen, then the susceptibilities of the MDR strains and their parents to 9 antibiotics were assessed with agar dilution tests. The present study included periods before and after the advent of the EPIs, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), reserpine and pantoprazole), and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined accordingly. In the same way, the effects of 5 proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), used in treatment of H. pylori infection, on MICs of antibiotics were evaluated.RESULTS: Four strains of MDR H. pylori were induced successfully, and the antibiotic susceptibilities of MDR strains were partly restored by CCCP and pantoprazole, but there was little effect of reserpine. Rabeprazole was the most effective of the 5 PPIs which could decrease the MICs of antibiotics for MDR H. pylori significantly.CONCLUSION: In vitro, some EPIs can strengthen the activities of different antibiotics which are the putative substrates of the efflux pump system in H. pylori.

Plant-derived secondary metabolites as the main source of efflux pump inhibitors and methods for identification

The upsurge of multiple drug resistance(MDR)bacteria substantially diminishes the effectiveness of antibiotic arsenal and therefore intensifies the rate of therapeutic failure.The major factor in MDR is efflux pump-mediated resistance.A unique pump can make bacteria withstand a wide range of structurally diverse compounds.Therefore,their inhibition is a promising route to eliminate resistance phenomenon in bacteria.Phytochemicals are excellent alternatives as resistance-modifying agents.They can directly kill bacteria or interact with the crucial events of pathogenicity,thereby decreasing the ability of bacteria to develop resistance.Numerous botanicals display noteworthy efflux pumps inhibitory activities.Edible plants are of growing interest.Likewise,some plant families would be excellent sources of efflux pump inhibitors(EPIs)including Apocynaceae,Berberidaceae,Convolvulaceae,Cucurbitaceae,Fabaceae,Lamiaceae,and Zingiberaceae.Easily applicable methods for screening plant-derived EPIs include checkerboard synergy test,berberine uptake assay and ethidium bromide test.In silico highthroughput virtual detection can be evaluated as a criterion of excluding compounds with efflux substrate-like characteristics,thereby improving the selection process and extending the identification of EPIs.To ascertain the efflux activity inhibition,real-time PCR and quantitative mass spectrometry can be applied.This review emphasizes on efflux pumps and their roles in transmitting bacterial resistance and an update plant-derived EPIs and strategies for identification.

Role of MexA-MexB-OprM Efflux Pump System in Chronic Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Pulmonary Infection in Mice

In order to investigate the role of the MexA-MexB-OprM efflux pump system in the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa(PA)-induced pulmonary infection,pulmonary infection models were established by intratracheal injection of K767(wild type),nalB(MexA-MexB-OprM up-regulated mutant),and △m exB(knockout) strains,separately.All mice were treated with Meropenem(intraperitoneal injection,100 mg/kg body weight,twice every day),and strain-related pathology,bacteria count,cytokine level,myeloperoxidase(MPO,indicator of neutrophil recruitment) activity,and macrophage inflammatory protein-2(MIP-2) expression were evaluated at early(3rd day post-infection) and late(7th and 14th day post-infection) stages of infection.E-test showed that △mexB was more significantly sensitive to panipenan(ETP),meropenem(MP) and imipenem(IP) than K767 and nalB strains.There was no significant difference in sensitivity to cefepime(TM) among the three stains.In contrast to the K767 and nalB groups,the △ mexB group showed decreased bacteria burden over time and less extensive pathological change.Additionally,MPO activity and levels of inflammatory cytokines(IL-1b,IL-12,and TNF-α) were increased at the early stage(day 3) and decreased at the later stage(day 14).Serum MIP-2 expression level was steadily increased in all three groups from early to late stages,but significantly higher in △m exB group than in K767 and nalB groups(P<0.05).In conclusion,the MexA-MexB-OprM efflux pump system might play an important role in PA-induced chronic pulmonary infection.High expression of the MexA-MexB-OprM efflux pump could increase antibacterial resistance and promote infection.

Antibacterial activity and inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus NorA efflux pump by ferulic acid and its esterified derivatives

Objective:To evaluate the inhibitory activity of ferulic acid and four of its esterified derivatives(methyl,ethyl,propyl,and butyl)against resistance mechanisms in Staphylococcus aureus strains.Methods:Ferulic acid derivatives were obtained by esterification with methanol,ethanol,propanol,and butanol,and then characterized by hydrogen and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis.The minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC)of ferulic acid and its esterified derivatives,ethidium bromide,and norfloxacin were obtained using the microdilution test,while the efflux pump inhibition test was conducted by examining reduction in the MICs of norfloxacin and ethidium bromide.Molecular docking was also carried out using the Schrodinger Suite 2015 molecular modeling software.A three-dimensional model of NorA efflux pump was generated using I-TASSER.The best scoring model was used as a receptor for ligand-receptor docking.Results:The methyl and butyl ester derivatives did not demonstrate significant antimicrobial activity.However,a significant synergic effect was evidenced when norfloxacin was combined with the ethyl and propyl esterified derivatives.The docking study demonstrated favorable energy of interaction between ferulate derivatives and NorA,and amino acid residues TYR57,TYR58,and LEU255 were present commonly in stabilizing all complexes.The PCA analysis corroborated the docking hypothesis that the lipophilic character and hydrogen bond interactions were the most relevant characteristics involved with NorA inhibitors.The pharmacokinetic parameters of ferulic acid derivatives showed good ADMET properties,demonstrating that they can be easily absorbed and have no effect or inhibit the cytochrome P450 enzyme complex,revealing their potential as drug candidates.Conclusions:This study provides strong evidence that the molecular basis for this activity is potentially due to the NorA efflux pump.

Detection of oqxA and oqxB efflux pump genes among nosocomial coliform bacilli:An observational cross-sectional study

Objectives:To identify and test the antibiotic susceptibility of nosocomial coliform bacilli and investigate the presence of oqxA and oqxB genes among the multidrug-resistant(MDR)phenotypes.Methods:One hundred and twenty different healthcare-associated infection samples were collected.Coliform bacilli were isolated,identified by conventional methods,and then antibiotic susceptibility tests were done using the VITEK2 system and disk diffusion methods.OqxAB operon was identified using a conventional PCR-based technique.oqxA and oqxB genes were compared between MDR Klebsiella pneumonia(K.pneumonia)phenotypes and MDR Escherichia coli(E.coli)phenotypes.Besides,oqxAB operons were compared between phenotypes of K.pneumonia and E.coli isolates.Results:Seventy coliform bacilli were isolated with the predominance of K.pneumonia and E.coli.Besides,82.1%of K.pneumonia strains and 53.3%of E.coli isolates were MDR phenotypes.Significant more oqxB genes alone were found in MDR E.coli than that in MDR K.pneumoniae phenotypes(χ^(2)=10.160,P=0.003).OqxAB operon was significantly more in MDR phenotypes of E.coli than that in the susceptible phenotypes(P<0.001).There was significantly less of this operon in susceptible E.coli isolates than that in susceptible K.pneumoniae isolates(P<0.001).OqxAB positive isolates that were also resistant to fluoroquinolones,tetracycline,trimethoprim,and chloramphenicol,most probably suggested functional pumps.Conclusions:MDR coliform bacilli are strongly implicated in healthcare-associated infection.Attention should be paid to the presence of oqxAB pump,as an important mechanism in the development of resistance against many antimicrobials because it contributes to co-resistance with other categories;therefore,this pump could be a good target for efflux pump inhibitors.

AcrAB Efflux Pump in Fluoroquinolone Resistant Salmonella gallinarum Induced by Ciprofloxacin Selective Pressure

Salmonella gallinarum has shown multiple drug resistance(MDR),especially high level fluoroquinolone(FQ)resistance in recent years.To determine whether the active efflux system was responsible for high-level FQ resistance,this research studied AcrAB efflux pump in Salmonella gallinarum on molecular level.The resistant strains were induced by standard strain C79-13 with ciprofloxacin in vitro.With carbonylcyanide-p-chlorophenyl hydrazone(CCCP)as an energy inhibitor,efflux inhibition test initially showed the potential impact of efflux pump on drug resistance.Sequence analysis of acrA gene indicated that gene mutation of AcrAB efflux pump was not definitely associated with MDR and drug resistance level of Salmonella gallinarum.Detected by competitive RT-PCR,the mRNA expression of acrA and acrB genes in the resistant strains significantly increased(p<0.01)compared with that of the control strain C79-13.The mRNA expression level of acrB gene(increased from 1.6-to 2.9-folds)was consistent with that of acrA gene(increased from 1.6-to 2.8-folds),which increased with the drug resistance level.However,gene mutation of acrA gene showed no correlation with its mRNA expression level,indicating that gene mutation did not affect the expression of AcrAB pump itself.The results suggested that the overexpression rather than the gene mutation of AcrAB efflux pump was an important factor causing the high level drug resistance of Salmonella gallinarum.

Efflux pump gene hefA of Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in multidrug resistance

AIM: To determine whether efflux systems contribute to multidrug resistance of H pylori. METHODS: A chloramphenicol-induced multidrug resistance model of six susceptible H pylori strains (5 isolates and H pylori NCTC11637) was developed. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains were selected and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of eryth-romycin, metronidazole, penicillin G, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin in multidrug resistant strains and their parent strains was determined by agar dilution tests. The level of mRNA expression of hefA was assessed by fluorescence real-time quantitative PCR. A H pylori LZ1026 knockout mutant (ΔH pylori LZ1026) for (puta-tive) efflux protein was constructed by inserting the kanamycin resistance cassette from pEGFP-N2 into hefA, and its susceptibility profiles to 10 antibiotics were evaluated. RESULTS: The MIC of six multidrug-resistant strains (including 5 clinical isolates and H pylori NCTC11637) increased signifi cantly (≥ 4-fold) compared with their parent strains. The expression level of hefA gene was significantly higher in the MDR strains than in their parent strains (P = 0.033). A H pylori LZ1026 mutant was successfully constructed and the ΔH pylori LZ1026 was more susceptible to four of the 10 antibiotics. All the 20 strains displayed transcripts for hefA that con-fi rmed the in vitro expression of these genes.CONCLUSION: The efflux pump gene hefA plays an important role in multidrug resistance of H pylori.

Mechanisms Efflux Pumps of <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>(MDR): Increasing Resistance to Antibiotics

Acinetobacter baumannii has greatly increased its degree of resistance to become multidrug resistant (MDR) over the past 30 years and is on the red line of the most widely replicated bacteria according to World Health Organization (WHO). The efflux pumps are the main cause for the increasing antibiotic resistance of A. baumannii originated from nosocomial infection. The progressive resistance of A. baumannii even on the recent drugs (tigecycline and fosfomycin) reduces to very effective antibiotic scale. With attention focused on MDR and pan-drug-resistant (PDR) in A. baumannii multiple works on efflux pumps chemical inhibitor (NMP, PAβN, omeprazole, verapamil, reserpine, CCCP) are still in progress. Certain inhibitors from plants (Biricodar and timcodar, Falvone, Mahonia, Dalea versicolor, Lycopus europaeus, and Rosmarinus officinalis) have the capability to have such compounds according to their very significant synergistic effect with antibiotics. In this review we focused on the growth of antibiotic resistance to explain the mechanism of efflux pumps into these different super families and a comprehensive understanding of the extrusion, regulation and physiology role of drug efflux pumps in the essential development of anti-resistivity drugs. We recapitulated the evolution of the work carried out in these fields during the last years and in the course of elaboration, with the aim of increasing the chances of decreasing bacterial resistivity to antibiotics.

Drug interactions of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors involving CYP enzymes and P-gp efflux pump

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4(DPP4) inhibitors are oral antidiabetic drugs approved to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus. Saxagliptin is a substrate of CYP3A4/5 enzymes while other DPP4 inhibitors such as sitagliptin, linagliptin, gemigliptin and teneligliptin are weak substrates of CYP3A4. DPP4 inhibitors have also been identified as substrates of P-gp. Hence, the drugs inhibiting or inducing CYP3A4/5 enzymes and/or P-gp can alter the pharmacokinetics of DPP4 inhibitors. This review is aimed to identify the drugs interacting with DPP4 inhibitors. The plasma concentrations of saxagliptin have been reported to be increased significantly by the concomitant administration of ketoconazole or diltiazem while no significant interactions between various DPP4 inhibitors and drugs like warfarin, digoxin or cyclosporine have been identified.

Mutational and Phylogenetic Analysis of <i>nfxB</i>Gene in Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Isolates of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>Hyperexpressing MexCD-OprJ Efflux Pump

The present study focused on MexCD-OprJ efflux pump and its regulatory gene nfxB in multidrug resistant (MDR) clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa collected from Kerala, South India. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR technique was employed to detect hyperexpression of the efflux pump gene, mexD. Amplicons from nfxB gene of isolates hyperexpressing the efflux pump were sequenced for mutational and phylogenetic analysis. Among 29 isolates of MDR P. aeruginosa, increased mexD transcription was detected in 10.3% of the isolates when compared with P. aeruginosa reference strain, PAO (MTCC-3541). Various synonymous and non-synonymous mutations in nfxB regulatory gene sequences were detected. Notably, mutations detected in the strains designate Pa6 and Pa7 have been found to be novel and are hitherto unreported in GenBank data base. The genetic divergence and homogeneity of the nfxB regulatory gene sequences of mexCD-oprJ operon were clearly apparent in the phylogram generated employing similar sequences retrieved from the public database.

Detection of the Mex Efflux Pumps in <i>Pseudomonas</i><i>aeruginosa</i>by Using a Combined Resistance-Phenotypic Markers and Multiplex RT-PCR

The aim of this study was to detect the expression of 4 clinically-important efflux pumps in the Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division (RND) family including MexAB-OprM, MexXY, MexCD-OprJ and MexEF-OprN in Pseudomonas aeruginosa using a combination of resistance-phenotypic markers and multiplex RT-PCR (mRT-PCR). The antibiotic substrates specific for each Mex systems were used as phenotypic markers including carbenicillin, MexAB-OprM, erythromycin, MexCD-OprJ, norfloxacin and imipenem, MexEF-OprN and gentamicin, MexXY-OprM. The methods were validated with reference strains with known genotypes of the Mex systems and the potential applicability in clinical practice was tested with clinical isolates. The results for the reference strains support that the combination of resistance phenotype and mRT-PCR is a potential-attractive method for diagnosis of efflux-mediated resistance in P. aeruginosa. Further development to make it more practical for clinical use and study in a larger number of clinical isolates is required.

Influence of induced ciprofloxacin resistance on efflux pump activity of Klebsiella pneumoniae

Objective:The efflux pump(EP) is one of the major mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae.However,there are few reports on the effect of the abuse of antibiotic use on the activity of EPs.To determine whether the use of low efficacy antibiotics has any effect on the activity of EPs and induces drug resistance in K.pneumoniae,we investigated the effect of ciprofloxacin on the activity of EPs in K.pneumoniae strains.Methods:Sixteen susceptible K.pneumoniae strains were isolated from patients and their minimum inhibitory concentrations(MICs) of ciprofloxacin were measured in the absence and presence of the pump inhibitor carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone(CCCP).The strains were then induced with a gradient of ciprofloxacin until the MICs of the strains showed no further increase,to obtain induced resistant strains.The EP activities of the strains before and after induction were compared using EP inhibition and ethidium bromide(EtBr) accumulation assays.Results:The MIC values of the strains were 16 256 times higher after induction than before induction.In the presence of CCCP,the MIC values of 50% of the induced strains were 2 4-fold lower than that in the absence of this inhibitor.The EtBr accumulation assay showed that the fluorescence of EtBr in the induced cells was lower than that in the cells before induction.Conclusions:EPs are widespread in susceptible and drug-resistant K.pneumoniae strains.Induction with ciprofloxacin may increase the activity of EPs in K.pneumoniae.The EtBr accumulation assay is more sensitive than the EP inhibition assay in evaluating the activity of EPs in K.pneumoniae.

Low nutrient levels as drinking water conditions can reduce the fitness cost of efflux pump-mediated ciprofloxacin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The long-term persistence of antibiotic resistance in the environment, especially in drinking water, is a public health concern. Expression of an efflux pump, an important mechanism of resistance to antibiotics, usually confers a fitness cost in bacteria. In this study, we aimed to determine why antibiotic resistance conferred by overexpression of an efflux pump persisted in low-nutrient environments(TOC < 10 mg/L) such as drinking and source water in which antibiotic selective pressure might be very low or even absent.Competition experiments between wild-type Pseudomonas aeruginosa and ciprofloxacinresistant mutants revealed that the fitness cost of ciprofloxacin resistance significantly decreased(p < 0.05) under low-nutrient(0.5 mg/L total organic carbon(TOC)) relative to high-nutrient(500 mg/L TOC) conditions. Mechanisms underlying this fitness cost were analyzed. The mexD gene expression in resistant bacteria(cip3 strain) was significantly lower(p < 0.05) in low-nutrient conditions, with 10 mg/L TOC((8.01 ± 0.82)-fold), than in high-nutrient conditions, with 500 mg/L TOC((48.89 ± 4.16)-fold). Moreover, rpoS gene expression in resistant bacteria((1.36 ± 0.13)-fold) was significantly lower(p < 0.05) than that in the wild-type strain((2.78 ± 0.29)-fold) under low-nutrient conditions(10 mg/L TOC),suggesting a growth advantage. Furthermore, the difference in metabolic activity between the two competing strains was significantly smaller(p < 0.05) in low-nutrient conditions(5 and 0.5 mg/L TOC). These results suggest that nutrient levels are a key factor in determining the persistence of antibiotic resistance conferred by efflux pumps in the natural environment with trace amounts or no antibiotics.

阿米卡星诱导对大肠埃希氏菌耐药性及生物被膜和外排泵活性的影响

为研究亚抑菌浓度阿米卡星诱导对大肠埃希氏菌敏感菌株耐药性、生物被膜形成能力及外排泵活性的影响,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定阿米卡星对6株菌株的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并以0.5 MIC作为初始诱导浓度进行诱导,每隔5 d重新测定阿米卡星MIC,并调整诱导浓度,共计30 d,最后将诱导第30天菌株进行无药物压力稳定培养5 d,保存各诱导菌株及无药传代菌株共计210株,测定各诱导菌株药物敏感性、生物被膜形成能力及部分菌株外排泵活性变化。结果发现,随着诱导天数的增加,阿米卡星对6株分离菌株MIC逐渐升高,诱导菌株耐药性不断增强,其对诱导第30天菌株的MIC值为诱导前的8~32倍;经过5 d无药培养后,MIC测定结果与第30天基本保持一致;诱导后的菌株中,强成膜能力菌株占总数的5%,中成膜能力菌株为56.7%;以每5 d的生物被膜形成量平均值与原菌相比,结果发现,所有诱导菌株生物被膜形成量均显著增加(P<0.01),表明亚抑菌浓度阿米卡星诱导可促进大肠埃希氏菌生物被膜的形成;无药稳定培养5 d的菌株与诱导第30天菌株相比,生物被膜形成能力基本保持不变。荧光探针测定外排泵结果显示,诱导菌株外排泵活性显著受到抑制。以上研究结果表明,阿米卡星诱导促进菌株生物被膜的形成,抑制外排泵活性,使菌株的耐药性增强,研究结果可为氨基糖苷类药物用药提供理论依据。

临床分离株鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性与AdeABC及AdeIJK外排泵基因表达相关性研究

目的 分析鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii, A.baumannii)感染病人分离的A.baumannii外排泵相关基因的携带情况,探讨其与抗生素的耐药之间的关联,为医院感染防控及临床合理用药提供实验依据。方法 选择2022年1月—2023年9月本院收治的感染A.baumannii的住院患者作为研究对象,共分离A.baumannii菌株55株,采用real-time PCR技术对A.baumannii外排泵adeA、adeB、adeC、adeI、adeJ、adeK等基因表达水平进行检测;MIC法和K-B法检测各菌株的抗生素敏感性。按美国CLSI2023年版要求对各菌株进行抗生素敏感性判断。结果 与敏感组A.baumannii比较,不敏感组A.baumannii的adeA、adeB、adeC、adeJ基因表达较高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);相对于敏感组,不敏感组adeB表达水平表达上调约3~30倍,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),adeJ表达水平表达上调约11~876倍,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 adeB和adeJ在本机构临床株鲍曼不动杆菌抗生素耐药中发挥一定的作用,但多种耐药机制可能参与调节鲍曼不动杆菌耐药,针对AdeABC和AdeIJK外排泵的深层次耐药机制以及其他耐药因素的分析仍需进一步探讨。

A Fluorescent Cell-Based Technique for Monitoring Efflux of MRP4

Background: Overexpression of efflux pumps is the drug resistance and adaptation mechanism employed by some eukaryotes and bacteria to transport endogenous and chemotherapeutic compounds from the intracellular to the extracellular environment. Aim: The study aimed at establishing a fluorescent cell-based assay to monitor the efflux activities of an ABC-transporter, multi-drug resistance protein 4 (MRP4). Methods: DH5α competent E. coli cells were transformed with pcDNA-MRP4 by the heat-shock process. The presence of the MRP4 gene was analyzed by the digestion of plasmid using EcoRI and analyzed on a 1% agarose gel. HEK 293 cells were transfected with purified pcDNA-MRP4 under optimized conditions using a Polyethylenimine (PEI) protocol. The level of MRP4 in the HEK 293 cells was characterized by western blotting analysis using M4I-10 anti-MRP4 and anti-Rat IgG (whole molecule)-Alkaline phosphatase antibodies. The fluorescent uptake study was performed by the incubation of 0.02 mM 8-[fluo-cAMP] with the MRP4-transfected and control HEK 293 cells for 1 h. The level of fluorescence was analyzed using fluorescence microscopy and spectrometer. Results: The agarose gel analysis showed a plasmid of 9.4 kb and restriction product of 5 kb, which correspond with the pcDNA and MRP4 sizes respectively. The western blot results of the transfection showed 4 μg pcDNA-MRP4 and the N/P ratio of 9 was the optimized condition to transfect our HEK 293 cells as it showed the broadest band. In the efflux studies, the fluorescence images of the MRP4-transfected HEK 293 cells were very low compared to the untransfected control. The level of fluorescence accumulation was significantly (P ≤ 0.0001) higher 228.6 ± 13.1 RFU in the untransfected cells than the MRP4-transfected cells 8.6 ± 1.8 RFU. Conclusion: The higher levels of fluorescence detected in the control in both the fluorescent microscopy and spectrophotometer showed that MRP4-transfected cells had effluxed the 8-[fluo-cAMP] substrate out of the cell. This method could be employed in the detection of MRP4 functions in bacteria and cancer cells.

多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌外排泵与外膜蛋白表达水平分析

目的分析鲍曼不动杆菌对常用抗生素的敏感性,检测外排泵基因和外膜蛋白基因的表达水平,探讨上述基因表达与抗生素耐药之间的关系。方法选择下呼吸道标本分离的鲍曼不动杆菌共213株,对其进行菌种鉴定、药敏试验;根据药敏试验将其分为不敏感组(NS组)与敏感组(S组),应用荧光定量PCR检测外排泵基因(adeB、adeJ、adeG、craA、abeM、amvA)、外膜蛋白基因(omp25、omp33-36、carO)的表达水平,比较上述基因在NS组与S组表达水平的差异。结果鲍曼不动杆菌对阿米卡星、亚胺培南不敏感率分别为89.2%、81.2%,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、庆大霉素等药物的不敏感率均超过92%。adeB基因相对表达量升高(RE≥1)在各抗生素(AMK、IPM、CFP、FEP、TZP、CAZ、SXT、CIP、SCF、CN)NS组的比例高于S组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。外排泵adeB基因mRNA的RE值在上述各抗生素NS组和S组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),NS组adeB基因的RE值平均水平较高。外排泵adeJ、adeG、craA、abeM、amvA基因平均RE水平无升高,且经比较分析差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。外膜蛋白omp25、omp33-36、carO基因平均RE值均超过1.0,提示相对表达量升高。结论本院鲍曼不动杆菌对多种抗生素耐药率较高。外排泵基因adeB过度表达在本院鲍曼不动杆菌耐药中起着重要作用;其余外排泵基因adeJ、adeG、craA、abeM、amvA和外膜蛋白基因omp25、omp33-36、carO在本研究的多数菌株耐药机制中可能不起作用。

苦参碱逆转外排泵系统AcrAB-ToIC介导的耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌对替加环素的耐药性

目的评估苦参碱对由外排泵AcrAB-TolC介导的耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌对替加环素耐药的影响并探究其逆转耐药性的相关调控机制。方法使用棋盘稀释法,分别设置阴性对照组、阳性对照组、替加环素组、苦参碱组、联合用药组;培养24 h后,酶标仪测定吸光度,记录各药物组的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、计算抑菌率和部分抑菌浓度指数(FIC);取各药物组MIC对应孔和阳性对照孔,使用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术检测AcrAB-TolC外排泵系统调控基因AcrB、MarA、RamA、AcrR的表达情况。结果与单用替加环素或苦参碱相比较,替加环素与苦参碱联合应用能更明显的抑制外排泵系统AcrAB-TolC介导的替加环素耐药的耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌的生长(P<0.05),替加环素与苦参碱的药理主要表现为协同或相加作用;联合用药下,替加环素与苦参碱的MIC值均明显降低,替加环素的MIC均能恢复至替加环素敏感MIC值;苦参碱单独或联合作用后,AcrAB-TolC外排泵RamA、AcrB表达明显降低(P<0.05),AcrR基因表达明显升高(P<0.05)。结论苦参碱能下调耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌的AcrAB-Tolc外排泵调控蛋白RamA和AcrB基因的表达、及上调AcrR基因的表达,起到逆转替加环素耐药的作用。

基于基因组学CRKP的RND外排泵分布及生物膜研究

目的探讨耐药结节细胞分化(RND)外排泵在耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)中的分布情况及与生物膜形成的作用。方法收集该院临床分离的CRKP菌株,采用Whonet5.6软件分析其标本来源、科室分布等;采用生物膜形成试验观察不同培养时间生物膜形成情况;采用二代测序数据分析RND外排泵基因、耐药基因、分子分型等;采用PCR扩增RND外排泵基因。结果63株CRKP中87.3%来源于痰液,77.5%分离自重症监护室(ICU)。二代测序显示,多数菌株携带10余种耐药基因,55.6%菌株耐药基因与表型匹配;携带RND外排泵基因的61株菌株中,PCR扩增阳性23株(37.7%),荚膜血清型主要为KL64(95.7%);PCR扩增阴性38株(62.3%),荚膜血清型较分散,包括KL64(77.5%)、KL47(10.0%)、K50(7.5%)和K20(5.0%)这4种;24 h生物膜阳性31株(49.2%),36 h生物膜阳性48株(76.2%);RND阳性与阴性菌株的生物膜形成能力差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论CRKP主要分离自ICU老年患者,多数菌株存在RND外排泵基因但未表达,与生物膜形成无明显相关,其在多重耐药中的作用有待进一步探讨。

耐替加环素鲍曼不动杆菌中外排泵AdeB与Bfs过表达生物膜形成的关系

目的研究生物内被膜相关基因和向外排水泵基因之间在对耐替加环素鲍曼不动杆菌抗性上的相互作用。方法根据替加环素药敏敏感试验,将72株临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌分为耐替加环素鲍曼不动杆菌组和替加环素敏感鲍曼不动杆菌组。采用结晶紫染色法观察两株菌的生物被膜形成情况。用RT-PCR方法分析生物被膜相关基因和外排泵基因。结果耐替加环素组生物被膜形成率为82.2%,替加环素敏感组生物被膜形成率为14.8%。转录水平上,耐药组生物被膜合成基因BfmS阳性率明显高于敏感组(P<0.01)。替加环素的最小抑菌浓度生物被膜组明显高于生物被膜缺失组(P<0.01)。外排泵AdeB基因在生物被膜形成组阳性率为95.2%,生物被膜缺失组为38.7%。结论BfS基因和AdeB外排泵基因的共表达可能与鲍曼不动杆菌生物被膜的形成有关。AdeB与BfS转录水平的提高促进了生物膜的形成,从而提高了鲍曼不动杆菌对替加环素的抗性。