The Relationship of Effortful Control to Academic Achievement via Children’s Learning-Related Behaviors

Effortful control (EC) is a temperamental self-regulatory capacity, defined as the efficiency of executive attention [1], which is related to individual differences in self-regulation. Although effortful control covers some dispositional self-regulatory abilities important to cope with social demands of successful adaptation to school, such as attention regulation, individual differences in EC have recently been associated with school functioning through academic achievement including the efficient use of learning-related behaviors, which have been found to be a necessary precursor of learning and they refer to a set of children’s behaviors that involve organizational skills and appropriate habits of study. Therefore, the aim of this study is to review the literature on EC’s relationship to academic achievement via learning-related behaviors, which reflect the use of metacognitive control processes in kindergarten and elementary school students. The findings indicate that EC affects academic achievement through the facilitation of the efficient use of metacognitive control processes.

Relationship among Eating Behavior, Effortful Control, and Working Memory in Female Young Adults

The management of eating behavior plays an important role in health maintenance. In this study, we investigated the relationship between eating behavior and effortful control in female young adults. Participants completed the questionnaire measures of effortful control and eating behaviors and Stroop cognitive interference task. The results showed that restrained eating was positively correlated with activation control;emotional eating was negatively correlated with inhibitory control and attentional control;external eating was negatively correlated with inhibitory, activation, and attentional control. The scores for activation control and restrained eating were higher for participants with a low Stroop error rate than for those with a high Stroop error rate. These results indicate that restrained eating has a different association with effortful control than doing emotional and external eating.

How Effortful Are Interpreters in Translation Related Reading Tasks?:An Eye-Tracking Study

Readingto comprehend the source text is a necessary part in translation process.However,the cognitive processing in various reading tasks related to translation is far from well-understood.The present study investigated interpreters’eye movement behavior in E-C language pair across different reading tasks.The participants are instructed to perform four tasks involving reading for specific purposes.The four tasks are as follows:(1)reading for comprehension(monolingual);(2)reading for summary;(3)reading in preparation for translating;and(4)reading while speaking a translation(sight translating).The results showed that reading purposes have a clear effect on interpreters’eye movement behaviors.By tasks both groups of interpreters spent more task time,more and longer fixations as they dealt with increasingly cognitive-demanding tasks.Across groups student interpreters spend more time,more and longer fixations than do professionals in most of the tasks.The study revealed that the increasing cognitive efforts required by reading is dependent on various reading tasks and translation expertise,which provided tentative implications for understanding and modelling the way interpreters read.The study also provided evidence for the validity of eye-tracking as a methodology in different translation modalities.

Effects of Desalination Processes on the Water Circulation and Earth System

Desalination is emerging as a promising alternative among various technologies to resolve water shortage. However, desalination requires a sufficient energy and cooling device and therefore poses limitations for its installation and application. In particular, many countries suffering water deficits are economically underdeveloped and cannot afford the technology. As this technology, which changes seawater into freshwater, has little environmental impact, developed countries will need to assist less developed countries to introduce this technology as a humanitarian effort. This will help reduce the number of countries that have experienced difficulty with development.

The relationship between age,acceptable noise level,and listening effort in middle-aged and older-aged individuals

Objective:The purpose of the study was to evaluate listening effort in adults who experience varied annoyance towards noise.Materials and methods:Fifty native Kannada-speaking adults aged 41e68 years participated.We evaluated the participant's acceptable noise level while listening to speech.Further,a sentence-final wordidentification and recall test at 0 dB SNR(less favorable condition)and 4 dB SNR(relatively favorable condition)was used to assess listening effort.The repeat and recall scores were obtained for each condition.Results:The regression model revealed that the listening effort increased by 0.6%at 0 dB SNR and by 0.5%at 4 dB SNR with every one-year advancement in age.Listening effort increased by 0.9%at 0 dB SNR and by 0.7%at 4 dB SNR with every one dB change in the value of Acceptable Noise Level(ANL).At 0 dB SNR and 4 dB SNR,a moderate and mild negative correlation was noted respectively between listening effort and annoyance towards noise when the factor age was controlled.Conclusion:Listening effort increases with age,and its effect is more in less favorable than in relatively favorable conditions.However,if the annoyance towards noise was controlled,the impact of age on listening effort was reduced.Listening effort correlated with the level of annoyance once the age effect was controlled.Furthermore,the listening effort was predicted from the ANL to a moderate degree.

An Artificial Neural Network-Based Model for Effective Software Development Effort Estimation

In project management,effective cost estimation is one of the most cru-cial activities to efficiently manage resources by predicting the required cost to fulfill a given task.However,finding the best estimation results in software devel-opment is challenging.Thus,accurate estimation of software development efforts is always a concern for many companies.In this paper,we proposed a novel soft-ware development effort estimation model based both on constructive cost model II(COCOMO II)and the artificial neural network(ANN).An artificial neural net-work enhances the COCOMO model,and the value of the baseline effort constant A is calibrated to use it in the proposed model equation.Three state-of-the-art publicly available datasets are used for experiments.The backpropagation feed-forward procedure used a training set by iteratively processing and training a neural network.The proposed model is tested on the test set.The estimated effort is compared with the actual effort value.Experimental results show that the effort estimated by the proposed model is very close to the real effort,thus enhanced the reliability and improving the software effort estimation accuracy.

Application of Social Media Tool in Disaster Management in Disaster-Prone Communities in Freetown, Sierra Leone

This study used both the “digital divide” and “attribution theory” to analyze the propensity of social media use by disaster-prone communities. The study focused on the variables that may affect how social media is used for disaster management. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized in the study to analyze the data and test the hypotheses after using a survey questionnaire to collect the data. The study’s findings show that: 1) communities that are vulnerable to disasters are less likely to use social media for disaster management, 2) personal effort and intention to use social media for disaster management are positively correlated, and 3) task complexity and intention to use social media for disaster management are negatively correlated. The study added to the body of knowledge regarding the role social media plays in disaster management.

An Innovative Scientific Theory to Create a “New Engine for Compressing and Transporting Matter and Creating an Independent Ultra-Gravitational Magnetic Field” for Flight on Earth and Space

This research proposes a new theory in the field of physics and space technology, based on several scientific hypotheses and conclusions, as it plans to manufacture a “new magnetic focus” by means of high-speed centrifugal engines, by equipping a group of them, and installing heavy, dense fans, not for the purpose of air pressure, Rather, it works to rotate at a speed of up to 1000 kilometers per hour at an angle of 45 degrees, and is lined up in front of each other in a circle, so that the final result is to transfer the effort and weight of the propellers to an upper point in their midst, and this point will reach a large degree of density, size and mass, causing the generation of a point independent magnetic attraction, which pulls the motors upward, as a result of the mutual gravitational effect created by the motors. These hypotheses need a large number of experiments, applications, and analyze the use of specialists in physics, technology, technology, engine engineers, and others, and the correct results will cause a major revolution in the field of space technology, and this theory will be relied upon in many means of land, air, and space transportation and different fields.

Viruses and autism: A Bi-mutual cause and effect

Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)is a group of heterogeneous,multi-factorial,neurodevelopmental disorders resulting from genetic and environmental factors interplay.Infection is a significant trigger of autism,especially during the critical developmental period.There is a strong interplay between the viral infection as a trigger and a result of ASD.We aim to highlight the mutual relationship between autism and viruses.We performed a thorough literature review and included 158 research in this review.Most of the literature agreed on the possible effects of the viral infection during the critical period of development on the risk of developing autism,especially for specific viral infections such as Rubella,Cytomegalovirus,Herpes Simplex virus,Varicella Zoster Virus,Influenza virus,Zika virus,and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.Viral infection directly infects the brain,triggers immune activation,induces epigenetic changes,and raises the risks of having a child with autism.At the same time,there is some evidence of increased risk of infection,including viral infections in children with autism,due to lots of factors.There is an increased risk of developing autism with a specific viral infection during the early developmental period and an increased risk of viral infections in children with autism.In addition,children with autism are at increased risk of infection,including viruses.Every effort should be made to prevent maternal and early-life infections and reduce the risk of autism.Immune modulation of children with autism should be considered to reduce the risk of infection.

中国手语音韵标记的建立、实现及其有效性验证

手语是一门语言,手语语言学家从语言学的角度,对手语做了类似"语法"的总结而形成了音韵标注理论.针对目前中国手语无符号标记体系的现况,首先,根据中国手语的特点并结合汉语的语言习惯,文中提出了中国手语音韵标记体系.其次,针对目前音韵标注只给出一些形式化的描述或简单的手工标注的现况,文中借助基于数据手套的中国手语识别系统,提出了以手形数据模板与拉班舞谱相结合的方法,将上述的标记体系在计算机上以自动标注的方式加以实现.最后,针对数据手套的中国手语识别系统缺少先验信息的现况,应用上述音韵标记体系构建具有先验语义信息的易混词集,在构建的过程中说明并分析了音韵标记体系具备语义识别能力.实验表明,在基于统计识别的易混词集与基于先验语义信息的易混词集的识别效果相比较,在不改变统计模型的条件下,可以不同程度地辅助HMM,SOFM/HMM,Effort提高识别率.

Logical Effort理论在电路设计中的应用

介绍了一种对于包含较长互连线的CMOS电路的优化方法,该方法是在Logical Effort理论基础上加入互联电阻模型得到的。这是一种简单的延迟模型,非常适合于快速而又有效的手工计算。有助于快速的预测电路的最小延迟,并以此优化电路的结构和逻辑门的尺寸。通过仿真证明了,当逻辑结构不是简单的反相器时,一样可以通过带互联电阻模型的Logical Effort模型得到简单的优化方案。

基于Logical Effort理论的集成电路延迟优化工具的研究

本文介绍了一种基于LogicalEffort理论研发的集成电路延迟优化工具,该工具综合考虑了互联引线的影响,通过计算比较不同的逻辑结构延迟来确定最佳的电路结构,同时提供逻辑门的最佳晶体管尺寸。我们以六种不同电路为设计实例,在90纳米设计中与SPICE模拟结果进行了比较,其误差在5%以内。鉴于该方法不依赖于版图级寄生参数信息的特点,我们认为该工具可以提供在电路设计的早期对延迟的可信评估,非常适用于快速CMOS电路设计构架的遴选。

Teaching Guided By the Cognitive Principle

It is necessary to invite the cognitive principle to improve our language teaching method and make the learning process more effectively.Compared with the traditional teacher-centered teaching method,language teaching guided by the cognitive principle can change the role of teacher and students.Teachers should pay more attention to form students' autonomy learning ability,increase their motivation and help students find balance between investing efforts and getting results.Meaningful learning should be adopted during teaching and anticipation of reward also works effectively.

A comparison between benthic gillnet and bottom trawl for assessing fish assemblages in a shallow eutrophic lake near the Changjiang River estuary

Two fishing methods including gillnetting and trawling to estimate attributes of fish assemblage were compared in Dianshan Lake from August 2009 to July 2010. Species composition dif fered significantly between the gears, with four significant contributors in gillnet catches and one in trawl catches. Trawling collected more proportions of benthic species by number and biomass than gillnetting. Size distribution was significantly influenced by fishing technique; gillnetting captured relatively less small-sized fishes and trawling captured less large-sized individuals. Trawling produced species richness closer to the one expected than gillnetting. On the whole, trawl catch was a quadratic polynomial function of gillnet catch and a significantly negative correlation was found between them, both of which varied as dif ferent polynomial functions of temperature. However, trawl and gillnet catches were significantly correlated only in one of five month groups. It is concluded that single-gear-based surveys can be misleading in assessments of attributes of fish assemblages, bottom trawling is a more ef fective gear for assessing fish diversity than benthic gillnetting, and using gillnet catches as an indicator of fish density depends on fishing season in the lake.

Effectiveness of a Passive-active Vibration Isolation System with Actuator Constraints

In the prediction of active vibration isolation performance, control force requirements were ignored in previous work. This may limit the realization of theoretically predicted isolation performance if control force of large magnitude cannot be supplied by actuators.The behavior of a feed-forward active isolation system subjected to actuator output constraints is investigated. Distributed parameter models are developed to analyze the system response, and to produce a transfer matrix for the design of an integrated passive-active isolation system. Cost functions comprising a combination of the vibration transmission energy and the sum of the squared control forces are proposed. The example system considered is a rigid body connected to a simply supported plate via two passive-active isolation mounts. Vertical and transverse forces as well as a rotational moment are applied at the rigid body, and resonances excited in elastic mounts and the supporting plate are analyzed. The overall isolation performance is evaluated by numerical simulation. The simulation results are then compared with those obtained using unconstrained control strategies. In addition, the effects of waves in elastic mounts are analyzed. It is shown that the control strategies which rely on tmconstrained actuator outputs may give substantial power transmission reductions over a wide frequency range, but also require large control force amplitudes to control excited vibration modes of the system. Expected power transmission reductions for modified control strategies that incorporate constrained actuator outputs are considerably less than typical reductions with unconstrained actuator outputs. In the frequency range in which rigid body modes are present, the control strategies can only achieve 5-10 dB power transmission reduction, when control forces are constrained to be the same order of the magnitude as the primary vertical force. The resonances of the elastic mounts result in a notable increase of power transmission in high frequency range and cannot be attenuated by active control. The investigation provides a guideline for design and evaluation of active vibration isolation systems.

Who Benefits from Altruism in Supply Chain Management?

The significant effect of social preference on strategic behavior has been convinced by recent research. Along this stream of research, we study firms’ altruistic incentives in supply chains since the selfish rationality can’t deal with economic behaviors. We show that the performance of the supply chain in consideration of altruism is between those of scenarios under decentralization and under integration. We further shows that a manufacturer, as a leader, should find an egoistic retailer, while a retailer, as a follower, should find a manufacturer with altruistic liability, to form a good chain.

Study on Effect of Zhixinkang Capsule(脂欣康胶囊)in TreatingUnstable Effort Angina and Hyperlipidemia and Its Function in Vascular Endothelium Protection

Objective:To observe the clinical effect and protection of vascular endothelium of Zhixin-kang Capsule (ZXKC) in middle-aged and old people with unstable effort angina and hyperlipidemia. Methods: Sixty-five patients with unstable effort angina were randomly divided into ZXKC group (34 cases) and control group (31 cases). Conventional western medical therapy was given to both groups, with ZXKC group receiving additional ZXKC treatment. Data of 20 healthy persons were taken as normal group. Forty-eight patients with hyperlipidemia were divided into ZXKC group treated with ZXKC (31 cases) and control group treated with Yixintong (17 cases). The changes of clinical symptoms and laboratory indexes in all the patients were observed before and after treatment. Results: In patients with unstable effort angina, the efficacy of treatment of ZXKC, the withdrawal rate of nitroglycerin, the relieving of symptoms, the improvement of the electrocardiogram, the counts of circulating endothelial cells, the content of platelet P-selectin, the content of plasma endothelin (ET), the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the activity of malonyldialdehyde (MDA) were all better than those in the control group. In patients with hyperlipidemia, there was no significant difference in lipids reduction between ZXKC group and the control group. In both groups, the total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipo-protein-cholesterol (LDL-C), lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] , ET, oxidized low density lipoprotein, MDA, arte-riosclerotic index (AI) all lowered obviously, while the SOD, HDL-C and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were all elevated markedly. In the ZXKC group, the nitric oxide(NO) increased significantly whereas the ET/CGRP and ET/NO decreased markedly. The total effective rate in symptom relieving, the markedly effective rate, the reduction of TC, ET and ET/CGRP, and the elevation of SOD in ZXKC group were all superior to those in the control group. Conclusion: ZXKC could effectively resist myocardial ischemia, relieve angina, reduce blood lipids, protect vascular endothelial cells, inhibit the activation of platelets, and resist lipid peroxidation.

The exercise-cognition relationship:A virtuous circle

Exercise and health psychology have generated 2 sets of empirical studies guided by separate theory-driven axes.The first axis focuses on the causal relationship between chronic exercise and cognition and,more particularly,high-level cognitive functions such as executive functions(EFs).The second axis examines factors influencing the adherence process to physical activity(PA).Research conducted during the past decade shows that these 2 topics are closely linked,with EFs and effortful control playing a pivotal role in the bidirectional relationship linking PA and mental/brain health.The present article supports the idea that an individual engaged in the regular practice of effortful PA initiates a virtuous circle linking PA and effortful control in a bidirectional way.On the one hand,chronic exercise leads to an improvement of EFs and effortful control.On the other hand,gains in EFs and effortful control effectiveness lead to a reciprocal facilitation of the maintenance of PA over time.Some limitations and perspectives to this effort hypothesis are proposed in the last part of the article.

Grey Prediction Based Software Stage-Effort Estimation

The software stage-effort estimation can be used to dynamically adjust software project schedule, further to help make the project finished on budget. This paper presents a grey model Verhulst based method for stage-effort estimation during software development process, a bias correction technology was used to improve the estimation accuracy. The proposed method was evaluated with a large-scale industrial software engineering database. The results are very encouraging and indicate the method has considerable potential.

Prevalence of Major Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Cardiovascular Disease in Women in China: Surveillance Efforts

In this study, we aimed to assess the relationship of socioeconomic status and acculturation with cardiovascular disease （CVD） risk profiles and CVD and examine the CVD risk factors associated with CVD. We used data from the 2010 China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance surveys, which consisted of a nationally representative sample of women. The following prevalence was found： myocardial infarction （MI）：