Nutritional and Antioxidant Evaluation and Effect of Eggplant Consumption on Anthropometric and Hematologic Parameters in Wistar Rats

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional quality of green and purple eggplant, their antioxidant activity and their nutritional efficacy on Wistar rats. For nutritional quality, the parameters measured are dry matter, protein, lipid, ash, carbohydrate, iron, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and energy content. For antioxidant activity, the parameters measured are 50% DDPH free radical inhibition concentration and total polyphenol content. Nutritional efficacy was evaluated in rats fed the control diet and in rats fed the three treated diets containing eggplant meal obtained by replacing 5%, 10%, and 15% of the control diet. The parameters measured are the amount consumed, the weight of the animal and target organs, and hematologic parameters. The results of the nutritional analysis show the following values: 13.31% protein, 2.66% lipids, 0.84% calcium, 0.12% magnesium, 0.43% phosphorus for the Solanum aethiopicum L. species and 13.47% protein, 3.66% lipids, 0.36% calcium, 0.22% magnesium, 0.35% phosphorus for the Solanum melongena L. species. In terms of antioxidant activity, we obtained DDPH inhibition percentages of 40.28 mg/ml for Solanum aethiopicum L. and 12.42 mg/ml for Solanum melongena L., respectively. Finally, hematologic and anthropometric tests showed that for the different diets used, weight loss and an increase in hematologic parameters were observed in the rats tested. This study showed that eggplant has interesting nutritional characteristics and antioxidant activity, contributing to an increase in weight and anthropometric parameters.

Exogenous melatonin improves the chilling tolerance and preharvest fruit shelf life in eggplant by affecting ROS-and senescence-related processes

Low temperature is the most common abiotic stress factors during the eggplant cultivation in solar greenhouses.Melatonin plays important roles in plant resistance to low temperature.However,the role of melatonin in regulating chilling tolerance and extending the preharvest shelf life of eggplant fruits is still unknown.In this study,we investigated the effects of exogenous melatonin on eggplant plants and fruits in response to low temperature.Under simulated low-temperature conditions,exogenous melatonin significantly relieved the chilling symptoms of seedlings by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and relative leakage rates.These reductions were caused by higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and increased endogenous polyamine and melatonin levels compared with those in untreated seedlings.Notably,the expression levels of SOD,CAT1/2,and polyamine synthesis genes (ADC and ODC) were also increased by 100μmol·L~(-1)melatonin,as well as those of genes involved in melatonin synthesis (TDC,T5H,SNAT,ASMT,and COMT) and cold regulation (COR1,CBFa/b,and ZAT2/6/12).To further investigate the effects of melatonin on eggplant leaves and fruits under natural low temperature conditions,100μmol·L~(-1)melatonin was sprayed on the functional leaves at three days before commodity maturation.Melatonin significantly alleviated chilling injury in the leaves and pericarp and extended the preharvest shelf life of the fruit by increasing the expression of COR1,CBF,ZAT2/6/12,and API5 and decreasing the expression of senescence-related genes (NCED1/2 and SAG12).Therefore,100μmol·L~(-1)melatonin improved chilling tolerance and fruit shelf life by upregulating ZAT2/6/12 to affect ROS-and senescence-related processes,which provides a reference for alleviating cold stress and extending the preharvest fruit shelf life in eggplant.

Transcriptome Analysis of a Wild Eggplant Germplasm M239 in Response to Verticillium dahliae Infection

In this study,wild eggplant germplasm No.M239,which is highly susceptible to Verticillium wilt,was used as the experimental material.The physiological and biochemical indices(SOD,PAL,MDA and soluble protein)of M239 roots were measured at different times(0,12,24,36,48,60 and 72 h)post inoculation with Verticillium dahliae,and the key time points for the M239 response to Verticillium wilt infection were screened.Then,RNA-Seq technology was used to screen the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in M239 roots at 0,12 and 48 h post-inoculation(hpi).The transcriptional results of M239 were also compared with those resistance genes from some reported wild relative Solanum species(S.sisymbriifolium and S.aculeatissimum).Then some DEGs were chosen for validation by qRT–PCR.The results showed that 12 and 48 hpi were the turning points in the changes in all physiological and biochemical indices.A total of 6,783 DEGs were identified by RNA-Seq,including 6,141 DEGs(3,046 upregulated and 3,095 downregulated)at the M_12 h vs.M_0 h,1,903 DEGs(792 upregulated and 1,111 downregulated)at M_48 h vs.M_12 h,and 1,261 DEGs that appeared simultaneously in both stages.KEGG enrichment analysis showed that there were 5 metabolic pathways enriched from DEGs,which were mostly related to primary metabolism,such as glycolysis,amino acid and ribosome biogenesis.Compared with the NCBI non-redundant protein(NR)database,one Ve2 homologous gene and 8 PR protein-related genes were screened.Transcription factor analysis showed that there were a large number of DEGs,such as MYB,AP2-EREBP,bHLH,NAC and Orphans in the two stages.Compared with the reported Verticillium wilt-resistant wild eggplant species,it was found that there were fewer genes and enriched metabolic pathways in the M239 response to Verticillium wilt infection,and it also lacked the response of some known key resistance genes.These results proved that the above resistance genes and metabolic pathways played a key role in the wild eggplant response to V.dahliae infection.

Water Stress Early Detection of Eggplant Plants by Hyperspectral Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Water stress early detection is essential for precision farming to improve crop productivity and product quality. The methods usually used are destructive, long and expensive. In this work, we used hyperspectral chlorophyll fluorescence technology as a rapid, non-destructive approach to detect the water deficiency of eggplant plants using their spectral footprint. So, an experiment was made on 54 eggplant plants subjected to three water treatments: normal irrigation (T100), intermediate irrigation (T50) and no irrigation (T0). The fluorescence spectra were acquired in vivo and in situ using a USB4000 spectrometer from Ocean optics. For the classification of the plants subjected to three water treatments, we used three pretreatments of the raw hyperspectral data in order to suppress the non-informative variability present in these spectra and to obtain robust models. These are the Savitzky-Golay smoothing (SG), the standard normal variable (SNV) and the first derivative of Savitzky-Golay (SG-D1). The preprocessed data were then subjected to two partial least squares discriminant analyses (PLS-DA): Hard PLS-DA and Soft PLS-DA. These statistical approaches are suitable for large samples as it reduces the dimensionality of the data but improves the accuracy of the prediction. The SG-D1 combined with the Soft PLS-DA gave the best discrimination of plants with scores of sensitivity, specificity and total efficiency respectively of 97.33%, 94% and 95% for calibration, 6 days after hydric stress induction. For the plants used for the prediction, the scores are 86%, 91% and 90% respectively. This study shows that hyperspectral chlorophyll fluorescence spectroscopy is a fast and non-destructive technology allowing early detection of water stress in eggplant plants.

Functional Characterization of SmbHLH13 in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Flowering in Eggplant

Anthocyanin is abundant in a few vegetables,including eggplant.It protects plants from abiotic stress and benefits human health,making the research of anthocyanin biosynthesis increasingly important.Flowering time is an important reference for judging reproduction and adaptability,which can guide plant production.In this study,SmbHLH13 from eggplant was identified.Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays showed that SmbHLH13 binded and activated the expression of structural genes SmCHS and SmF3H in anthocyanin biosynthesis and it also was bound to the promoter of the key gene SmFT in flowering.Furthermore,genetic transformation of Arabidopsis revealed that overexpression of SmbHLH13 enhanced anthocyanin accumulation and delayed flowering.These results demonstrated that SmbHLH13 might promote anthocyanin accumulation through positive regulation of SmCHS and SmF3H.Moreover,SmbHLH13 might have a role in delaying eggplant flowering.

Intralesion and Curaderm^BEC5Topical Combination Therapies of Solasodine Rhamnosyl Glycosides Derived from the Eggplant or Devil’s Apple Result in Rapid Removal of Large Skin Cancers. Methods of Treatment Compared

Solasodine rhamnosyl glycosides (SRGs) are chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. SRGs in a cream formulation, CuradermBEC5, is very effective for the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancers with excellent cosmetic end results. Intralesion injection of SRGs successfully dispose of very large tumours in animals without any clinical adverse effects. The mode of action of SRGs is by apoptosis. In this study, it is shown that small to large basal cell carcinomas are effectively treated only with topical application of CuradermBEC5. Here it is reported for the first time that combination of intralesion SRG injection and topical application with CuradermBEC5 in humans reduces the treatment time period by more than half when compared with topical application as the sole treatment regime. Two intralesion injections of very low doses of SRGs rapidly and effectively remove a large melanoma on a horse. If rapid removal of large troublesome skin cancers is required then this can be achieved by intralesion and topical treatments. Intralesion or combination therapy with SRGs may have some applications for melanomas in situ such as lentigo maligna.

Analysis of Vitamin P Content and Inheritance Models in Eggplant

The eggplant(Solanum melongena L.)is rich in vitamin P(also known as rutin),which is beneficial for humans.In this study,the vitamin P contents of 53 eggplant lines were measured via UV spectrophotometry.The results showed that the vitamin P content differed significantly among the eggplant lines and the actual contents of vitamin P in fresh fruit pulp and fresh peel were 0.18–0.82mg·g^−1 and 0.42–2.32mg·g^−1,respectively.Furthermore,themixed major gene and polygene inheritance modelmethod was used for the inheritance analysis of the vitamin P content in F2 populations of three hybridization combinations.Inheritance analysis demonstrated that the vitamin P content of these eggplant lines was a quantitative trait.One or two major genes were the contributor,and the genetic effect was an additive-dominance effect.The high vitamin P content trait was regulated by the main gene and followed an additive effect.The heritability of the major genes controlling the high vitamin P content was low,while the heritability of the major gene that controls the low vitamin P content trait was high.These results provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of eggplants with high vitamin P content.

基于Eggplant的Mac OS X平台上软件自动测试

Mac OS X tiger平台上的应用软件需要进行自动化的测试。Eggplant是Mac OS X平台上的一种自动测试工具。文中主要介绍了这个工具和运用此工具设计一个应用软件的版本验证测试。最后实现了这个设计的部分并表明此工具是一个便捷有效的自动测试工具。

Performance of Green Type Eggplant in Relation of Insect and Diseases

The study was conducted with 18 eggplant lines/variety at the farm of Olericulture Division, HRC, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur during the winter season of 2017-18 to develop new green type high yielding OP variety having tolerance to eggplant fruit and shoot borer and bacterial wilt. The lines varied significantly for their response to all characters (P SM 083F required minimum 105 days to first harvest. Maximum marketable fruit number was obtained by SM083A (30.33). Heavy sized fruit was harvested by SM275 (175 g), followed by SM289 (170 g), SM279 (169 g), SM083E (165 g), SM253 (164 g). The range of fruit infection by BFSB was 10.33% - 19.007%, while lowest in SM262 (10.33%). In case of bacterial wilt (BW) infestation at field level performance, zero percent incidence was observed in SM262, SM275, SM279, SM291B. The yield range of eggplant lines was 18.62 - 43.36 t/ha. The highest fruit yield was recorded from the line SM 275 (43.36 t/ha), which was statistically similar with which was statistically similar with SM 279 (39.85 t/ha), SM 291B (38.59 t/ha), SM083B (38.42 t/ha), SM 262 (38.17 t/ha), SM 253 (37.43 t/ha). Considering earliness, tolerance to fruit infection by BFSB, bacterial wilt infestation, attractive fruit shape and fruit colour, the lines SM 275, SM 279, SM 291B, SM083B, SM 262, SM 253 were found promising. So these six lines can be selected for further confirmation.

LC-MS-MS Analysis and the Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids from Eggplant Skins Grown in Organic and Conventional Environments

Eggplant fruits are known to contain different classes of phenolic phytochemicals (flavonols, phenolic acids, and anthocyanins) that can exert beneficial effects on human health. This study developed methods for the qualitative and quantitative composition analysis of phenolic compounds in the skin of eggplant fruits harvested following conventional and certified organic farming conditions. Eggplant skin was extracted using aqueous methanol prior to phenolic profiling with UHPLC-ESI-MS-MS. Eggplant skin extracts yielded a profile of 16 phenolic acids, 4 anthocyanins, and 11 flavonols, the first report of quercetin-3-diglucoside, myricetin-3-neohesperidoside, myricetin-3-galactoside, kaempferol-3,7-diglucoside, kaempferol-diglucoside and quercetin-3-rhamnoside. Polyphenolic extracts from all sources potently delayed the cupric ion-mediated lag-time for LDL lipid oxidation and protected Apo-B100 proteins against oxidative modification. Organic growing environment positively influences eggplant skin extract phenolic profile but not antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, eggplant skin has a robust profile of phenolic phytochemicals with excellent antioxidant properties.

Effects of Crop Rotation and Microbial Fertilizer on Nutrient Absorption and Beneficial Bacterium Abundance in Rhizosphere of Continuous Cropped Eggplant

Rotation is a method to effectively regulate the soil microbial community structure and alleviate the obstacles of continuous planting of eggplant in facilities.High-throughput sequencing technology was used to study the change of beneficial bacteria diversity and structure at the first fruit stage of continuous eggplant rhizosphere soil affected by rotation combined with Bacillus subtilis fertilizer.The result showed that beneficial bacteria in the rhizosphere soil samples of eggplant at the phylum classification level included Actinobacteria,Chloroflexi,Acidobacteria,Planctomycetes and Cyanobacteria.At the level of genus classification,the beneficial bacteria in the rhizosphere soil samples of eggplant were Bacillus,Arthrobacter,Sphingomonas and Streptomyces.The significantly differences were observed in the abundance of soil dominant bacteria and beneficial bacteria at phylum level and genus classification among different treatments.At the phylum level,compared with CK treatment,the relative abundances of Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria in BB treatment were increased by 34.4%and 20.2%,respectively.At the level of genus classification,the beneficial bacterial Arthrobacter abundance in BB treatment was 1.44 times than that of CK treatment and was significantly higher than that in CF treatment.Moreover,the total uptake of N,P and K by eggplants in BB treatment and BFN treatment were 1.68 and 1.35 times than those of CK treatment,respectively.The above results showed that the combined treatment of microbial fertilizer and rotation could increased the soil bacterial community diversity and the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the first fruit stage of eggplant,which indeed enhanced the absorption of N,P and K by continuous eggplant plants,thereby alleviating the obstacles of continuous cropping of eggplant.

Solasodine Glycosides from the Eggplant in a Topical Cream Psorend^BECAre Effective against Psoriasis

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic disease that can have significant effects on quality of life. Aim: To test whether the antineoplastic, antipathogenic plant derived secondary metabolites, solasodine glycosides, can treat psoriasis. Case Presentation: We report a case of a 54-year-old French-Vietnamese male who presented with diagnosed erythematous scaly annular recalcitrant psoriasis scattered throughout his body. Method: After failing conventional treatment regimens for over 10 years the patient received a trial with a topical cream formulation PsorendBEC, containing solasodine glycosides, for his psoriasis. Result: Topical applications of PsorendBEC twice daily resulted in complete resolution of cutaneous lesions after 4 weeks of treatment with no recurrence post 1 year after therapy. Conclusion: Topical PsorendBEC therapy rapidly removes recalcitrant psoriasis with no apparent side effects.

Management of Wilt Complex of Eggplant (<i>Solanum melongena</i>L.) Caused by <i>Fusarium oxysporum, Ralstonia solanacearum</i>and <i>Meloidogyne</i>spp.

Wilt complex disease of eggplant is a severe problem in Bangladesh as well as in the world. The pathogenic variability and their survival nature make the disease complex. The pathogen includes a fungus (Fusarium oxysporum), a bacterium (Ralstonia solanacearum) and a nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) that attack the plant individually or combinedly. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the integrated effects of different chemicals, poultry manure and Trichoderma harzianum to manage the disease. Carbendazim (Autostin 50WP), Streptomycin sulphate 9% and Tetracycline hydrochloride 1% (Krosin 10SP) and Carbofuran (Furadan 3G) were used as a fungicide, bactericide and nematicide, respectively which were integrated with poultry manure and Trichoderma harzianum resulting in sixteen treatments. The treatment efficacy varied significantly in comparison to control in respect of wilt incidence, yield and yield contributing characters. No wilt incidence was observed where Trichoderma harzianum was applied individually or in combination with Furadan 3G, Krosin 10SP, Autostin 50WP and poultry manure. The highest yield increase (300%) over control was noted in the treatment where Krosin 10SP, Furadan 3G, Trichoderma harzianum and Poultry manure were applied combinedly. The same treatment showed the best performance over control by 32%, 29%, 60%, 53% in case of the number of branches, number of leaves, number of fruits and fruit length, respectively. This treatment (Krosin 10SP + Furadan 3G + Trichoderma sp. + Poultry manure) also provided the highest Benefit Cost Ration (5.68).

Nutrient Intake and Impact of the Consumption of Two Street Foods (Garba and Rice Eggplant Sauce) in Humans

Many lifestyle factors can affect health, but nutrition is an important, modifiable, and powerful factor in promoting health, preventing and treating disease, and improving quality of life. Inadequate dietary intake, regardless of the cause, can have negative effects on human growth and development. Analysis of tuna “Garba” and rice with eggplant sauce consumed in Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) revealed low levels of water-soluble B vitamins. Also, the analysis of these dishes observed the presence of histidine, leucine, valine, glutamine, arginine, cysteine and alanine. The tuna “Garba” (Gab) dish showed levels in amino acids ranging from 69.8 ± 1.33 to 764 ± 2.08 mg/kg and 77.1 ± 1.95 to 754.67 ± 2.8 mg/kg in the eggplant sauce rice (Risa) dish. During 15 days of consumption of these dishes by the wistar rats, anthropometric parameters, namely body length and abdominal circumference, showed a significant increase in the rats consuming the rice eggplant sauce. The rats showed BMI, Lee’s Index and Adipocyte Index ranged from 0.27 ± 0.01 to 0.31 ± 0.01 g/cm2;0.25 ± 0.01 to 0.26 ± 0.00 cm and 1.67% ± 0.25% to 1.96% ± 0.21% respectively. The nutritional profiling of these two street foods by LIM and SAIN score presented poor profiles.

Response of Two Varieties Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Growth and Production to Many Kinds of Gibberellins

The aim of this study was to know the influence of plant growth regulator gibberellins on plant growth and production of Kopek and Gelatik purple eggplant.This study has been done in Educational and Research Garden in Stiper Agriculture University at Maguwoharjo,Depok,Sleman,Yogyakarta in September 2016 to February 2017.The experimental design used was CRD(Completely Randomized Design)with two factors.The first factor was different kinds of gibberellins consisting of G0(no gibberellin/control),G1(young bamboo gibberellin)and G2(corn gibberellin)and G3(inorganic gibberellin).The second factor was the kind of 2 varieties consisting of purple eggplants.V1 variety was Kopek purple eggplant and V2 variety was Gelatik purple eggplant.The study used six replications.Data were analyzed by Anova followed by DMRT(Duncan’s Multiple Range Test)at 5%significant level.The result showed significantly interaction between kinds of gibberellins with eggplant variety on plant height.The Kopek purple with inorganic gibberellin significantly was the best.Kopek purple eggplant was much more in growth and production than Gelatik purple eggplant.

Braised Eggplant

Discard eggplant stalks and clean. Cut into approximately 3cm pieces.Clean the red chili, remove seeds, and shred. Chop the spring onion, ginger, and garlic.Heat salad oil in a wok to 150 degrees Centigrade, add eggplant, fry for about 2 minutes, and remove.

AFLP and SCAR Markers Associated with Peel Color in Eggplant (Solanum melongena)

Peel color is an important breeding objective for eggplant.Dark purple and purplish red are the most common colors in commercial eggplant cultivars.A co-dominant amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker which was associated with the peel color (each in coupling phase to dark purple and purplish red) was found in studying the genetic diversity in 58 eggplant accessions (contained cultivars and wild relatives).The maker bands were sequenced and converted to SCAR marker,this polymorphism in sequence was from an inserted/deleted (indels) mutation.And DNA from 136 eggplant materials (inbred lines,F1,and wild relatives) were amplified with the designed SCAR primers as template,high correlation between the SCAR marker and peel color (dark purple and purplish red) was found.Then,bulked line analysis (BLA) combined with AFLP was further used to identify polymorphic fragments,and another six AFLP markers were tested and verified to be associated with peel color,which demonstrated that BLA was an useful method for identifying molecular markers of interested traits.In conclusion,these markers will facilitate the MAS (maker-assisted selection) of eggplant breeding for peel color.

Effects of Calcium and Calmodulin Antagonist on Antioxidant Systems of Eggplant Seedlings Under High Temperature Stress

Ca2+ and calmodulin antagonist [trifluoperazine(TFP),N-(6-aminohexyl-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W7)] pretreatments were conducted on two eggplant varieties Nongyouqie andErmingqie, which have different heat resistance. The results showed that under 40C(day/night), Ca2+ immersion pretreatment enabled the eggplant seedlings to keep relatively higheractivities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD), reduced the production rate ofsuperoxide anion O2_ and the content of malondialdehyde(MDA), alleviated the damage of reducedglutathione(GSH) and the accumulation of proline (Pro), whereas calmodulin antagonist TFP andW7 immersion pretreatments could lead to more rapid loss of SOD and POD activities, increasethe contents of MDA, Pro and production rate of O2_, aggravate the damage of GSH. Under the samestress condition, heat-resistant variety Nongyouqie was less injured compared to the heat-sensitive variety Erminqie. These data indicated that Ca2+-CaM signal transduction systemmight regulate the heat resistance of eggplant seedlings by controlling the activity of someantioxidant enzymes and the contents of antioxidant substance.