Hubble Tension Explanation from This Cosmological Model AΛΩ (Slow Bang Model, SB)

In this article we present a model of Hubble-Lemaître law using the notions of a transmitter (galaxy) and a receiver (MW) coupled to a model of the universe (Slow Bang Model, SB), based on a quantum approach of the evolution of space-time as well as an equation of state that retains all the infinitesimal terms. We find an explanation of the Hubble tension H0. Indeed, we have seen that this constant depends on the transceiver pair which can vary from the lowest observable value, from photons of the CMB (theoretical [km/s/Mpc]) to increasingly higher values depending on the earlier origin of the formation of the observed galaxy or cluster (ETG ~0.3 [Gy], ~74 [km/s/Mpc]). We have produced a theoretical table of the values of the constant according to the possible pairs of transmitter/receiver in the case where these galaxies follow the Hubble flow without large disturbance. The calculated theoretical values of the constant are in the order of magnitude of all values mentioned in past studies. Subsequently, we applied the models to 9 galaxies and COMA cluster and found that the models predict acceptable values of their distances and Hubble constant since these galaxies mainly follow the Hubble flow rather than the effects of a galaxy cluster or a group of clusters. In conclusion, we affirm that this Hubble tension does not really exist and it is rather the understanding of the meaning of this constant that is questioned.

The Tension Cosmology, Largest Cosmic Structures and Explosions of Supernovae from SST

Here, using the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) we explain the cosmological tension and the origin of the largest cosmic structures. We show that a change in value of strong coupling constant for cold baryonic matter leads to the disagreement in the galaxy clustering amplitude, quantified by the parameter S8. Within the same model we described the Hubble tension. We described also the mechanism that transforms the gravitational collapse into an explosion—it concerns the dynamics of virtual fields that lead to dark energy. Our calculations concern the Type Ia supernovae and the core-collapse supernovae. We calculated the quantized masses of the progenitors of supernovae, emitted total energy during explosion, and we calculated how much of the released energy was transferred to neutrinos. Value of the speed of sound in the strongly interacting matter measured at the LHC confirms that presented here model is correct. Our calculations show that the Universe is cyclic.

Newtonian limit of Einstein equation with a cosmological constant

Traditionally,the cosmological constant has been viewed as dark energy that mimics matter with negative energy.Given that matter with negative energy provides a repulsive force,which fundamentally differs from typical gravitational forces,it has been believed that the cosmological constant effectively contributes a repulsive force.However,it is important to note that the concept of gravitational force is valid only within the framework of Newtonian dynamics.In this study,we demonstrate that the traditional understanding of the gravitational force contributed by the cosmological constant is not entirely correct.Our approach involves investigating the Newtonian limit of the Einstein equation with a cosmological constant.The subtleties involved in this analysis are discussed in detail.Interestingly,we find that the effect of the cosmological constant on Newtonian gravity is an attractive force rather than a repulsive one for ordinary matter.As expected,this corrective force is negligibly small.However,our findings may offer a way to distinguish between dark energy and the cosmological constant,as one contributes a repulsive force while the other contributes an attractive force.

Unity Formulas for the Coupling Constants and the Dimensionless Physical Constants

In this paper in an elegant way will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. We reached the conclusion of the simple unification of the fundamental interactions. We will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. It will be presented that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also will be presented the simple unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. Perhaps the shape of the universe is Poincare dodecahedral space. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.

The Physical Constant Called the Rydberg Constant Does Not Exist

In classical quantum theory, the Rydberg constant is a fundamental physical constant that plays an important role. It comes into play as an indispensable physical constant in basic formulas for describing natural phenomena. However, relativity is not taken into account in this Rydberg formula for wavelength. If the special theory of relativity is taken into account, R∞ can no longer be regarded as a physical constant. That is, we have continued to conduct experiments to this day in an attempt to determine the value of a physical constant, the Rydberg constant, which does not exist in the natural world.

Space-Energy Duality Generalized 4-Index Einstein Field Equation

The introduction of a new concept of space-energy duality serves to extend the applicability of the Einstein field equation in the context of a 4-index framework. The utilization of the Weyl tensor enables the derivation of Einstein’s equations in the 4-index format. Additionally, a two-index field equation is presented, comprising a conventional Einstein field equation and a trace-free Einstein equation. Notably, the cosmological constant is associated with a novel concept that facilitates the encoding of space and energy information, thereby enabling the recognition of mutual interactions between space and energy in the presence of gravitational forces, as dictated by Einstein’s field equations (EFE) and Trace-Free Einstein Equation (TFE).

Decisive Role of Gravitational Parameter G in Cosmology

In 1937, P. Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of the variable gravitational “constant”, and later added the notion of continuous creation of Matter in the World. The Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing a different mechanism of Matter creation. In this paper, we show that Gravitational parameter G that can be measured directly makes measurable all Cosmological parameters, which cannot be measured directly.

Anisotropic Bianchi Type-I Magnetized String Cosmological Models with Decaying Vacuum Energy Density A(t)

The present study deals with a spatially homogeneous and anisotropic Bianehi-I cosmological models representing massive strings with magnetic field and decaying vacuum energy density A. The energy-momentum tensor, as formulated by Letelier （1983）, has been used to construct massive string cosmological models for which we assume the expansion scalar in the models is proportional to one of the components of shear tensor. The Einstein＇s field equations have been solved by applying a variation law for generalized Hubble＇s parameter in Bianchi-I space-time. The variation law for Hubble＇s parameter generates two types of solutions for the average scale factor, one is of power-law type and other is of the exponential form. Using these two forms, Einstein＇s field equations are solved separately that correspond to expanding singular and non-singular models of the universe respectively. We have made a comparative study of accelerating and decelerating models in the presence of string scenario. The study reveals that massive strings dominate in the decelerating universe whereas strings dominate in the accelerating universe. The strings eventually disappear from the universe for sufficiently large times, which is in agreement with current astronomical observations. The cosmological constant A is found to be a positive decreasing function of time which is corroborated by results from recent supernovae Ia observations. The physical and geometric properties of the models have been also discussed in detail.

Heuristic Estimation of the Vacuum Energy Density of the Universe: Part II-Analysis Based on Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Radiation

In Part I of this paper, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density of the universe was derived using an indirect and heuristic procedure. The derivation is based on a proposed thought experiment, according to which an electron is accelerated to a constant and relativistic speed at a distance L from a perfectly conducting plane. The charge of the electron was represented by a spherical charge distribution located within the Compton wavelength of the electron. Subsequently, the electron is incident on the perfect conductor giving rise to transition radiation. The energy associated with the transition radiation depends on the parameter L. It was shown that an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density will emerge when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the product of the radiated energy, and the time duration of emission is constrained by Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. In this paper, a similar analysis is conducted with a chain of electrons oscillating sinusoidally and located above a conducting plane. In the thought experiment presented in this paper, the behavior of the energy radiated by the chain of oscillating electrons is studied in the frequency domain as a function of the length L of the chain. It is shown that when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the energy radiated within a single burst of duration of half a period of oscillation is constrained by the fact that electromagnetic energy consists of photons, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density emerges as a result. The derived inequality is given by where is the vacuum energy density. This result is consistent with the measured value of the vacuum energy density, which is 5.38 × 10-10 J/m. The result obtained here is in better agreement with experimental data than the one obtained in Part I of this paper with time domain radiation.

From Poincaré’s Electro-Gravific Ether (1905) to Cosmological Background Radiation (3°K, 1965)

It is well known that Einstein published in June 1905 his theory of Special Relativity (SR) without entirely based on space-time Lorentz Transformation (LT) with invariance of Light Velocity. It is much less known that Poincaré published, practically at the same time, a SR also based entirely on LT with also an invariant velocity. However, according to Poincaré, the invariant is not only that of light wave but also that of Gravific Wave in Ether. Poincaré’s Gravific ether exerts also a Gravific pressure, in the same paper, on charged (e) Electron (a “Hole in Ether” according to Poincaré). There are thus two SR: That of Einstein (ESR), without ether and without gravitation, and that of Poincaré (PSR), with Electro-Gravific-Ether. The crucial question arises then: Does “SPECIAL” Poincaré’s (e)-G field fall in the framework of Einstein’s GENERAL Relativity? Our answer is positive. On the basis of Einstein’s equation of gravitation (1917) with Minkowskian Metric (MM) and Zero Constant Cosmological (CC) we rediscover usual Static Vacuum (without charge e of electron). On the other hand with MM and Non-Zero CC, we discover the gravific field of a Cosmological Black Hole (CBH) with density of dark energy compatible with expanding vacuum. Hawking’s Stellar Black Hole (SBH) emits outgoing Black Radiation, whilst Poincaré’s CBH emits (at time zero) incoming Black Radiation. We show that Poincaré’s G-electron involves a (quantum) GRAVITON (on the model of Einstein’s quantum photon) underlying a de Broglie’s G-Wave. There is therefore a Gackground Cosmological model in Poincaré’s basic paper which predicts a density and a temperature of CBR very close to the observed (COBE) values.

NeoMinkowskian Cosmological Black Hole, Poincaré’s Gravific Electron and Density of CBR

In the previous paper (JMP 2014) we showed that there exists a NeoMinkowskian Gravitational Expanding Solution of GR (General Relativity) with CC (Cosmological Constant). We prove now that NeoMinkowskian Vacuum (non-baryonic Fluid), with gravitational (first) density (dark energy) and gravitational waves (at light speed), corresponds to the Gravitation Field of a Cosmological Black Hole (CBH). The latter predicts furthermore a basic emission of Radiation (CBR) from Hubble spherical singular Horizon to the inside of CBH (unlike Hawking’s emission) at an initial singular time. Our solution is then compatible with a well-tempered Big Bang and Expanding Universe (Escher’s Figure, see Penrose, 3) but incompatible with inflation. The latter is based on Hypothesis of a so-called Planck’s particle (Lemaitre’s primitive atom) characterized by a so-called Planck length. We prove that we can short-circuit this unstable particle with a stable cosmological Poincaré’s electron with gravific pressure. It is well known that electron is a stranger in usual Minkowskian vacuum (dixit Einstein). The stranger electron can be perfectly integrated in NeoMinkowskian Radiation fluid and then also (with its mass, charge and wavelength) in (second density of) CBR. Everything happens as if the leptonic mass of the electron were induced by our cosmological field. The unexpected cosmological model proposed here is the only one that predicts numerical values of (second) density and temperature of CBR very close to the observed (COBE) values.

Einstein’s Elevator in Cosmology

The metrics of gravitational and cosmological models are brought into canonical form in comoving coordinates. The FWR curvature parameter k is read from this and it is shown that k=0 does not correlate to a flat model, but for a spatially positively curved geometry in which reference systems which are in free fall exist. This also corresponds to Einstein’s elevator principle. Moreover, we will show that our subluminal cosmos is associated with the Rh=ct model of Melia, assuming that k=0 is related to a free-falling system in the sense described above.

Why Quakerism Is More Scientific Than Einstein

NEWTON’s laws of motion predicted that light would travel faster from a moving source—it doesn’t.Einstein was convinced that unruly electrons had no place in an orderly,understandable universe.Both assumed that human knowledge could be perfected,mathematically,and that a coherent scientific account of the world we find ourselves in,not only exists,but is available and open to dedicated human enquiry.This paper argues that Hume,Kant and recent work on Hubble’s Constant render this idealistic position untenable.The remedy proposed is not to tighten scientific definitions ever further,but to reposition Science so as to prioritise the biosphere.This entails placing the process of living organisms centre stage,since they defy the Second Law of Thermodynamics,thereby reducing Uncertainty for all—an approach best exemplified in clinical medicine,where despite unbridgeable gaps in medical knowledge,healing can and does take place.Using Quaker insights developed in the 1650s,a non-theological pathway is offered which emphasises human creativity and social cohesion.Unhappily psychiatry today,under the guise of being 100%scientific in the Einstein way,discards three counts of millennial medical wisdom,with catastrophic consequences,as shown by scientifically valid data.A healthier approach to mental and social health,emphasising trust and consent,is described.

Mass Constituents of a Flat Lattice Multiverse: Conclusion from Similarity between Two Universal Numbers, the Rocksalt-Type 2<i>D</i>Madelung Constant and the Golden Mean

In fairly good agreement with the consensus range of dark energy to matter this ratio of the critical density is suggested to be connected with the golden mean &phi;=0.6180339887, yielding for dark energy to matter mass fractions .?Assuming the baryonic matter to be only 4.432%, the ratio of matter to baryonic matter would be , and further the ratio of dark matter to baryonic one . If one subtracts from the dark matter a contribution of antimatter with the same mass of baryonic matter, according to the antigravity theories of Villata respectively Hajdukovic, the remaining mass ratio would yield . Replacing the “Madelung” constant α of Villata’s “lattice universe” by &phi;, one reaches again 1 + &phi;as the ratio of the repulsive mass contribution to the attractive one. Assuming instead of a 3D lattice a flat 2D one of rocksalt type, the numerical similarity between the Madelung constant and φ&minus;1 could not be just coincidence. The proposed scaling of the cosmological mass fractions with the square of the most irrational universal number &phi;may indicate that the chaotic cosmological processes have reached a quite stable equilibrium. This may be confirmed by another, but similar representation of the mass constituents by the Archimedes’ constant &pi;, giving for respectively for the dark components . However, the intimate connection of φ with its reciprocal may ignite the discussion whether our universe is intertwined with another universe or even part of a multiverse with the dark constituents contributed from there.

Why Krogdahl’s Flat Space-Time Cosmology Is Superior to General Relativity

This paper briefly discusses existing problems with the theory of general relativity despite remarkable accuracy in most of its applications. The primary focus is on existing problems in the field of cosmology, particularly those pertaining to expectations of global cosmic space-time curvature in the absence of observational proof. The discussion centers on Krogdahl’s recent Lorentz-invariant flat space-time cosmology and its superiority to general relativity with respect to accounting for global cosmic space-time flatness and dark energy observations. The “cosmological constant problem” is briefly addressed as a problem for general relativity with respect to particle physics and quantum field theory. Finally, two very specific validation predictions in favor of Krogdahl’s flat space-time cosmology are made with respect to ongoing studies, including the dark energy survey (DES).

Hubble’s Constant and Flat Rotation Curves of Stars: Are Dark Matter and Energy Needed?

Although dark energy and dark matter have not yet been detected, they are believed to comprise the majority of the universe. Observations of the flat rotation curve of galaxies may be explained by dark matter and dark energy. This article, using Newton’s laws and Einstein’s theory of gravitation, shows that it is possible to define a new term, called E0, variable in time and space, of which one of its limits is the Hubble constant H0. I show that E0?is strongly linked to an explanation of the flat rotation curve of galaxies. This strong correlation between Hubble’s constant H0?and E0 enables us to solve the mystery of the surplus of gravity that is stabilizing the universe.

A Potentially Unifying Constant of Nature (Brief Note)

This brief note describes a method by which numerous empirically-determined quantum constants of nature can be substituted into Einstein’s field equation (EFE) for general relativity. This method involves treating the ratio G/ћ as an empirical constant of nature in its own right. This ratio is repre- sented by a new symbol, NT. It turns out that the value of NT (which is 6.32891937 × 1023 m⋅kg-2⋅s-1) is within 5% of Avogadro’s number NA, although the units are clearly different. Nevertheless, substitutions of NT or NA into the EFE, as shown, should yield an absolute value similar in magnitude to that calculated by the conventional EFE. The method described allows for quantum term EFE substitutions into Einstein’s gravitational constant κ. These terms include ћ, α, me, mp, R, kB, F, e, MU, and mU. More importantly, perhaps, one or more of the many new expressions given for κ may provide a more accurate result than κ incorporating G. If so, this may have important implications for additional forward progress towards unification. Whether any of these new expressions for Einstein’s field equation can move us closer to quantizing gravity remains to be determined.

Theoretical and Experimental Values for the Rydberg Constant Do Not Match

In many areas of physics and chemistry, the Rydberg constant is a fundamental physical constant that plays an important role. It comes into play as an indispensable physical constant in basic equations for describing natural phenomena. The Rydberg constant appears in the formula for calculating the wavelengths in the line spectrum emitted from the hydrogen atom. However, this Rydberg wavelength formula is a nonrelativistic formula derived at the level of classical quantum theory. In this paper, the Rydberg formula is rewritten as a wavelength formula taking into account the theory of relativity. When this is done, we come to an unexpected conclusion. What we try to determine by measuring spectra wavelengths is not actually the value of the Rydberg constant R∞ but the value Rn,m of Formula (18). R∞ came into common use in the world of nonrelativistic classical quantum theory. If the theory of relativity is taken into account, R∞ can no longer be regarded as a physical constant. That is, we have continued to conduct experiments to this day in an attempt to determine the value of a physical constant, the Rydberg constant, which does not exist in the natural world.

Heuristic Estimation of the Vacuum Energy Density of the Universe: Part I—Analysis Based on Time Domain Electromagnetic Radiation

In this paper, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density of the universe is derived using an indirect and heuristic procedure. The derivation is based on a proposed thought experiment, according to which an electron is accelerated to a constant and relativistic speed at a distance L from a perfectly conducting plane. The charge of the electron is represented by a spherical charge distribution located within the Compton wavelength of the electron. Subsequently, the electron is incident on the perfect conductor giving rise to transition radiation. The energy associated with the transition radiation depends on the parameter L. It is shown that an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density will emerge when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the product of the radiated energy and the time duration of emission are constrained by Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. The inequality derived is given by ρΛ ≤ 9.9×10-9J/m3 where ρΛ is the vacuum energy density. This result is consistent with the measured value of the vacuum energy density, which is 0.538 × 10-9J/m. Since there is a direct relationship between the vacuum energy density and the Einstein’s cosmological constant, the inequality can be converted directly to that of the cosmological constant.

On the Cosmic Evolution of the Quantum Vacuum Using Two Variable G Models and Winterberg’s Thesis

We work within a Winterberg framework where space, i.e., the vacuum, consists of a two component superfluid/super-solid made up of a vast assembly (sea) of positive and negative mass Planck particles, called planckions. These material particles interact indirectly, and have very strong restoring forces keeping them a finite distance apart from each other within their respective species. Because of their mass compensating effect, the vacuum appears massless, charge-less, without pressure, net energy density or entropy. In addition, we consider two varying G models, where G, is Newton’s constant, and G-1, increases with an increase in cosmological time. We argue that there are at least two competing models for the quantum vacuum within such a framework. The first follows a strict extension of Winterberg’s model. This leads to nonsensible results, if G increases, going back in cosmological time, as the length scale inherent in such a model will not scale properly. The second model introduces a different length scale, which does scale properly, but keeps the mass of the Planck particle as, ± the Planck mass. Moreover we establish a connection between ordinary matter, dark matter, and dark energy, where all three mass densities within the Friedman equation must be interpreted as residual vacuum energies, which only surface, once aggregate matter has formed, at relatively low CMB temperatures. The symmetry of the vacuum will be shown to be broken, because of the different scaling laws, beginning with the formation of elementary particles. Much like waves on an ocean where positive and negative planckion mass densities effectively cancel each other out and form a zero vacuum energy density/zero vacuum pressure surface, these positive mass densities are very small perturbations (anomalies) about the mean. This greatly alleviates, i.e., minimizes the cosmological constant problem, a long standing problem associated with the vacuum.