Gravitational lensing has become a powerful research tool for exploring the distribution of matter and energy in the universe nowadays, as glare phenomena around the Sun and massive galaxies are indeed observed on the...Gravitational lensing has become a powerful research tool for exploring the distribution of matter and energy in the universe nowadays, as glare phenomena around the Sun and massive galaxies are indeed observed on the Earth. What is the physical nature of gravitational lensing effect? Both Newton’s law of gravitation and Einstein’s theory of relativity are difficult to physically explain these glare phenomena. This study points out that the observed glare around the Sun and large galaxies is a result or product of the orthogonal interaction of high-energy particles emitted from different star light sources. It shows a new physical state associated with abnormal high mass-energy density.展开更多
The Newton gravitational constant is considered a cornerstone of modern gravity theory. Newton did not invent or use the gravity constant;it was invented in 1873, about the same time as it became standard to use the k...The Newton gravitational constant is considered a cornerstone of modern gravity theory. Newton did not invent or use the gravity constant;it was invented in 1873, about the same time as it became standard to use the kilogram mass definition. We will claim that G is just a term needed to correct the incomplete kilogram definition so to be able to make gravity predictions. But there is another way;namely, to directly use a more complete mass definition, something that in recent years has been introduced as collision-time and a corresponding energy called collision-length. The collision-length is quantum gravitational energy. We will clearly demonstrate that by working with mass and energy based on these new concepts, rather than kilogram and the gravitational constant, one can significantly reduce the uncertainty in most gravity predictions.展开更多
Simulations based on Supernova (SN) observations predict several galactic SN explosions (SNe) can occur every century. Unlike SNes within the Interstellar Medium (ISM) where ambient gas generally absorbs blast waves w...Simulations based on Supernova (SN) observations predict several galactic SN explosions (SNe) can occur every century. Unlike SNes within the Interstellar Medium (ISM) where ambient gas generally absorbs blast waves within a million years, SNes occurring in a rarified environment outside of the ISM generate blast waves which remain in a relativistic free expansion phase for more extended periods. The SN blast wave forms an expanding spherical shell and when multiple blast waves intersect, the overlapping region naturally takes the form of a ring, an arc, or an Einstein Cross structure. The analysis shows the relativistic plasma establishes a medium with permeability which drives the index of refraction greater than 1. As a result, when a shock discontinuity forms in the overlapping region, light is reflected from the host galaxy which exposes the intersecting blast wave regions. The expanding shells are shown to induce an achromatic redshift to the reflected light consistent with those measured for gravitational lenses. Further, it is shown that a Hubble equation for a blast wave around the Milky Way Galaxy can be parameterized to approximate measured redshifts over a wide range of distances.展开更多
Newton did not invent or use the so-called Newton’s gravitational constant G. Newton’s original gravity formula was and not . In this paper, we will show how a series of major gravity phenomena can be calculated and...Newton did not invent or use the so-called Newton’s gravitational constant G. Newton’s original gravity formula was and not . In this paper, we will show how a series of major gravity phenomena can be calculated and predicted without the gravitational constant. This is, to some degree, well known, at least for those that have studied a significant amount of the older literature on gravity. However, to understand gravity at a deeper level, still without G, one needs to trust Newton’s formula. It is when we first combine Newton’s assumptionn, that matter and light ultimately consist of hard indivisible particles, with new insight in atomism that we can truly begin to understand gravity at a deeper level. This leads to a quantum gravity theory that is unified with quantum mechanics and in which there is no need for G and not even a need for the Planck constant. We claim that two mistakes have been made in physics, which have held back progress towards a unified quantum gravity theory. First, it has been common practice to consider Newton’s gravitational constant as almost holy and untouchable. Thus, we have neglected to see an important aspect of mass;namely, the indivisible particle that Newton also held in high regard. Second, standard physics have built their quantum mechanics around the de Broglie wavelength, rather than the Compton wavelength. We claim the de Broglie wavelength is merely a mathematical derivative of the Compton wavelength, the true matter wavelength.展开更多
<p align="justify"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span>In 1686, Newton discovered the laws of gravitation [&...<p align="justify"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span>In 1686, Newton discovered the laws of gravitation [<a href="#ref1">1</a>] and predicted the universal gravitational constant <img alt="" src="Edit_8cc6927a-fa86-44a2-a4e4-c2b809cba958.png" />. In 1798, with a torsion balance, Cavendish [<a href="#ref2">2</a>] measured <img alt="" src="Edit_f51d8d12-e299-4f0f-918d-d4b7cb9d5b9b.png" />. Due to the low intensity of gravitation, it is difficult to obtain reliable results because they are disturbed by surrounding masses and environmental phenomena. Modern physics is unable to link <i>G</i> with other constants. However, in a 2019 article [<a href="#ref3">3</a>], with a new cosmological model, we showed that <i>G</i> seams related to other constants, and we obtained a theoretical value of <img alt="" src="Edit_a2b7158e-b2db-4c33-bab7-898a8cbe0cad.png" />. Here, we want to show that our theoretical value of <i>G</i> is the right one by interpreting measurements of <i>G</i> with the help of a new technique using cubic splines. We make the hypothesis that most <i>G</i> measurements are affected by an unknown systematic error which creates two main groups of data. We obtain a measured value of <img alt="" src="Edit_d447fba6-cde2-4b05-8b67-d1bdbacd412b.png" /><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span>. Knowing that our theoretical value of <i>G</i> is in agreement with the measured value, we want to establish a direct link between <i>G</i> and as many other constants as possible to show, with 33 equations, that <i>G</i> is probably linked with most constants in the universe. These equations may be useful for astrophysicists who work in this domain. Since we have been able to link <i>G</i> with Hubble parameter <em>H<sub>0</sub></em> (which evolve since its reverse gives the apparent age of the universe), we deduce that <i>G</i> is likely not truly constant. It’s value probably slowly varies in time and space. However, at our location in the universe and for a relatively short period, this parameter may seem constant. </p>展开更多
Ted Jacobson discovered that gravity was related to thermodynamics. However, the calculated temperature using the Boltzmann area entropy is still not reasonable. We searched and discovered an empirical equation for th...Ted Jacobson discovered that gravity was related to thermodynamics. However, the calculated temperature using the Boltzmann area entropy is still not reasonable. We searched and discovered an empirical equation for the gravitational constant with a reasonable temperature. The calculated value was 3.20 K, which is similar to the temperature of the cosmic microwave background of 2.73 K. Then, we examined Yasuo Katayama’s theory. For this purpose, we introduced the modified Wagner’s equation, which is compatible with Jarzynski equality. Finally, using Ted Jacobson’s theory, we proposed our theory of gravity with the Gibbs volume entropy.展开更多
In this paper in an elegant way will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. We reached the conclusion of the simple unification of the fundamental interact...In this paper in an elegant way will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. We reached the conclusion of the simple unification of the fundamental interactions. We will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. It will be presented that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also will be presented the simple unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. Perhaps the shape of the universe is Poincare dodecahedral space. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.展开更多
In classical quantum theory, the Rydberg constant is a fundamental physical constant that plays an important role. It comes into play as an indispensable physical constant in basic formulas for describing natural phen...In classical quantum theory, the Rydberg constant is a fundamental physical constant that plays an important role. It comes into play as an indispensable physical constant in basic formulas for describing natural phenomena. However, relativity is not taken into account in this Rydberg formula for wavelength. If the special theory of relativity is taken into account, R<sub>∞</sub> can no longer be regarded as a physical constant. That is, we have continued to conduct experiments to this day in an attempt to determine the value of a physical constant, the Rydberg constant, which does not exist in the natural world.展开更多
In the classical Newtonian mechanics, the gravity fields of static thin loop and double spheres are two simple but foundational problems. However, in the Einstein’s theory of gravity, they are not simple. In fact, we...In the classical Newtonian mechanics, the gravity fields of static thin loop and double spheres are two simple but foundational problems. However, in the Einstein’s theory of gravity, they are not simple. In fact, we do not know their solutions up to now. Based on the coordinate transformations of the Kerr and the Kerr-Newman solutions of the Einstein’s equation of gravity field with axial symmetry, the gravity fields of static thin loop and double spheres are obtained. The results indicate that, no matter how much the mass and density are, there are singularities at the central point of thin loop and the contact point of double spheres. What is more, the singularities are completely exposed in vacuum. Space near the surfaces of thin loop and spheres are highly curved, although the gravity fields are very weak. These results are inconsistent with practical experience and completely impossible. By reasonable analogy, black holes with singularity in cosmology and astrophysics are something illusive. Caused by the mathematical description of curved space-time, they do not exist in real world actually. If there are black holes in the universe, they can only be the types of the Newtonian black holes without singularities, rather than the Einstein’s singularity black holes. In order to escape the puzzle of singularity thoroughly, the description of gravity should return to the traditional form of dynamics in flat space. The renormalization of gravity and the unified description of four basic interactions may be possible only based on the frame of flat space-time. Otherwise, theses problems can not be solved forever. Physicists should have a clear understanding about this problem.展开更多
In the present article, we give a variant of the theory of gravity, which distinguishes between particles and antiparticles. In this theory that called two-signed gravity, in contrast to Einstein’s gravity, contribut...In the present article, we give a variant of the theory of gravity, which distinguishes between particles and antiparticles. In this theory that called two-signed gravity, in contrast to Einstein’s gravity, contributions from particles and antiparticles in the tensor, which are the source of the gravitational field are taken with different signs. In two-sign gravity, antiattraction exists between particles and antiparticles. In the framework of two-signed gravitation, it is naturally assume that Universe is not only electroneutral, but also gravitationally neutral too. In present paper, we suggest model of homogeneous, isotropic, uniformly expanding Universe. It is shown, what within framework of that model, which does not contain any free parameters, well explained observed dynamics of the Universe.展开更多
The problems connected to propagation of a gravitational field are considered. The constant homogeneous gravitational field is investigated. The law of electromagnetic radiation frequency change in this gravitational ...The problems connected to propagation of a gravitational field are considered. The constant homogeneous gravitational field is investigated. The law of electromagnetic radiation frequency change in this gravitational field is shown. On the basis of the solution of the Einstein’s equation for a weak gravitational field, the flux of gravitational radiation energy from system of cooperating masses is found. The equation for gravitational waves is found. On the basis of refusal from a stresses tensor into energy-impulse tensor and use of a quantum gravitational eikonal, the quantum form of the energy-impulse tensor in Einstein’s equation is found. The equation for a graviton propagating in a gravitational field of a double star is found. Resonant interaction of a graviton and a gravitational field of a double star are investigated. It is shown that such interaction allows registering the gravitons.展开更多
Experimental determinations of Newton’s gravitational constant, Big G, have increased, in number and precision, during the last 30 years. There is, however, a persistent discrepancy between various authors. After exa...Experimental determinations of Newton’s gravitational constant, Big G, have increased, in number and precision, during the last 30 years. There is, however, a persistent discrepancy between various authors. After examining some literature proposing that the differences in Big G might be a function of the length of the day along the years, this paper proposes an alternative hypothesis in which the periodicity of said variation is a function of the relative periodicity of the Sun-Earth distance. The hypothesis introduced here becomes a direct application of the Kerr Metric that describes a massive rotating star. The Kerr solution for the equations of the General Theory of Relativity of Albert Einstein fits well with this relative periodicity and adequately predicts the arrangement of the ex-perimental G values reported by sixteen different laboratories. Also, the author explains how the Sun disturbs gravity on the surface of the Earth.展开更多
The result of mathematical and physical analysis of the daily change in gravity is presented. The subject of consideration was the manifestation of semi-daily factors in diurnal variations of gravity. The assumption i...The result of mathematical and physical analysis of the daily change in gravity is presented. The subject of consideration was the manifestation of semi-daily factors in diurnal variations of gravity. The assumption is investigated, according to which the cause of the half-day factors is the gravitational shielding of the planet Earth. Gravitational shielding is considered as a function of the size and thickness of celestial bodies and growing with distance from their poles. It is concluded that the planet Earth has the property of partial gravitational shielding, and the Moon does not have enough thickness to exhibit a tangible gravitational shielding. The obtained mathematical results correspond to the existing experimental data. It is suggested that gravitational shielding is the cause of the precession of the perihelion of Mercury and the peculiarities of the manifestation of tidal processes. It is assumed that gravitational shielding is one of the main reasons for the presence of hidden substances in the Universe. It is concluded that the physical picture with mutual shielding of interaction elements corresponds to the classical ideas of Fatio and Lesage. This approach is proposed as an alternative point of view to the existing theory on the description of tidal processes. It is shown that the existing basic approach to the description of tidal forces is unsatisfactory: the factors underlying the existing approaches have values 10 times less than those observed and cannot be considered as the reason for the manifestation of half-day manifestations in the daily change in gravity. The work is a continuation of the implementation by the author of P. Dirac’s ideas about accounting for the size of microparticles in physical theory.展开更多
A force with an acceleration that is equal to multiples greater than the speed of light per unit time is exerted on a cloud of charged particles. The particles are resultantly accelerated to within an infinitesimal fr...A force with an acceleration that is equal to multiples greater than the speed of light per unit time is exerted on a cloud of charged particles. The particles are resultantly accelerated to within an infinitesimal fraction of the speed of light. As the force or acceleration increases, the particles’ velocity asymptotically approaches but never achieves the speed of light obeying relativity. The asymptotic increase in the particles’ velocity toward the speed of light as acceleration increasingly surpasses the speed of light per unit time does not compensate for the momentum value produced on the particles at sub-light velocities. Hence, the particles’ inertial mass value must increase as acceleration increases. This increase in the particles’ inertial mass as the particles are accelerated produce a gravitational field which is believed to occur in the oscillation of quarks achieving velocities close to the speed of light. The increased inertial mass of the density of accelerated charged particles becomes the source mass (or Big “M”) in Newton’s equation for gravitational force. This implies that a space-time curve is generated by the accelerated particles. Thus, it is shown that the acceleration number (or multiple of the speed of light greater than 1 per unit of time) and the number of charged particles in the cloud density are surjectively mapped to points on a differential manifold or space-time curved surface. Two aspects of Einstein’s field equations are used to describe the correspondence between the gravitational field produced by the accelerated particles and the resultant space-time curve. The two aspects are the Schwarzchild metric and the stress energy tensor. Lastly, the possibility of producing a sufficient acceleration or electromagnetic force on the charged particles to produce a gravitational field is shown through the Lorentz force equation. Moreover, it is shown that a sufficient voltage can be generated to produce an acceleration/force on the particles that is multiples greater than the speed of light per unit time thereby generating gravity.展开更多
This brief note describes a method by which numerous empirically-determined quantum constants of nature can be substituted into Einstein’s field equation (EFE) for general relativity. This method involves treating th...This brief note describes a method by which numerous empirically-determined quantum constants of nature can be substituted into Einstein’s field equation (EFE) for general relativity. This method involves treating the ratio <em>G/<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">ћ</span></span></span></span></em> as an empirical constant of nature in its own right. This ratio is repre- sented by a new symbol, <em>N</em><sub><em>T</em></sub>. It turns out that the value of <em>N</em><sub><em>T</em></sub> (which is 6.32891937 × 10<sup>23</sup> m<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">⋅</span></span></span></span></span></span>kg<sup>-2</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">⋅</span></span></span></span></span></span>s<sup>-1</sup>) is within 5% of Avogadro’s number<em> N</em><sub><em>A</em></sub>, although the units are clearly different. Nevertheless, substitutions of <em>N</em><sub><em>T</em></sub> or <em>N</em><sub><em>A</em></sub> into the EFE, as shown, should yield an absolute value similar in magnitude to that calculated by the conventional EFE. The method described allows for quantum term EFE substitutions into Einstein’s gravitational constant <em>κ</em>. These terms include <em><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">ћ</span></span></span></span></em>, <em>α</em>, <em>m</em><sub><em>e</em></sub>, <em>m</em><sub><em>p</em></sub>, <em>R</em>, <em>k</em><sub><em>B</em></sub>, <em>F, e, M<sub>U</sub></em>, and <em>m</em><sub><em>U</em></sub>. More importantly, perhaps, one or more of the many new expressions given for <em>κ</em> may provide a more accurate result than <em>κ</em> incorporating <em>G</em>. If so, this may have important implications for additional forward progress towards unification. Whether any of these new expressions for Einstein’s field equation can move us closer to quantizing gravity remains to be determined.展开更多
NEWTON’s laws of motion predicted that light would travel faster from a moving source—it doesn’t.Einstein was convinced that unruly electrons had no place in an orderly,understandable universe.Both assumed that hum...NEWTON’s laws of motion predicted that light would travel faster from a moving source—it doesn’t.Einstein was convinced that unruly electrons had no place in an orderly,understandable universe.Both assumed that human knowledge could be perfected,mathematically,and that a coherent scientific account of the world we find ourselves in,not only exists,but is available and open to dedicated human enquiry.This paper argues that Hume,Kant and recent work on Hubble’s Constant render this idealistic position untenable.The remedy proposed is not to tighten scientific definitions ever further,but to reposition Science so as to prioritise the biosphere.This entails placing the process of living organisms centre stage,since they defy the Second Law of Thermodynamics,thereby reducing Uncertainty for all—an approach best exemplified in clinical medicine,where despite unbridgeable gaps in medical knowledge,healing can and does take place.Using Quaker insights developed in the 1650s,a non-theological pathway is offered which emphasises human creativity and social cohesion.Unhappily psychiatry today,under the guise of being 100%scientific in the Einstein way,discards three counts of millennial medical wisdom,with catastrophic consequences,as shown by scientifically valid data.A healthier approach to mental and social health,emphasising trust and consent,is described.展开更多
As a simplified, idealized understanding of a physical system the General Relativity model has been highly successful in its gravitational role. However, it fails to address the problem of sufficiently precise measure...As a simplified, idealized understanding of a physical system the General Relativity model has been highly successful in its gravitational role. However, it fails to address the problem of sufficiently precise measurement of “Big G”, the Newtonian Gravitation Constant, and has failed to obtain connection of “Big G” to the rest of physics. Because “Big G” arises naturally from Newton’s treatment of gravitation, this paper elaborates the Modern Newtonian Model of Gravitation and through it resolves the problems of “Big G” at which General Relativity has failed. Specifically: The causes of the problems in measuring “Big G” are resolved, “Big G” is connected to the rest of physics, and a sufficiently precise value of “Big G” is obtained by calculation from other fundamental physical constants. The companion paper The Experimental Data Validation of Modern Newtonian Gravitation over General Relativity Gravitation, which is available in this journal, publishes the results of this paper’s “Part V—Testing the Hypothesis and the Derivation”.展开更多
From a start of only the limitation on the speed of light, the necessity of conservation, and the impossibility of an infinity in material reality, the present paper presents a comprehensive development of the mechani...From a start of only the limitation on the speed of light, the necessity of conservation, and the impossibility of an infinity in material reality, the present paper presents a comprehensive development of the mechanics, the operation of gravitation. Experience shows that everything has a cause and that those causes are themselves the results of precedent causes, and ad infinitum. Defining and comprehending the causality or mechanism operating to produce any observed behavior is essential to understanding or explaining the behavior. The behavior of gravitation is well known, described by Newton’s Law of Gravitation. But what gravitational mass is, how gravitational behavior comes about, what in material reality produces the effects of gravitation, is little understood. The extant hypotheses include Einstein’s General Relativity’s bending of space, efforts to develop “quantum gravitation”, and attempts to detect “gravitons”. None of those addresses the cause, the mechanism of gravitation. As demonstrated in the present and its prior papers, gravitation is an outward flow from gravitating masses. That means that by manipulating that flow gravitation can be controlled. The procedure for obtaining such control and the design for several various applications are presented in the paper Gravitational and Anti-gravitational Applications which is available in this journal.展开更多
A long enough period of observation of the Sun’s gravitational dragging effects by using a modified Cavendish’s balance output of experimental evidence shows new patterns. Those patterns can be explained assuming th...A long enough period of observation of the Sun’s gravitational dragging effects by using a modified Cavendish’s balance output of experimental evidence shows new patterns. Those patterns can be explained assuming that the Sun has a torus with rotation, precession, and nutation. This purpose of this paper is to introduce the frequencies of all those movements. The torus’s rotational period can be used to explain the Sun’s magnetic pole reversal. Utilizing a modified Cavendish’s balance showed an output of dragging forces stronger than the attraction between the gravitational masses. This tool afforded this research a new experimental possibility to a more precise determination of the Universal Gravitational Constant Big G. Moreover, the dragging forces directly affect any volume of mass, which includes the atmosphere. This paper shows a correlation between the Sun’s dragging peaks and density of the air squared. The aforementioned correlation and the inverse cubic relation with the distance to the Sun are common for the dragging and tide forces providing the possibility that tidal forces are also a gravitational dragging consequence. The last 2017 total Solar eclipse created a new temporal reaction on the modified Cavendish’s balance. That temporal pattern looks as the spatial pattern created by an opaque disk. This similarity allows the researcher to calculate that the dragging forces are transmitted by photons with spatial periodicity of value λ = 6.1 km.展开更多
Based on Vd = K equation and the consideration that maximum velocity is “velocity of light”, diameter of a space time for a particular fundamental force has been calculated. With Siva’s classical equation for space...Based on Vd = K equation and the consideration that maximum velocity is “velocity of light”, diameter of a space time for a particular fundamental force has been calculated. With Siva’s classical equation for space time, the quantity of fundamental force has been calculated in terms of relative energy with photon. This has been converted into relative force and the relative forces interpreted in terms of coupling constants of fundamental forces. All the fundamental forces are manifestation of space time material only. Space time will be different for different fundamental forces and their elementary force carrying particles. Specially, it has elaborated the difference between mass and energy for gravity space time. A generalized equation of space time and coupling constants has been derived. This equation can be used to calculate the space time parameters of other fundamental forces by knowing the coupling constant and vice versa. Space time parameters will be different for fundamental forces. In order to keep the parameters such as c,G,h,lp,tp and mp applicable to all other fundamental forces, a new parameter Siva’s constant “K” has been introduced. Thus all the observations are based on “K” and transformation is possible by a new additional parameter “K” such that c=h=G=K=1 instead of c=h=G=1. Ultimately, this paper may be a ground work to discuss lot of issues such as “consciousness” and “decoding of quantum information” in future.展开更多
文摘Gravitational lensing has become a powerful research tool for exploring the distribution of matter and energy in the universe nowadays, as glare phenomena around the Sun and massive galaxies are indeed observed on the Earth. What is the physical nature of gravitational lensing effect? Both Newton’s law of gravitation and Einstein’s theory of relativity are difficult to physically explain these glare phenomena. This study points out that the observed glare around the Sun and large galaxies is a result or product of the orthogonal interaction of high-energy particles emitted from different star light sources. It shows a new physical state associated with abnormal high mass-energy density.
文摘The Newton gravitational constant is considered a cornerstone of modern gravity theory. Newton did not invent or use the gravity constant;it was invented in 1873, about the same time as it became standard to use the kilogram mass definition. We will claim that G is just a term needed to correct the incomplete kilogram definition so to be able to make gravity predictions. But there is another way;namely, to directly use a more complete mass definition, something that in recent years has been introduced as collision-time and a corresponding energy called collision-length. The collision-length is quantum gravitational energy. We will clearly demonstrate that by working with mass and energy based on these new concepts, rather than kilogram and the gravitational constant, one can significantly reduce the uncertainty in most gravity predictions.
文摘Simulations based on Supernova (SN) observations predict several galactic SN explosions (SNe) can occur every century. Unlike SNes within the Interstellar Medium (ISM) where ambient gas generally absorbs blast waves within a million years, SNes occurring in a rarified environment outside of the ISM generate blast waves which remain in a relativistic free expansion phase for more extended periods. The SN blast wave forms an expanding spherical shell and when multiple blast waves intersect, the overlapping region naturally takes the form of a ring, an arc, or an Einstein Cross structure. The analysis shows the relativistic plasma establishes a medium with permeability which drives the index of refraction greater than 1. As a result, when a shock discontinuity forms in the overlapping region, light is reflected from the host galaxy which exposes the intersecting blast wave regions. The expanding shells are shown to induce an achromatic redshift to the reflected light consistent with those measured for gravitational lenses. Further, it is shown that a Hubble equation for a blast wave around the Milky Way Galaxy can be parameterized to approximate measured redshifts over a wide range of distances.
文摘Newton did not invent or use the so-called Newton’s gravitational constant G. Newton’s original gravity formula was and not . In this paper, we will show how a series of major gravity phenomena can be calculated and predicted without the gravitational constant. This is, to some degree, well known, at least for those that have studied a significant amount of the older literature on gravity. However, to understand gravity at a deeper level, still without G, one needs to trust Newton’s formula. It is when we first combine Newton’s assumptionn, that matter and light ultimately consist of hard indivisible particles, with new insight in atomism that we can truly begin to understand gravity at a deeper level. This leads to a quantum gravity theory that is unified with quantum mechanics and in which there is no need for G and not even a need for the Planck constant. We claim that two mistakes have been made in physics, which have held back progress towards a unified quantum gravity theory. First, it has been common practice to consider Newton’s gravitational constant as almost holy and untouchable. Thus, we have neglected to see an important aspect of mass;namely, the indivisible particle that Newton also held in high regard. Second, standard physics have built their quantum mechanics around the de Broglie wavelength, rather than the Compton wavelength. We claim the de Broglie wavelength is merely a mathematical derivative of the Compton wavelength, the true matter wavelength.
文摘<p align="justify"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span>In 1686, Newton discovered the laws of gravitation [<a href="#ref1">1</a>] and predicted the universal gravitational constant <img alt="" src="Edit_8cc6927a-fa86-44a2-a4e4-c2b809cba958.png" />. In 1798, with a torsion balance, Cavendish [<a href="#ref2">2</a>] measured <img alt="" src="Edit_f51d8d12-e299-4f0f-918d-d4b7cb9d5b9b.png" />. Due to the low intensity of gravitation, it is difficult to obtain reliable results because they are disturbed by surrounding masses and environmental phenomena. Modern physics is unable to link <i>G</i> with other constants. However, in a 2019 article [<a href="#ref3">3</a>], with a new cosmological model, we showed that <i>G</i> seams related to other constants, and we obtained a theoretical value of <img alt="" src="Edit_a2b7158e-b2db-4c33-bab7-898a8cbe0cad.png" />. Here, we want to show that our theoretical value of <i>G</i> is the right one by interpreting measurements of <i>G</i> with the help of a new technique using cubic splines. We make the hypothesis that most <i>G</i> measurements are affected by an unknown systematic error which creates two main groups of data. We obtain a measured value of <img alt="" src="Edit_d447fba6-cde2-4b05-8b67-d1bdbacd412b.png" /><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span>. Knowing that our theoretical value of <i>G</i> is in agreement with the measured value, we want to establish a direct link between <i>G</i> and as many other constants as possible to show, with 33 equations, that <i>G</i> is probably linked with most constants in the universe. These equations may be useful for astrophysicists who work in this domain. Since we have been able to link <i>G</i> with Hubble parameter <em>H<sub>0</sub></em> (which evolve since its reverse gives the apparent age of the universe), we deduce that <i>G</i> is likely not truly constant. It’s value probably slowly varies in time and space. However, at our location in the universe and for a relatively short period, this parameter may seem constant. </p>
文摘Ted Jacobson discovered that gravity was related to thermodynamics. However, the calculated temperature using the Boltzmann area entropy is still not reasonable. We searched and discovered an empirical equation for the gravitational constant with a reasonable temperature. The calculated value was 3.20 K, which is similar to the temperature of the cosmic microwave background of 2.73 K. Then, we examined Yasuo Katayama’s theory. For this purpose, we introduced the modified Wagner’s equation, which is compatible with Jarzynski equality. Finally, using Ted Jacobson’s theory, we proposed our theory of gravity with the Gibbs volume entropy.
文摘In this paper in an elegant way will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. We reached the conclusion of the simple unification of the fundamental interactions. We will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. It will be presented that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also will be presented the simple unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. Perhaps the shape of the universe is Poincare dodecahedral space. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.
文摘In classical quantum theory, the Rydberg constant is a fundamental physical constant that plays an important role. It comes into play as an indispensable physical constant in basic formulas for describing natural phenomena. However, relativity is not taken into account in this Rydberg formula for wavelength. If the special theory of relativity is taken into account, R<sub>∞</sub> can no longer be regarded as a physical constant. That is, we have continued to conduct experiments to this day in an attempt to determine the value of a physical constant, the Rydberg constant, which does not exist in the natural world.
文摘In the classical Newtonian mechanics, the gravity fields of static thin loop and double spheres are two simple but foundational problems. However, in the Einstein’s theory of gravity, they are not simple. In fact, we do not know their solutions up to now. Based on the coordinate transformations of the Kerr and the Kerr-Newman solutions of the Einstein’s equation of gravity field with axial symmetry, the gravity fields of static thin loop and double spheres are obtained. The results indicate that, no matter how much the mass and density are, there are singularities at the central point of thin loop and the contact point of double spheres. What is more, the singularities are completely exposed in vacuum. Space near the surfaces of thin loop and spheres are highly curved, although the gravity fields are very weak. These results are inconsistent with practical experience and completely impossible. By reasonable analogy, black holes with singularity in cosmology and astrophysics are something illusive. Caused by the mathematical description of curved space-time, they do not exist in real world actually. If there are black holes in the universe, they can only be the types of the Newtonian black holes without singularities, rather than the Einstein’s singularity black holes. In order to escape the puzzle of singularity thoroughly, the description of gravity should return to the traditional form of dynamics in flat space. The renormalization of gravity and the unified description of four basic interactions may be possible only based on the frame of flat space-time. Otherwise, theses problems can not be solved forever. Physicists should have a clear understanding about this problem.
文摘In the present article, we give a variant of the theory of gravity, which distinguishes between particles and antiparticles. In this theory that called two-signed gravity, in contrast to Einstein’s gravity, contributions from particles and antiparticles in the tensor, which are the source of the gravitational field are taken with different signs. In two-sign gravity, antiattraction exists between particles and antiparticles. In the framework of two-signed gravitation, it is naturally assume that Universe is not only electroneutral, but also gravitationally neutral too. In present paper, we suggest model of homogeneous, isotropic, uniformly expanding Universe. It is shown, what within framework of that model, which does not contain any free parameters, well explained observed dynamics of the Universe.
文摘The problems connected to propagation of a gravitational field are considered. The constant homogeneous gravitational field is investigated. The law of electromagnetic radiation frequency change in this gravitational field is shown. On the basis of the solution of the Einstein’s equation for a weak gravitational field, the flux of gravitational radiation energy from system of cooperating masses is found. The equation for gravitational waves is found. On the basis of refusal from a stresses tensor into energy-impulse tensor and use of a quantum gravitational eikonal, the quantum form of the energy-impulse tensor in Einstein’s equation is found. The equation for a graviton propagating in a gravitational field of a double star is found. Resonant interaction of a graviton and a gravitational field of a double star are investigated. It is shown that such interaction allows registering the gravitons.
文摘Experimental determinations of Newton’s gravitational constant, Big G, have increased, in number and precision, during the last 30 years. There is, however, a persistent discrepancy between various authors. After examining some literature proposing that the differences in Big G might be a function of the length of the day along the years, this paper proposes an alternative hypothesis in which the periodicity of said variation is a function of the relative periodicity of the Sun-Earth distance. The hypothesis introduced here becomes a direct application of the Kerr Metric that describes a massive rotating star. The Kerr solution for the equations of the General Theory of Relativity of Albert Einstein fits well with this relative periodicity and adequately predicts the arrangement of the ex-perimental G values reported by sixteen different laboratories. Also, the author explains how the Sun disturbs gravity on the surface of the Earth.
文摘The result of mathematical and physical analysis of the daily change in gravity is presented. The subject of consideration was the manifestation of semi-daily factors in diurnal variations of gravity. The assumption is investigated, according to which the cause of the half-day factors is the gravitational shielding of the planet Earth. Gravitational shielding is considered as a function of the size and thickness of celestial bodies and growing with distance from their poles. It is concluded that the planet Earth has the property of partial gravitational shielding, and the Moon does not have enough thickness to exhibit a tangible gravitational shielding. The obtained mathematical results correspond to the existing experimental data. It is suggested that gravitational shielding is the cause of the precession of the perihelion of Mercury and the peculiarities of the manifestation of tidal processes. It is assumed that gravitational shielding is one of the main reasons for the presence of hidden substances in the Universe. It is concluded that the physical picture with mutual shielding of interaction elements corresponds to the classical ideas of Fatio and Lesage. This approach is proposed as an alternative point of view to the existing theory on the description of tidal processes. It is shown that the existing basic approach to the description of tidal forces is unsatisfactory: the factors underlying the existing approaches have values 10 times less than those observed and cannot be considered as the reason for the manifestation of half-day manifestations in the daily change in gravity. The work is a continuation of the implementation by the author of P. Dirac’s ideas about accounting for the size of microparticles in physical theory.
文摘A force with an acceleration that is equal to multiples greater than the speed of light per unit time is exerted on a cloud of charged particles. The particles are resultantly accelerated to within an infinitesimal fraction of the speed of light. As the force or acceleration increases, the particles’ velocity asymptotically approaches but never achieves the speed of light obeying relativity. The asymptotic increase in the particles’ velocity toward the speed of light as acceleration increasingly surpasses the speed of light per unit time does not compensate for the momentum value produced on the particles at sub-light velocities. Hence, the particles’ inertial mass value must increase as acceleration increases. This increase in the particles’ inertial mass as the particles are accelerated produce a gravitational field which is believed to occur in the oscillation of quarks achieving velocities close to the speed of light. The increased inertial mass of the density of accelerated charged particles becomes the source mass (or Big “M”) in Newton’s equation for gravitational force. This implies that a space-time curve is generated by the accelerated particles. Thus, it is shown that the acceleration number (or multiple of the speed of light greater than 1 per unit of time) and the number of charged particles in the cloud density are surjectively mapped to points on a differential manifold or space-time curved surface. Two aspects of Einstein’s field equations are used to describe the correspondence between the gravitational field produced by the accelerated particles and the resultant space-time curve. The two aspects are the Schwarzchild metric and the stress energy tensor. Lastly, the possibility of producing a sufficient acceleration or electromagnetic force on the charged particles to produce a gravitational field is shown through the Lorentz force equation. Moreover, it is shown that a sufficient voltage can be generated to produce an acceleration/force on the particles that is multiples greater than the speed of light per unit time thereby generating gravity.
文摘This brief note describes a method by which numerous empirically-determined quantum constants of nature can be substituted into Einstein’s field equation (EFE) for general relativity. This method involves treating the ratio <em>G/<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">ћ</span></span></span></span></em> as an empirical constant of nature in its own right. This ratio is repre- sented by a new symbol, <em>N</em><sub><em>T</em></sub>. It turns out that the value of <em>N</em><sub><em>T</em></sub> (which is 6.32891937 × 10<sup>23</sup> m<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">⋅</span></span></span></span></span></span>kg<sup>-2</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">⋅</span></span></span></span></span></span>s<sup>-1</sup>) is within 5% of Avogadro’s number<em> N</em><sub><em>A</em></sub>, although the units are clearly different. Nevertheless, substitutions of <em>N</em><sub><em>T</em></sub> or <em>N</em><sub><em>A</em></sub> into the EFE, as shown, should yield an absolute value similar in magnitude to that calculated by the conventional EFE. The method described allows for quantum term EFE substitutions into Einstein’s gravitational constant <em>κ</em>. These terms include <em><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">ћ</span></span></span></span></em>, <em>α</em>, <em>m</em><sub><em>e</em></sub>, <em>m</em><sub><em>p</em></sub>, <em>R</em>, <em>k</em><sub><em>B</em></sub>, <em>F, e, M<sub>U</sub></em>, and <em>m</em><sub><em>U</em></sub>. More importantly, perhaps, one or more of the many new expressions given for <em>κ</em> may provide a more accurate result than <em>κ</em> incorporating <em>G</em>. If so, this may have important implications for additional forward progress towards unification. Whether any of these new expressions for Einstein’s field equation can move us closer to quantizing gravity remains to be determined.
文摘NEWTON’s laws of motion predicted that light would travel faster from a moving source—it doesn’t.Einstein was convinced that unruly electrons had no place in an orderly,understandable universe.Both assumed that human knowledge could be perfected,mathematically,and that a coherent scientific account of the world we find ourselves in,not only exists,but is available and open to dedicated human enquiry.This paper argues that Hume,Kant and recent work on Hubble’s Constant render this idealistic position untenable.The remedy proposed is not to tighten scientific definitions ever further,but to reposition Science so as to prioritise the biosphere.This entails placing the process of living organisms centre stage,since they defy the Second Law of Thermodynamics,thereby reducing Uncertainty for all—an approach best exemplified in clinical medicine,where despite unbridgeable gaps in medical knowledge,healing can and does take place.Using Quaker insights developed in the 1650s,a non-theological pathway is offered which emphasises human creativity and social cohesion.Unhappily psychiatry today,under the guise of being 100%scientific in the Einstein way,discards three counts of millennial medical wisdom,with catastrophic consequences,as shown by scientifically valid data.A healthier approach to mental and social health,emphasising trust and consent,is described.
文摘As a simplified, idealized understanding of a physical system the General Relativity model has been highly successful in its gravitational role. However, it fails to address the problem of sufficiently precise measurement of “Big G”, the Newtonian Gravitation Constant, and has failed to obtain connection of “Big G” to the rest of physics. Because “Big G” arises naturally from Newton’s treatment of gravitation, this paper elaborates the Modern Newtonian Model of Gravitation and through it resolves the problems of “Big G” at which General Relativity has failed. Specifically: The causes of the problems in measuring “Big G” are resolved, “Big G” is connected to the rest of physics, and a sufficiently precise value of “Big G” is obtained by calculation from other fundamental physical constants. The companion paper The Experimental Data Validation of Modern Newtonian Gravitation over General Relativity Gravitation, which is available in this journal, publishes the results of this paper’s “Part V—Testing the Hypothesis and the Derivation”.
文摘From a start of only the limitation on the speed of light, the necessity of conservation, and the impossibility of an infinity in material reality, the present paper presents a comprehensive development of the mechanics, the operation of gravitation. Experience shows that everything has a cause and that those causes are themselves the results of precedent causes, and ad infinitum. Defining and comprehending the causality or mechanism operating to produce any observed behavior is essential to understanding or explaining the behavior. The behavior of gravitation is well known, described by Newton’s Law of Gravitation. But what gravitational mass is, how gravitational behavior comes about, what in material reality produces the effects of gravitation, is little understood. The extant hypotheses include Einstein’s General Relativity’s bending of space, efforts to develop “quantum gravitation”, and attempts to detect “gravitons”. None of those addresses the cause, the mechanism of gravitation. As demonstrated in the present and its prior papers, gravitation is an outward flow from gravitating masses. That means that by manipulating that flow gravitation can be controlled. The procedure for obtaining such control and the design for several various applications are presented in the paper Gravitational and Anti-gravitational Applications which is available in this journal.
文摘A long enough period of observation of the Sun’s gravitational dragging effects by using a modified Cavendish’s balance output of experimental evidence shows new patterns. Those patterns can be explained assuming that the Sun has a torus with rotation, precession, and nutation. This purpose of this paper is to introduce the frequencies of all those movements. The torus’s rotational period can be used to explain the Sun’s magnetic pole reversal. Utilizing a modified Cavendish’s balance showed an output of dragging forces stronger than the attraction between the gravitational masses. This tool afforded this research a new experimental possibility to a more precise determination of the Universal Gravitational Constant Big G. Moreover, the dragging forces directly affect any volume of mass, which includes the atmosphere. This paper shows a correlation between the Sun’s dragging peaks and density of the air squared. The aforementioned correlation and the inverse cubic relation with the distance to the Sun are common for the dragging and tide forces providing the possibility that tidal forces are also a gravitational dragging consequence. The last 2017 total Solar eclipse created a new temporal reaction on the modified Cavendish’s balance. That temporal pattern looks as the spatial pattern created by an opaque disk. This similarity allows the researcher to calculate that the dragging forces are transmitted by photons with spatial periodicity of value λ = 6.1 km.
文摘Based on Vd = K equation and the consideration that maximum velocity is “velocity of light”, diameter of a space time for a particular fundamental force has been calculated. With Siva’s classical equation for space time, the quantity of fundamental force has been calculated in terms of relative energy with photon. This has been converted into relative force and the relative forces interpreted in terms of coupling constants of fundamental forces. All the fundamental forces are manifestation of space time material only. Space time will be different for different fundamental forces and their elementary force carrying particles. Specially, it has elaborated the difference between mass and energy for gravity space time. A generalized equation of space time and coupling constants has been derived. This equation can be used to calculate the space time parameters of other fundamental forces by knowing the coupling constant and vice versa. Space time parameters will be different for fundamental forces. In order to keep the parameters such as c,G,h,lp,tp and mp applicable to all other fundamental forces, a new parameter Siva’s constant “K” has been introduced. Thus all the observations are based on “K” and transformation is possible by a new additional parameter “K” such that c=h=G=K=1 instead of c=h=G=1. Ultimately, this paper may be a ground work to discuss lot of issues such as “consciousness” and “decoding of quantum information” in future.