Kolmogorov’s Probability Spaces for “Entangled” Data-Subsets of EPRB Experiments: No Violation of Einstein’s Separation Principle

It is demonstrated that the use of Kolmogorov’s probability theory to describe results of quantum probability for EPRB (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm) experiments requires extreme care when different subsets of measurement outcomes are considered. J. S. Bell and his followers have committed critical inaccuracies related to spin-gauge and probability measures of such subsets, because they use exclusively a single probability space for all data sets and sub-sets of data. It is also shown that Bell and followers use far too stringent epistemological requirements for the consequences of space-like separation. Their requirements reach way beyond Einstein’s separation principle and cannot be met by the major existing physical theories including relativity and even classical mechanics. For example, the independent free will does not empower the experimenters to choose multiple independent spin-gauges in the two EPRB wings. It is demonstrated that the suggestion of instantaneous influences at a distance (supposedly “derived” from experiments with entangled quantum entities) is a consequence of said inaccuracies and takes back rank as soon as the Kolmogorov probability measures are related to a consistent global spin-gauge and permitted to be different for different data subsets: Using statistical interpretations and different probability spaces for certain subsets of outcomes instead of probability amplitudes related to single quantum entities, permits physical explanations without a violation of Einstein’s separation principle.

Categories of Nonlocality in EPR Theories and the Validity of Einstein’s Separation Principle as Well as Bell’s Theorem

Work on quantum entanglement is currently emphasizing the nonlocal nature of theories that attempt to explain spatially separated Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlation experiments. It is frequently claimed that nonlocal instantaneous influences, or equivalently a breakdown of Einstein’s separation principle, are a signature property of (quantum) entanglement. This paper presents a categorization of the various forms of nonlocality in physical theories. It is shown that, even for Einstein’s theory of relativity, correlations of spatially separated measurements cannot be explained without the involvement of some nonlocal or global knowledge and facts. Instantaneous Influences at a distance are, however, in a special category of nonlocality and, as is well known, Einstein called them spooky. Following a separation of nonlocalities into four distinctly different categories 0, 1, 2, 3, with number 3 corresponding to theories containing instantaneous influences at a distance, I show that any theory of EPR experiments must be at least in category 1 or 2 and does not need to be in category 3. In particular, the Bell theorem, valid for category 0 theories, may be violated for categories 1 and 2 and does not require category 3 theories. Category 0 enforces Bell’s theorem. However, it does not apply to relativistic theories of space like separated measurements.

Rough law generation and its separation-recognition

By using function S-rough sets（function singular rough sets）, this paper gives rough law generation and the theorem of rough law generation.Based on these results above, the paper proposes rough law separation, the theorem of rough law separation, the compound generation theorem of rough law bands, and the principle of rough law bands.In the end, an application of rough law separation in recognizing the risk law of profit is presented.

函数S-粗集,函数粗集与信息系统规律拆分-合成

给出函数单向S-粗集(function one direction singular rough sets)、函数单向S-粗集对偶(dual of function one direction singular rough sets)、函数双向S-粗集(function two direction singular rough sets)与函数粗集(function roughsets)。它们都是把函数概念引入到S-粗集中,改进S-粗集得到的。函数粗集是把函数概念引入到Z.Pawlak粗集中,改进Z.Pawlak粗集得到的。函数单向S-粗集、函数单向S-粗集对偶、函数双向S-粗集是函数S-粗集的三类形式。给出函数S-粗集与S-粗集的关系;给出函数粗集与Z.Pawlak粗集的关系;给出函数S-粗集与函数粗集的关系。利用这些结果,给出函数的区间离散与有限元素集的生成、函数离散-元素集合生成原理;给出函数S-粗集生成的信息规律、函数等价类动态特性-属性补充与删除原理;给出数据拆分-合成原理、信息规律动态拆分-合成的属性特征;给出信息规律动态拆分-合成不变性原理;利用这些概念与结果,给出信息规律拆分-合成与信息图像嵌入-分离的应用,给出嵌入信息图像的分离-辨识。函数S-粗集、函数粗集是粗集理论与应用研究中的一个新的研究方向。

Remarks on interpretations of the Eotvos experiment and misinterpretation of E=mc^2

The Eotvos experiment on the verification of equivalence between inertial mass and gravitational mass of a body is famous for its accuracy. A question is, however, can these experimental results be applied to the case of a physical space in general relativity, where the space coordinates could be arbitrary？ It is pointed out that it can be validly applied because it has been proven that Einstein＇s equivalence principle for a physical space must have a frame of reference with the Euclidean-like structure. Will claimed further that such an overall accuracy can be translated into an accuracy of the equivalence between inertial mass and each type of energy. It is shown that, according to general relativity, such a claim is incorrect. The root of this problem is due to an inadequate understanding of special relativity that produced the famous equation E=mc^2, which must be understood in terms of energy conservation. Concurrently, it is pointed out that this error is a problem in Will＇s book, ‘Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics＇.

粗规律生成与它的分离

利用函数S-粗集(function singular rough sets),给出粗规律生成,粗规律生成定理;利用这些结果,提出粗规律分离与粗规律分离定理,粗规律带复合生成定理与粗规律带原理;给出粗规律分离在利润风险规律识别中的应用。

圆环形薄膜自由振动的理论解

为研究出圆环形薄膜的自由振动,采用解析方法,求得几何形状简单规则的圆环形平面薄膜、扇环形薄膜的固有频率及其振型的理论解。首先根据哈密顿原理建立薄膜横向振动的动力学方程,然后采用分离变量法,导出时间t、径向坐标r和环向坐标θ变量分离的2个二阶常微分方程和1个贝塞尔方程并分别求解。最后给出圆环形薄膜、扇环形薄膜自由振动两个算例,说明固有频率及其模态的理论解和用有限元软件ANSYS求得的数值解十分接近,理论解是有限元数值解的下限。

从分离到融合到互生——张爱玲、孔慧怡《海上花列传》翻译策略谈

2005年9月,由张爱玲翻译、孔慧怡修订的《海上花列传》英译本终于问世。海外学界盛赞此书为两位杰出的女翻译家合作的结果。本书的翻译策略最突出的表现有3点:作品可阐释空间中文学性与文化介入的分离;小说美学的现代性与读者期待视野的融合;两种语言比附过程中的形象互生。这些翻译策略的运用收到了较好的效果,对汉籍作品外译也有借鉴意义。

利用启普发生器原理解决金属空气电池的停机腐蚀问题

金属空气电池的负极与电解液在停机期间一直接触发生腐蚀反应,这严重影响了金属空气电池的保质期。通过对常规金属空气电池结构简单改进,利用启普发生器原理解决金属空气电池的停机腐蚀问题。以铝箔为负极搭建结构改进前后的金属空气电池单池进行间断性恒流放电来测试电池停机寿命,并通过失重实验、析氢损耗测试实验对电池负极的停机腐蚀情况进行定量研究。结果显示,当负极为0.25 mm厚铝箔时,金属空气电池结构改进前后的停机寿命分别为4和21 d;改进结构后的金属空气电池负极在相同时间内的停机腐蚀量远小于常规金属空气电池负极;对单池而言,产生固液分离所需的氢气只需要消耗约0.0380 g的铝,约为一般商用铝负极的0.038%。

International Corporate Taxation at a Crossroads

Transnational corporations(TNCs)act as unitary firms in an increasingly globalised economy,but taxes on their profits are levied by national states.Hence,international tax rules have from the start been riven by contradictory approaches:ei-ther to determine the taxable profits attributable to each separate constituent entity of the TNC in their jurisdiction by comparing them with independent firms conducting a similar business,or to tax an appropriate share of the TNC’s global profits appor-tioned by factors reflecting its activities within the jurisdiction.The separate entity principle became dominant,especially with the adoption of the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines in 1995,but it gave a perverse incentive to TNCs to devise tax avoidance strategies,based on attributing high levels of profit to entities in countries where they would be taxed at low rates.The project on base erosion and profit shifting(BEPS)was mandated by the G20 to reform these rules so that TNCs could be taxed where their activities occur,signaling a return to the unitary principle.The latest proposals now adopt the principle of unitary taxation of TNCs,together with technical standards for formulary apportionment,but only as an overlay on top of existing rules based on the incompatible independent entity principle.A stable foundation for international tax depends on resolving this dilemma and agreeing a fair and balanced allocation of rights to tax TNCs’profits based on their real activities in each jurisdiction.

我国商法体系缺陷的补救:民商区分

在我国"民商不分的混合立法模式"下,由混合于民法规范的商法规范与单行商法构成的商法规范体系存在着明显缺陷。为克服我国现行商法体系缺陷,应推动我国总纲性商法规范的立法化,实现民商区分的立法要求。在具体立法形式上,目前最现实的方案是制定《商法通则》,但不排除制定《商法典》的可能性。所谓民商区分,就是要对民事关系和商事关系区分对待,分别适用不同法律或者根据不同法律理念适用相同法律规范。因此,民商区分的关键问题就在于确定民事关系与商事关系的判断标准。在民商分立国家的商法典中,是以商人身份作为适用商法的依据,而商人身份又涉及商行为的判断问题。易言之,商人与商行为既是商法的核心范畴,也是确定商事关系的判断标准。但我国总纲性商法规范的核心范畴可确定为经营者与经营行为,并将其确定为民商区分的判断标准。至于营业制度,则不必纳入基本商法基本范畴,而将其作为总纲性商法规范的重要内容即可。