Solving the Olbers’s Paradox, Explaining the “Red-Shift”, and Challenging the Relativities by “Sun Matters Theory” and “Sun Model of Universe”, an Evolution of the Einstein’s Static Universe Model

Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used to partially explain this paradox, while introducing new problems. Hereby, we propose a better theory, named Sun Matters Theory, to explain this paradox. Moreover, this unique theory supports and extended the Einstein’s static universe model proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. Further, we proposed our new universe model, “Sun Model of Universe”. Based on the new model and novel theory, we generated innovative field equation by upgrading Einstein’s Field Equation through adding back the cosmological constant, introducing a new variable and modifying the gravitationally-related concepts. According to the Sun Model of Universe, the dark matter and dark energy comprise the so-called “Sun Matters”. The observed phenomenon like the red shift is explained as due to the interaction of ordinary light with Sun Matters leading to its energy and frequency decrease. In Sun Model, our big universe consists of many universes with ordinary matter at the core mixed and surrounded with the Sun Matters. In those universes, the laws of physics may be completely or partially different from that of our ordinary universe with parallel civilizations. The darkness of night can be easily explained as resulting from the interaction of light with the Sun Matters leading to the sharp decrease in the light intensity. Sun Matters also scatter the light from a star, which makes it shining as observed by Hubble. Further, there is a kind of Sun Matters named “Sun Waters”, surrounding every starts. When lights pass by the sun, the Sun Waters deflect the lights to bend the light path. According to the Sun Model, it is the light bent not the space bent that was proposed in the theory of relativities.

On the Physical Nature of Einstein’s Gravitational Lensing Effect

Gravitational lensing has become a powerful research tool for exploring the distribution of matter and energy in the universe nowadays, as glare phenomena around the Sun and massive galaxies are indeed observed on the Earth. What is the physical nature of gravitational lensing effect? Both Newton’s law of gravitation and Einstein’s theory of relativity are difficult to physically explain these glare phenomena. This study points out that the observed glare around the Sun and large galaxies is a result or product of the orthogonal interaction of high-energy particles emitted from different star light sources. It shows a new physical state associated with abnormal high mass-energy density.

Reciprocity Relation between Alternative Gravity Formulas

We compare Newton’s force law of universal gravitation with a corrected simple approach based on Bhandari’s recently presented work, where the gravitation constant G is maintained. A reciprocity relation exists between both alternative gravity formulas with respect to the distances between mass centers. We conclude a one-to-one mapping of the two gravitational formulas. We don’t need Einstein’s construct of spacetime bending by matter.

The Strange Relationship between the Momentum of a Photon Emitted from an Electron and the Momentum Acquired by the Electron

In quantum mechanics, the energy of a hydrogen atom is minimized when the principal quantum number n is 1. However, the author has previously pointed out that the hydrogen atom has a state where n=0. An electron in the state where n=0has zero rest mass energy. However, a hydrogen atom has an energy level even lower than the n=0state. This is hard to accept from the standpoint of common sense. Thus, the author has previously pointed out that an electron at the energy level where n=0has zero energy because the positive energy mec2and negative energy −mec2cancel each other out. This paper elucidates the strange relationship between the momentum of a photon emitted when a hydrogen atom is formed by an electron with such characteristics, and the momentum acquired by the electron.

Einstein转盘引力场精确解

本文解爱因斯坦场方程得出了转盘的度规。

Einstein's Answer

One day when Einstein was 1(?) his way home, a young man stopped him and wished 2(?) a word with him. Einstein granted his request. The young man asked, "How, Mr Einstein, can you 3(?) your fame? " The scientist said, "It seems that you have been thinking of 4(?) famous every day." The young man nodded.

微扰法解Einstein场方程

首先从已知具有对角型度规的Einstein场方程的精确解出发,近似推导了含有微扰条件下的场方程形式;其次,利用这一微扰形式具体计算了静态球对称引力场的外部微扰解,并进而讨论了球状星系外部的引力特征.结果表明,该微扰解不仅可以与内部解衔接,而且在消除微扰的情况下还可以自动恢复到Schwarzchild解的形式.

Why Quakerism Is More Scientific Than Einstein

NEWTON’s laws of motion predicted that light would travel faster from a moving source—it doesn’t.Einstein was convinced that unruly electrons had no place in an orderly,understandable universe.Both assumed that human knowledge could be perfected,mathematically,and that a coherent scientific account of the world we find ourselves in,not only exists,but is available and open to dedicated human enquiry.This paper argues that Hume,Kant and recent work on Hubble’s Constant render this idealistic position untenable.The remedy proposed is not to tighten scientific definitions ever further,but to reposition Science so as to prioritise the biosphere.This entails placing the process of living organisms centre stage,since they defy the Second Law of Thermodynamics,thereby reducing Uncertainty for all—an approach best exemplified in clinical medicine,where despite unbridgeable gaps in medical knowledge,healing can and does take place.Using Quaker insights developed in the 1650s,a non-theological pathway is offered which emphasises human creativity and social cohesion.Unhappily psychiatry today,under the guise of being 100%scientific in the Einstein way,discards three counts of millennial medical wisdom,with catastrophic consequences,as shown by scientifically valid data.A healthier approach to mental and social health,emphasising trust and consent,is described.

Two-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of the DC Glow Discharge in the Normal Mode and with Einstein’s Relation of Electron Diffusivity

This paper presents an investigation of a DC glow discharge at low pressure in the normal mode and with Einstein＇s relation of electron diffusivity. Two-dimensional distributions in Cartesian geometry are presented in the stationary state, including electric potential, electron and ion densities, longitudinal and transverse electrics fields as well as electron temperature. Our results are compared with those obtained in existing literature. The model used in this work is based on the first three moments of Boltzmann＇s equation. They serve as the continuity equation, the momentum transfer and the energy equations. The set of equations for charged particles presented in monatomic argon gas are coupled in a self-consistent way with Poisson＇s equation. A parametric study varying the cathode voltage, gas pressure, and secondary electron emission coefficient predicts many of the well-known features of DC discharges.

一类具有1-形式S-曲率的Einstein度量

研究了一类Einstein度量.得到这类度量在n维流形上具有1-形式S-曲率的等价条件,同时也给出了这类度量为弱-Berwald度量的充要条件是S-曲率为零.

Entanglement of E8E8 Exceptional Lie Symmetry Group Dark Energy, Einstein’s Maximal Total Energy and the Hartle-Hawking No Boundary Proposal as the Explanation for Dark Energy

The present note is concerned with two connected and highly important fundamental questions of physics and cosmology, namely if E8E8 Lie symmetry group describes the universe and where cosmic dark energy comes from. Furthermore, we reason following Wheeler, Hartle and Hawking that since the boundary of a boundary is an empty set which models the quantum wave of the cosmos, then it follows that dark energy is a fundamental physical phenomenon associated with the boundary of the holographic boundary. This leads directly to a clopen universe which is its own Penrose tiling-like multiverse with energy density in full agreement with COBE, WMAP and Type 1a supernova cosmic measurements.

A Revised Interpretation of the Thermodynamic Theory Including the Einstein Mass-Energy Relation <i>E</i>= <i>mc</i>²

Thermodynamics being among the most synthetic theories of physics and the mass-energy relation E = mc2 among the most general equations of science, it is somewhat surprising that this latter is not explicitly present in the laws of thermodynamics. Coupling this observation with the conceptual difficulties often felt in learning thermodynamics leads to the idea that both situations may have the same cause. On the basis of these clues, this paper is intended to provide complementary arguments to a hypothesis already presented. It consists of showing the existence of an imperfect compatibility between the conventional formulations of the first and second laws of thermodynamics and suggesting the need of the mass-energy relation to solving the problem.

An Equivalent Form of the Dedekind Axiomand Its Application(Ⅰ)——Also on theunity ofthe ContinuousInduction,theMathem aticalInduction and theTransfiniteInduction

In this paper,a converse and negated form of the continuous induction is indicated. We use it to prove six basic theorems of completeness of real numbers system,the existence theorem of limes superiores and limes inferiores of seqence and the properties of continuous function in closed interval by mode of unification.

An Equivalent Form of the Dedekind Axiomand Its Application(Ⅱ)——Also on the unity of the Continuous Induction,the Mathem atical Induction and the Transfinite Induction

In this paper,a common characteristic of real number system and well ordered set is revealed and proved to be an equivalent form of the Dedekind Axiom or the Continuous Induction in R. Basing on it,we get the unified form of the mathematical induction,the transfinite induction and the continuous induction and generalize induction to totally ordered set that has the same characteristic.

Kolmogorov’s Probability Spaces for “Entangled” Data-Subsets of EPRB Experiments: No Violation of Einstein’s Separation Principle

It is demonstrated that the use of Kolmogorov’s probability theory to describe results of quantum probability for EPRB (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm) experiments requires extreme care when different subsets of measurement outcomes are considered. J. S. Bell and his followers have committed critical inaccuracies related to spin-gauge and probability measures of such subsets, because they use exclusively a single probability space for all data sets and sub-sets of data. It is also shown that Bell and followers use far too stringent epistemological requirements for the consequences of space-like separation. Their requirements reach way beyond Einstein’s separation principle and cannot be met by the major existing physical theories including relativity and even classical mechanics. For example, the independent free will does not empower the experimenters to choose multiple independent spin-gauges in the two EPRB wings. It is demonstrated that the suggestion of instantaneous influences at a distance (supposedly “derived” from experiments with entangled quantum entities) is a consequence of said inaccuracies and takes back rank as soon as the Kolmogorov probability measures are related to a consistent global spin-gauge and permitted to be different for different data subsets: Using statistical interpretations and different probability spaces for certain subsets of outcomes instead of probability amplitudes related to single quantum entities, permits physical explanations without a violation of Einstein’s separation principle.

On an Intriguing Invention Albert Einstein Made Which Has Gone Unnoticed Hitherto

We retrieve three mysterious sentences Albert Einstein wrote in the early years of his wondrous scientific career. We examine their implications and we suggest that they provide a surprising new basis for Quantum Physics as well as some enlightenment concerning the whereabouts of Dark energy.

Categories of Nonlocality in EPR Theories and the Validity of Einstein’s Separation Principle as Well as Bell’s Theorem

Work on quantum entanglement is currently emphasizing the nonlocal nature of theories that attempt to explain spatially separated Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlation experiments. It is frequently claimed that nonlocal instantaneous influences, or equivalently a breakdown of Einstein’s separation principle, are a signature property of (quantum) entanglement. This paper presents a categorization of the various forms of nonlocality in physical theories. It is shown that, even for Einstein’s theory of relativity, correlations of spatially separated measurements cannot be explained without the involvement of some nonlocal or global knowledge and facts. Instantaneous Influences at a distance are, however, in a special category of nonlocality and, as is well known, Einstein called them spooky. Following a separation of nonlocalities into four distinctly different categories 0, 1, 2, 3, with number 3 corresponding to theories containing instantaneous influences at a distance, I show that any theory of EPR experiments must be at least in category 1 or 2 and does not need to be in category 3. In particular, the Bell theorem, valid for category 0 theories, may be violated for categories 1 and 2 and does not require category 3 theories. Category 0 enforces Bell’s theorem. However, it does not apply to relativistic theories of space like separated measurements.

Einstein’s Pseudo-Tensor in <i>n</i>Spatial Dimensions for Static Systems with Spherical Symmetry

It was noted earlier that the general relativity field equations for static systems with spherical symmetry can be put into a linear form when the source energy density equals radial stress. These linear equations lead to a delta function energymomentum tensor for a point mass source for the Schwarzschild field that has vanishing self-stress, and whose integral therefore transforms properly under a Lorentz transformation, as though the particle is in the flat space-time of special relativity (SR). These findings were later extended to n spatial dimensions. Consistent with this SR-like result for the source tensor, Nordstrom and independently, Schrodinger, found for three spatial dimensions that the Einstein gravitational energy-momentum pseudo-tensor vanished in proper quasi-rectangular coordinates. The present work shows that this vanishing holds for the pseudo-tensor when extended to n spatial dimensions. Two additional consequences of this work are: 1) the dependency of the Einstein gravitational coupling constant κ on spatial dimensionality employed earlier is further justified;2) the Tolman expression for the mass of a static, isolated system is generalized to take into account the dimensionality of space for n ≥ 3.

Limit Treatment of Space-Time Foam Calculations If Non Pathological Big Bang Singularity Is Accessible to Modified Einstein Equations

When initial radius if Stoica actually derived Einstein equations in a formalism which removes the big bang singularity pathology, then the reason for Planck length no longer holds. We follow what Ng derived as limit calculations as to a space time length factor Without the drop off of the vacuum energy as given by is at least the value of . We review the work by Ng as to quantum foam as to how that affects a general expression as to energy when , with determined at least approximately by arguments he presented in 2008 in the Dark side of the universe conference. Well before certain effects make themselves apparent, in ways which are illustrated in the manuscript. Having at a point singularity would remove expansion by the scale factor, so that the extreme version of Stoica’s treatment in an isolated 4-dimensional universe would be no expansion at all.

The Physical Laws and Mathematical Axioms of the Brain’s OS and the Traditional Fundamental Laws of Thought of Logic and Philosophy

This article presents four (4) additions to a book on the brain’s OS published by SciRP in 2015 [1]. It is a kind of appendix to the book. Some familiarity with the earlier book is presupposed. The book itself proposes a complete physical and mathematical blueprint of the brain’s OS. A first addition to the book (see Chapters 5 to 10 below) concerns the relation between the afore-mentioned blueprint and the more than 2000-year-old so-called fundamental laws of thought of logic and philosophy, which came to be viewed as being three (3) in number, namely the laws of 1) Identity, 2) Contradiction, and 3) the Excluded Middle. The blueprint and the laws cannot both be the final foundation of the brain’s OS. The design of the present paper is to interpret the laws in strictly mathematical terms in light of the blueprint. This addition constitutes the bulk of the present article. Chapters 5 to 8 set the stage. Chapters 9 and 10 present a detailed mathematical analysis of the laws. A second addition to the book (Chapter 11) concerns the distinction between the laws and the axioms of the brain’s OS. Laws are part of physics. Axioms are part of mathematics. Since the theory of the brain’s OS involves both physics and mathematics, it exhibits both laws and axioms. A third addition (Chapter 12) to the book involves an additional flavor of digitality in the brain’s OS. In the book, there are five (5). But brain chemistry requires a sixth. It will be called Existence Digitality. A fourth addition (Chapter 13) concerns reflections on the role of imagination in theories of physics in light of the ignorance of deeper causes. Chapters 1 to 4 present preliminary matter, for the most part a brief survey of general concepts derived from what is in the book [1]. Some historical notes are gathered at the end in Chapter 14.