沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)研究现状与展望

沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)是胡颓子科胡颓子属的一种小乔木,是一种集生态效益与经济效益于一体的资源植物,是西北地区具有开发利用前景的重要资源。对我国上世纪60年代至今对沙枣的研究文献作一综述,包括沙枣果实、花、叶、果核及树液的成分、木材的理化性质、沙枣的生理生态学特性、引种实验、繁殖方法、品种划分等方面的工作。最后提出了沙枣利用中存在的问题及建议。

Comparative studies on leaf epidermal micromorphology and mesophyll structure of Elaeagnus angustifolia L.in two different regions of desert habitat

In order to obtain qualitative and quantitative characteristics of leaf epidermal micromorphology and mesophyll structure to evaluate the responses ofElaeagnus angustifolia L. to different environmental factors, epidermal micromorphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and mesophyll structure was studied by light microscopy （LM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Materials were selected from Linze County, Gansu Province （material A） and Qitai County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region （material B） of China. Results show that lamina thickness was higher in material A, with one layer of epidermal cells in both adaxial and abaxial surfaces, and epidermal cell radial length was significantly longer in the adaxial surface. E. angustifolia leaves are typically bifacial, with a higher ratio of palisade to spongy tissue in material A. The thickness of trichome layer of epidermis was thicker in material A. In contrast, cell wall and cuticular wax of the epidermal cells were thinner in material A than in material B. Chloroplast ultrastructure was different with the approximate spherical chloroplast containing numerous starch grains and osmiophilic granules in ma- terial A, while only the spindly chloroplast contained starch grains in material B. Multiple layers of peltate or stel- late-peltate trichomes occupied both leaf surfaces in material A and the abaxial surface in material B, while the adaxial surface of material B contained few trichomes. Stomata were not observed on the leaf surfaces in materials A and B by SEM because of trichome obstruction. Our results indicate that the leaf structure of E. angustifolia is closely correlated with environmental factors, and the combination of leaf epidermal micromorphology and mesophyll structure afford re- sistance to environmental stress.

沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)的大、小孢子发生和雌雄配子发生

小孢子形成为同时型,小孢子在一个四分体中的排列为辐射(两侧)对称。药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层所组成;成熟时仅由表皮和纤维层所组成;药壁的特点为中层一层和腺质(分泌)绒毡层。花粉粒为三角形和具三孔沟的,释放时为2细胞。大孢子的孢原为1—2个细胞,直接起大孢子母细胞功能。胞质分裂横向,大胞子排列是“直线型”,四分体中合点端大孢子为功能大孢子单核胚囊经过三次有丝分裂形成成熟胚囊(雌配子体)。沙枣的胚囊为蓼型(1卵器,3反足细胞和一个2核的中央细胞)。

沙枣（Elaeagnus angustifolia L．）在黄河三角洲盐碱地的应用前景

黄河三角洲是我国三大三角洲之一，总面积达5．4×105 hm2，其中盐碱地面积达70％以上，并且仍在以每年1．3×105 hm2的速度增加．黄河三角洲地区土地盐碱化程度高，夏季降雨集中，春秋季较干旱，这些不利的环境因素导致该地区生态环境比较脆弱，绿化造林难度大，植被覆盖面积小，当地的景观生态系统比较单一．因此，筛选优质抗盐碱树种并建立一套完整的绿化栽培体系，以提高黄河三角洲地区的绿化面积是现在所面临的严峻问题．沙枣由于抗旱耐盐碱成为改良黄河三角洲地区的绿化树种，本文综述了沙枣作为黄河三角洲地区盐碱地绿化树种的应用前景．

The eff ect of Rhizophagus irregularis on salt stress tolerance of Elaeagnus angustifolia roots

We assessed the eff ects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation on salt stress tolerance in roots of the drought-tolerant plant Elaeagnus angustifolia.We studied a plant growth index,spore density and hyphal length density of AMF,the Na+contents and ultrastructure of root cells,as well as rhizosphere soil enzyme activities of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal E.angustifolia seedlings under diff erent salt stress.Under salt stress,growth of E.angustifolia with mycorrhizal inoculation was higher than that of non-inoculated treatments.The spore density and hyphal length density decreased signifi cantly under salt stress in rhizosphere soil of mycorrhizal E.angustifolia seedlings(p<0.05).The root cells of E.angustifolia seedlings inoculated with R.irregularis at 300 mmol L−1 salt had more organelles,greater integrity,and lower root Na+contents than those of non-inoculated seedlings.In addition,the results showed notably higher activities of catalase,phosphatase,urease and saccharase in rhizosphere soil of the mycorrhizal seedlings in response to salinity compared to those of the non-mycorrhizal seedlings.Therefore,AMF inoculation could enhance salt stress tolerance in roots of E.angustifolia.

Elaeagnus Angustifolia Colonization and Understory Floristic Successional Patterns at Mid Valley,North Patagonia,Argentina

From circa 1970,Elaeagnus angustifolia(olivillo,Russian olive)has been a notorious invader in the valley livestock fields at Mid Valley of Rio Negro,in North Patagonia,Argentina.The species colonized riparian and plain areas forming different stands.Once introduced in this semiarid region,the seasonal and yearly climatic variations,as well as the flow regimen of the river,influenced the colonization speed.Depending on the landscape,E.angustifolia stands may develop as monospecific groups or in associations with other trees,leaving some uninvaded areas in-between.The different shapes and the main species forming the canopy of the stands,affect the floristic composition,and the cattle forage quality,of the US(Understory)community,if compared with the uninvaded zones.Other herbaceous community can be distinguished at the stands'border.The description of the different stages on E.angustifolia colonization in Mid Valley for 25 years,shows that the colonization was hastened by rainy years and wet soils.Once established,and while the new specimens reached the reproductive age,the enhancement of the population was the result of vegetative sprouting and diminished US diversity.This period was immediately followed by drought years,but the amelioration of soil quality of the already nitrogen fixating roots and the attenuation of incident sunlight,benefited herbaceous strata under the canopy of all the stand with Russian olive.Posterior changes in trees composition and management of the cattle fields,influenced US diversity.Today,the herbaceous composition studies show that,under dense monospecific population of E.angustifolia,the pasture reduces forage quality because of the dominance of non-palatable species.Stands'border areas combine an enhanced nitrogen content in soils,and enough light to develop a herbaceous community of annual and perennial grasses and forbs.An increment on biodiversity and spontaneous forage biomass is noticed after the Russian olive plants are removed.

Forage Offer and Nutritive Value of Elaeagnus angustifolia in North Patagonia,Argentina

The presence and growth cycle of the browse Elaeagnus angustifolia(olivillo,Russian olive),naturalized in the Mid Valley,Rio Negro,Argentina,must be considered in the yearly schedule of rangeland management.Field observations showed that cattle prefer the leaves of this species that are included on the reproductive branches which develop as a thyrse inflorescence.In this trial,authors studied the incidence of E.angustifolia in the breeding cow’s diet as determined by microhistological analysis of cow feces;mapped the distribution patterns in a cattle farm and quantified its abundance in different parcels;estimated the volume of forage produced by this species and determined the nutritive value of the edible parts of the plants.The quality and quantity of the thyrses accessible for cow’s browse suggest that E.angustifolia must be considered as an important feed input.The results are used to schedule grazing periods in a valley farm divided into plots with different abundances of E.angustifolia and a known floristic composition.

Multiplication of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. from a Single Shoot in Vitro

Multiplication of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. was examined in vitro successively from a single shootunder the specified condition of different media, plant growth regulators, pH value and sucrose concentration.It was showed that MMS1 was the most suitable medium on shoot multiplication among 5 media concerned;BAP was the most effective one among all the cytokinin involved, BAP, KN, TDZ and ZT; the explant of thetop half-part from a shoot produced more new shoots than that of the foot half-part did; more new shoots (>2 cm) were produced under 3 % sucrose between the concentrations with top half-part explants; shoots couldgrow well between pH 4.4 and pH 7.0, and the biggest number of shoots was produced in pH 5.6, while inpH 5.8 the maximum rooting rate appeared. As a result, the combination of 0.5 mM BAP and 0.1mM IBAon MMS1 medium induced the maximum shoot multiplication. The number of shoot amplified 3 times in 1month, and 312 shoots (>2 cm) might be theoretically multiplied annually from a single shoot.

新疆胡颓子属植物(Elaeagnus)分类探讨

在花果标本定株采集的基础上,对新疆地区胡颓子属植物种类的形态学分类依据进行了探讨,对目前记载的新疆胡颓子属种类进行了整理,共确定新疆地区分布有胡颓子属3种1变种:尖果沙枣(E.oxycarpaSchlecht.)、沙枣(E.angustifoliaL.)、东方沙枣(E.angustifoliavar.orientalis(L.)Kuntze)、大果沙枣(E.moorcroftiiWall.exSchlecht.),并对其中部分种类的特征描述进行了补充。

Extraction and Structure Investigation of the Poly-saccharides from the Pollen of Typha Angustifolia L.

Three polysaccharides, TAA, TAB, TAC have been isolated from the pollen of Typha angustifolia L. , and purified by hot water extraction, alcohol precipitation, Sevage method, gel filtration (Sephadex G50) and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE Sephadex A25 and DEAE-cellulose. Their purities were tested by gel filtration and electrophoresis. Their structures were characterized by paper chromatography of the hydrolysis products, GLC analysis of the alditol acetates, alkylation analysis, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. TAA is mainly composed of a-L-arabinofuanose, β-D-galactose and α-D-galacturonic acid, while the backbones of TAB and TAC are composed of (1→5)-linked α- L-arabinofuranosyl residues.

HPLC法测定新疆沙枣花中椴树苷与紫云英苷的含量

建立了同时测定新疆不同产地沙枣花中椴树苷、紫云英苷含量的HPLC法。色谱条件为:Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),柱温30℃,流动相为乙腈(A)-0.1%磷酸水溶液(B),梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^(-1),检测波长360 nm,进样量10μL。结果表明,椴树苷、紫云英苷浓度分别在12.6875~406.00μg·mL^(-1)、3.2813~105.00μg·mL^(-1)范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,平均加标回收率分别为98.74%、98.40%,RSD值分别为2.78%、2.17%。该方法稳定可靠,可应用于沙枣花的质量控制。

NaCl胁迫下沙枣幼苗生长和阳离子吸收、运输与分配特性

沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)耐盐性强,是我国北方生态脆弱地区造林绿化的一个先锋树种。为探讨沙枣的盐适应机制,研究了不同浓度NaCl(0、100和200 mmol/L)胁迫30d对其水培幼苗生物量累积以及不同组织(根、茎、叶)K+、Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+吸收、运输与分配的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫不同程度地促进了沙枣苗根系生长;100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫对幼苗生物量累积无明显影响,而200 mmol/L则显著抑制了生物量累积;盐胁迫幼苗根、茎、叶中Na+含量以及K+-Na+选择性运输系数(S K,Na)和Ca2+-Na+选择性运输系数(S Ca,Na)显著或大幅度增加,而K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量以及K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+和Mg2+/Na+比值则显著或大幅度下降;200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫沙枣根Na+含量和根Na+净累积量分别为22.15 mg/g干重和1.87 mg/株(是对照的16.20倍和20.06倍),根成为Na+净累积量增加幅度最大的组织和Na+含量最高的组织;200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫沙枣茎、叶中的Na+含量以及冠组织Na+净累积量分别高达5.15、7.71 mg/g干重和3.29 mg/株(是对照的7.22倍、9.58倍和5.45倍),但幼苗仍能正常生长。综合分析认为,沙枣的盐适应机制是根系拒盐和冠组织耐盐,主要通过根系的补偿生长效应、根系对Na+的聚积与限制作用以及冠组织对Na+的忍耐来实现的,同时也与根、茎和叶对K+、Ca2+选择性运输能力显著增强有关。

NaCl胁迫对沙枣幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

采用温室盆栽控制试验,研究0,120,240和360 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫对沙枣幼苗生长、生物量累积与分配以及光合气体交换参数的影响,并分析生长与光合参数间的相关性。结果表明:1)不同浓度NaCl胁迫幼苗的株高净增长、侧枝数、叶生长参数、生物量累积均低于或显著低于对照,且均随盐胁迫浓度的升高呈下降趋势,而根冠比和根生物量百分比依次增加;2)随NaCl胁迫的加剧,净光合速率(P n)、气孔导度(G s)、胞间CO2浓度(C i)和蒸腾速率(Tr)依次下降,而气孔限制值(L s)和水分利用效率(WUE)依次增加,360 mmol·L-1盐胁迫幼苗的P n,G s,C i,Tr,L s和WUE分别为对照的57.2%,22.7%,62.8%,38.1%,200%和150%;3)盐胁迫强度与株高、叶生长参数、生物量累积以及光合参数呈极显著负相关,叶片的光合参数与生长参数呈显著或极显著正相关,而叶片的生长指标、光合参数与幼苗的生物量累积和分配也有显著或极显著相关性。综合分析认为,NaCl胁迫直接影响沙枣幼苗的生长和光合生理,叶片的光合能力对生长参数具有显著影响,并最终影响植株的生物量累积。

NaCl胁迫下不同种源沙枣的生理特性

为了解沙枣的耐盐生理机制,以不同种源沙枣实生苗(阿拉尔种源和银川种源)为材料,采用盆栽控盐试验,研究不同Na Cl浓度(0、0.15、0.30 mol·L-1)和不同胁迫时间(7、30、60 d)对沙枣生物量、根冠比及耐盐生理指标变化的影响。结果表明:随着Na Cl浓度增加和胁迫时间的延长,生物积累量和叶绿素含量逐渐减少。胁迫30 d后,阿拉尔种源生物积累量和叶绿素的最大下降幅度分别为36.92%和14.65%,而银川种源分别为41.86%和37.07%;随Na Cl浓度增加,根冠比和丙二醛含量逐渐增加,阿拉尔种源增加幅度小于银川种源。脯氨酸含量随着Na Cl浓度增加而增加,但随胁迫时间延长,增加幅度逐渐减少。胁迫7 d时,可溶性糖含量随盐浓度增加呈下降趋势,随胁迫时间延长,逐渐转换为增加,在胁迫60 d后,0.30 mol·L-1Na Cl水平下,阿拉尔沙枣叶片可溶性糖含量增加了36.69%,而银川仅有7.27%。因此,阿拉尔种源沙枣幼苗耐盐能力要强于银川种源,耐盐能力较强的沙枣种源可以更好的保护叶绿素,维持膜系统稳定,具有更强的渗透调节能力,保证生物量的积累。本研究可为优良耐盐沙枣种质筛选提供理论依据。

NaCl胁迫下不同种源沙枣的生长表现差异

【目的】研究不同种源沙枣在Na Cl胁迫下的生长表现差异,以期为盐碱地沙枣引种提供指导依据,也为筛选优良耐盐碱沙枣种质提供理论基础。【方法】以6个沙枣种源(阿拉尔、昌吉、金昌、银川、盐池和磴口)的实生苗为材料,通过温室盆栽试验,系统调查不同Na Cl浓度(0,150和300 mmol·L-1)处理60天后,沙枣苗高生长量、地径、叶片参数、生物量积累和根冠比的变化规律,并利用隶属函数法结合权重综合评价各沙枣种源幼苗的耐盐能力。【结果】在150 mmol·L-1Na Cl胁迫条件下,除阿拉尔种源各生长指标与对照之间无明显差异外,其他5个沙枣种源的苗高生长量、地径、单株叶面积、叶片数和总生物积累量均显著减少,其中,银川种源降幅最大,苗高生长量、单株叶面积和生物积累量降幅分别达到33.32%,24.47%和26.55%。在300 mmol·L-1Na Cl胁迫条件下,银川种源沙枣幼苗苗高生长量、单株叶面积和生物量积累分别仅为对照的47.53%,41.77%和51.86%,其他沙枣种源各生长指标降幅均小于银川种源。所有沙枣种源根冠比在150 mmol·L-1Na Cl浓度下与对照之间差异不明显,在300mmol·L-1Na Cl浓度下,沙枣幼苗的根冠比均显著增加。利用隶属函数法结合权重综合评价6个种源沙枣幼苗的在2个Na Cl浓度下的耐盐能力差异,结果显示,在150 mmol·L-1Na Cl下,阿拉尔种源耐盐能力最强,其次为磴口,银川种源最差,而在300 mmol·L-1Na Cl下,金昌种源沙枣幼苗耐盐能力最强,其次为阿拉尔,银川种源最差。综合2个Na Cl浓度的综合评价值,6个沙枣种源的耐盐能力排序为:阿拉尔>金昌>磴口>盐池>昌吉>银川。【结论】在中、重度盐渍土进行沙枣引种栽培时,适宜选择阿拉尔种源沙枣幼苗,而不适宜选择种植银川种源沙枣幼苗。

NaCl胁迫下沙枣幼苗的离子代谢特性

沙枣（Elaeagnus angustifolia L.）是胡颓子科（Elaeagnaceae）胡颓子属（Elaeagnus Lnn.）的落叶小乔木,主要分布于我国西北五省,在新疆塔里木河、玛纳斯河、甘肃疏勒河、内蒙古的额济纳河两岸有天然的沙枣林分布,在北京、天津和山东等地也开展了引种栽培[1-2]。沙枣的果实、叶片、花和种子等在食品加工、药物提炼和饲用开发等领域具有较高的价值,沙枣木材也是高级家具和工艺品制作的良材[1];同时,沙枣具有耐旱、耐盐碱和抗风沙的特性,并且沙枣根系上有固氮根瘤菌,能提高土壤肥力,改善土壤环境,因此,

熵权法结合响应面法优化新疆沙枣花黄酮类成分的提取工艺及其体内外抗氧化活性研究

基于熵权法结合响应面法优化新疆沙枣花黄酮类成分提取工艺;并用乙醇氧化损伤的方法建立小鼠模型,给小鼠饲喂新疆沙枣花黄酮类成分提取物,检测并评价新疆沙枣花黄酮类成分提取物的体内外抗氧化活性。结果表明新疆沙枣花黄酮类成分最佳提取工艺参数为乙醇浓度80%,超声时间48 min,料液比1∶27(g/mL),超声功率400 W;饲喂高剂量新疆沙枣花黄酮类成分提取物的小鼠血清中T-SOD、GSH-Px活力高于模型组(P<0.05),MDA浓度低于模型组(P<0.05),给药组小鼠血清中T-AOC均高于模型组(P<0.05);当新疆沙枣花黄酮类成分提取物浓度为0.8 mg/mL时,总抗氧化能力和对·OH的清除率分别为1.17%、51.38%;当提取物浓度为0.1 mg/mL时,对DPPH、ABTS自由基的清除率分别为93.68%、71.90%。新疆沙枣花黄酮类成分提取工艺稳定、可行,且其提取物具有较好的抗氧化活性。

HPLC法测定沙枣中槲皮素和异鼠李素的含量

目的建立测定沙枣中槲皮素和异鼠李素含量的高效液相色谱法（HPLC法）。方法色谱条件：C18色谱柱,甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液（58∶42）,检测波长370 nm。结果槲皮素在0.016~0.032μg范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,异鼠李素在0.025~0.075μg（r=0.999 9）范围内线性关系良好;槲皮素和异鼠李素的平均加样回收率分别为99.08%和100.07%;RSD分别为1.36%和0.98%（n=6）。结论 HPLC法可快速准确地测定沙枣中黄酮类物质的含量,为沙枣黄酮类物质的进一步开发提供了可靠的依据。

沙枣叶水提取物的体外抗菌活性机制研究

试验旨在测定沙枣叶水提取物对易引起动物感染的致病菌的体外抗菌活性,揭示沙枣叶水提取物抗菌机制。采用96孔板微量稀释法初步筛选沙枣叶水提取物的抗菌谱,绘制致病菌生长曲线,测定碱性磷酸酶活性、蛋白质质量浓度,结合透射电子显微镜综合分析沙枣叶水提取物对主要致病菌金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用机制。结果显示,沙枣叶水提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、白色念珠菌均具有不同程度的抑制作用,能够破坏致病菌细胞壁、细胞膜的通透性和完整性,抑制其生长、代谢。研究表明,沙枣叶水提取物能够抑制常见的金黄色葡萄球菌等致病菌的生长和代谢,具有较强的抑菌功能。

NaCl、Na_2SO_4胁迫对新疆大果沙枣种子萌发及生理特性的影响

采用NaCl和NaESO4溶液进行渗透胁迫，研究新疆大果沙枣种子萌发和幼苗叶片部分生理指标的变化。结果表明：低浓度（50、100mmol／L）NaCl和Na2SO4溶液提高了其发芽率和发芽指数，随后发芽率降低，其中300mmol／L的盐处理时发芽率分别54．98％和51．72％；与对照比较．低浓度盐处理时幼苗叶片膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、丙二醛含量变化不明显。只是在处理浓度高时，其值随着浓度升高而变大；处理浓度在50～150mmol／L时。渗透调节物质脯氨酸含量无明显变化，处理浓度高于200mmol／L时，含量则大量增加，分别是对照的12．23和13．66倍。综合表明：低浓度的盐处理促进新疆大果沙枣发芽和生长．并且影响其发芽率盐浓度存在一个阈值（300mmol／L），含盐量低于该阈值宜于其发芽和生长。