Hierarchical Honeycomb-Structured Electret/Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Biomechanical and Morphing Wing Energy Harvesting

Flexible,compact,lightweight and sustainable power sources are indispensable for modern wearable and personal electronics and small-unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs).Hierarchical honeycomb has the unique merits of compact mesostructures,excellent energy absorption properties and considerable weight to strength ratios.Herein,a honeycomb-inspired triboelectric nanogenerator(h-TENG)is proposed for biomechanical and UAV morphing wing energy harvesting based on contact triboelectrification wavy surface of cellular honeycomb structure.The wavy surface comprises a multilayered thin film structure(combining polyethylene terephthalate,silver nanowires and fluorinated ethylene propylene)fabricated through high-temperature thermoplastic molding and wafer-level bonding process.With superior synchronization of large amounts of energy generation units with honeycomb cells,the manufactured h-TENG prototype produces the maximum instantaneous open-circuit voltage,short-circuit current and output power of 1207 V,68.5μA and 12.4 mW,respectively,corresponding to a remarkable peak power density of 0.275 mW cm^(−3)(or 2.48 mW g^(−1))under hand pressing excitations.Attributed to the excellent elastic property of self-rebounding honeycomb structure,the flexible and transparent h-TENG can be easily pressed,bent and integrated into shoes for real-time insole plantar pressure mapping.The lightweight and compact h-TENG is further installed into a morphing wing of small UAVs for efficiently converting the flapping energy of ailerons into electricity for the first time.This research demonstrates this new conceptualizing single h-TENG device’s versatility and viability for broad-range real-world application scenarios.

The aerosol penetration through an electret fibrous filter

The aim of this paper is to present a theoretical study of the aerosol penetration through an electret fibrous filter, using a numerical approach. The aerosol sizes considered in this study were in the submicron range, and in the numerical model, the conventional mechanical mechanisms （impaction, interception, diffusion and gravitationally settling） were taken into consideration along with the electrostatic mechanisms, including the Coulombic and dielectrophoretic effects. The aerosol penetration through an electret fibrous filter is heavily dependent on the aerosol penetration of a single fibre. The aerosol penetration through a single electret fibre under various filtration conditions was calculated. The effects of aerosol diameter, aerosol and fibre charge state, face velocity, packing density and aerosol dielectric constant on the aerosol penetration were investigated.

Inhibition effects of a negative electret 5-FU patch on the growth of a hypertrophic scar

In this study,the hypertrophic scar（HS） model in rats was established.5-fluorouracil（5-FU）patch,-1000 V and-2000 V polypropylene（PP） electret 5-FU patches were prepared and applied onto the wound.The in vitro permeation experiment was performed using the Franz diffusion cell system to determine the permeation cumulative amount and retention amount of5-FU through/in scar skin.The inhibition effect of negative electret on growth of HS was studied by hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining,Masson staining and the immunohistologicall methods.The permeation study indicated that a negative electret could enhance the permeation and retention of 5-FU through and in scar skin respectively.HE staining and Masson staining indicated a better effect for-1000 V and-2000 V electret 5-FU patches on HS inhibition after28 d post-wounding compared with 5-FU patch.The immunohistological study showed much more reduced expressions of collegan type I,collegan type III,TGF-β1 and HSP47 in scar tissue after application of negative electret 5-FU patches than those of 5-FU patch.A negative electret5-FU patch may be advantageous for HS treatment.

Optimization of Out-of-Plane Vibration Energy Harvesters Employing Electret

This paper investigated the dependence of out-of-plane electret-based vibration energy harvesters’output power,frequency bandwidth,and resonance frequency on surface charge density and load resistance.As the external acceleration amplitude and electret size were held constant,the following results are predicted by the numerical investigation：（1）An optimum value exists in the surface charge density to maximize the output power.As the surface charge density is increasing,electrostatic forces are enhanced,which emphasizes that the soft spring effect widens the frequency bandwidth and lowers the resonance frequency.（2）Different surface charge densities correspond to different optimum initial air gaps,resonance frequency,and optimum load resistance.（3）With the attenuation of the surface potential,the output power,frequency drift,and frequency bandwidth decreased.（4）An optimum value exists in the load resistance to maximize the output power.As the load resistance is decreasing,electrostatic force is enhanced,which lowers the resonance frequency.（5）A maximum frequency bandwidth exists with further load resistance increasing,and the initial air gap is smaller,the greater the frequency bandwidth.

Effect of heating treatment on trap level distribution in polyamide 66 film electrets

The effect of heating treatment on the trap level distribution in polyamide 66 film electret is studied by thermally stimulated depolarization current （TSDC） technique. For annealed polyamide 66, there are three trap levels that respectively originate from space charge trapped in amorphous phase, interphase and crystalline phase. There is one peak that originates from space charge trapped in amorphous phase for quenched one. Using multi-point method to fit the experimental curves, the detrapping current peaks can be separated and the trap depth is obtained. The shallower trap levels trapped in amorphous phase and interphase are obviously close to the deeper trap level trapped in crystalline phase for annealed polyamide 66 as the polarization temperature increases, while the trap level distribution remains unaffected by polarization temperature for quenched one.

Evaluations of dielectric property and drug release profile of 5-FU patches based on plasma charged electrets

In the present study,the electret 5-fluorouracil patch was developed,the effective surface potential,piezoelectric coefficient d33,open-circuit thermally stimulated discharge（TSD） current spectra and shear adhesion of the patch were measured.The drug release profile of the patch was determined by using high performance liquid chromatography method.A stable potential difference which was positively dependent on the surface potential of the electret was generated on two sides of the patch.The measurements of d33 coefficient,TSD current spectra and adhesion performance showed that the electrostatic field of the electret could cause polarization and cohesive strength decreasing of the matrix molecules,change the distribution and interaction of the drug molecules in patch,therefore to increase the release of drug from the transdermal patch.

TRAITEMENT DES PSEUDARTHROSES AVEC DES FILMS D'ELECTRETE——A PROPOS DE 12 CAS

Since 1982, the authors made research on the electret film FEP (fluorine ethylene-propylene; trade name: Bone-curing film) which was used to wrap on the surface on the limb for promoting bone union. From 1984, they used the electret film to treat 12 cases of nonunion. After 2-8 months of treatment and observation, among these 12 cases only 1 case which has lost of follow-up, 8 cases were united and 3 cases remained united.

A New Electrostatic Generator Driven by Only an Electric Field of an Electret

Today, the sun is a very useful source of energy because it continuously radiates energy. An electron is radiating energy continuously, too. A new electrostatic generating method using this electric field energy from electrons as a driving force of charge carriers was invented, and its success was presented on ESA 2017 and ESA 2019. This new electrostatic generator was realized by asymmetric electrostatic force, which is a new phenomenon. Unfortunately, its experimental success rate was rare. Therefore, the cause was searched by many experiments. Finally, it became apparent that the acceleration force of the charge carrier was not stronger than the deceleration force of the charge carrier with this experimental equipment. Therefore, the electrode arrangement of this equipment was improved. As a result, the acceleration force was increased, and the deceleration force was decreased. Then, the experimental success rate became 100%.

Charge dynamic characteristics in corona-charged polytetrafluoroethylene film electrets

In this work, the charge dynamics characteristics of injection, transport and decay in porous and non-porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film electrets were investigated by means of corona charging, isothermal and thermal stimulating surface-potential decay measurements. The results showed that the initial surface potential, whether positively or negatively charging, is much higher in non-porous PTFE than in porous PTFE. For porous film the value of initial sur-face potentials increases with increase of film thickness. Higher charging temperature can remarkably improve charge stability. The charge dynamics are correlated to materials microstructure according to their scanning electron micrographs.For non-porous PTFE films, polarizability change of C-F bonds is the main origin of electret charges; but for porous PTFE film a large number of bulk and interface type traps are expected because of the greater area of interface and higher crys-tallinity.

Ferroelectrets:Heterogenous polymer electrets with high piezoelectric sensitivity for transducers

Nowadays,the demand for advanced functional materials in transducer technology is growing rapidly.Piezoelectric materials transform mechanical variables(displacement or force)into electrical signals(charge or voltage)and vice versa.They are interesting from both fundamental and application points of view.Ferrooelectrets(also called piezoelectrets)are a relatively young group of piezo-,pyro-and ferroelectric materials.They exhibit ferroic behavior phenomenologically undistinguishable from that of traditional ferroelectrics,although the materials per se are essentially non-polar space-charge electrets with artificial macroscopic dipoles(i.e.,internally charged cavities).A lot of work has been done on ferroelectrets and their applications up to now.In this paper,we review and discuss mostly the work done at University of Potsdam on the research and development of ferroelectrets.We will,however,also mention important results from other teams,and prospect the challenges and future progress trend of the field of ferroelectret research.

History and recent progress in ferroelectrets produced in Brazil

More than 30 years ago,a group of researchers in Tampere-Finland developed a thin foamed polymeric material for capacitive sensors.Such soft-voided films exhibited electrical charging characteristics,forming a powerful combination,which resulted in a smart-material with ferroelectric properties.The discovery of the electro-thermo mechanical film(ETMF)has sparked the curiosity of the electret community,leading to the development of several studies.At that time,ETMF became known as cellular electrets and,later,as ferroelectrets or piezoelectrets regarding their electromechanical properties.This paper provides a timeline review of the research on ferroelectrets produced in Brazil,between the years 1990 and 2020,towards demonstrating how the interest in the electret electrical charging mechanism has resulted in the use of ferroelectrets with well-controlled cavities for ultrasound applications.

熔喷专用茂金属聚丙烯的中试开发

在75 kg/h Spheripol工艺聚丙烯中试装置上,使用茂金属聚丙烯催化剂开发出熔喷专用茂金属聚丙烯MPH1500Y,并进行了熔喷无纺布的加工应用研究,同时对驻极处理的熔喷无纺布性能进行分析。结果表明:MPH1500Y的熔体流动速率约为1500 g/10 min,相对分子质量分布为2.9;MPH1500Y在加工应用过程中可纺性好,喷出、成网、收卷顺利,熔喷无纺布的纤维结构蓬松、形态均匀且细长,添加驻极母粒并经静电驻极处理后有效提高了熔喷无纺布的过滤效率,改善了熔喷无纺布的加速老化性能。

空气净化技术研究(1):纤维过滤

纤维过滤是目前使用最广泛的空气净化技术,主要滤材有无纺布、玻璃纤维、驻极体静电纤维、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)膜和纳米纤维。本文比较了国内外主要空气过滤器标准中的效率规格,介绍了这5种纤维过滤器的特点,分析了国内外文献报道的这些过滤器的主要性能和优缺点。对3种空气过滤器,即用驻极体静电纤维、PTFE纤维和静电纺丝纳米纤维制造的空气过滤器进行了测试,其中静电纺丝纳米纤维和PTFE纤维空气过滤器虽然仍存在不足,但是已实现了高效低阻的目标。面对全球肆虐不断的各种流行性疾病,空气过滤器不但需要实现高效率、低阻力,更应具备杀灭细菌和灭活病毒的功能,新的、性能更优的纤维过滤材料和空气过滤器有待开发和应用。

立构复合化聚乳酸纳纤膜的制备及高效滤除PM_(2.5)性能

聚乳酸(PLA)纳米纤维在环境友好型纤维过滤材料领域有良好的应用前景,但受制于其本征螺旋分子链构象和低介电常数的不足,导致其驻极性能差、过滤性能(过滤效率及压降)易衰减以及有效服役周期短.本文将高旋光性的聚L-乳酸(PLLA)和聚D-乳酸(PDLA)溶液共混,并通过静电纺丝过程的高压静电场诱导C=O基团加速取向极化,形成高电活性的立构复合晶体(SCs),显著提高聚乳酸纳纤膜的表面电位、介电常数及驻极效果等电活性特征,增大纤维表面静电斥力,促进PLA纳纤膜(PLA NFMs)的纤维细化,从而使其压降大幅降低(85 L/min,209.2 Pa),过滤PM_(2.5)效率显著提高至96.32%(纯PLLA对比样为72.44%).更重要的是,立构复合化PLA纳纤膜(SC-PLA NFMs)的过滤性能受气体流量变化影响较小(10~85 L/min),当气流增大时,过滤效率的衰减远远低于纯PLLA,在高气流下的稳定性使其能更好地满足在空气过滤领域的实际应用需求.此外,提高PLA纳纤膜电活性可显著增强摩擦生电输出性能和呼吸振动激发电信号,为基于人体呼吸的生理特征监测奠定理论基础.本文研究结果为扩大PLA材料在高性能呼吸防护领域和智能健康监测领域的应用提供了新颖的结构设计策略和可借鉴的解决方案.

Au nanocomposite enhanced electret film for triboelectric nanogenerator

A triboelectric nanogenerator （TENG） with an organic nanocomposite electret thin film as the triboelectric layer for mechanical energy harvesting was investigated systematically. In combination with corona charging, a TENG was fabricated by using embedded-nanocapacitor-structure polytetrafluoroethylene （PTFE） impregnated with gold nanoparticles （Au-NPs）. The output performances, stability, and durability of the TENGs with Au-PTFE nanocomposite films were characterized after being washed in water. It was found that the output current increases by 70% and the equivalent surface charge density （ESCD） reaches 85 μC/m^2 in comparison to the virgin PTFE film. Such outstanding performance is likely due to the equivalent nanocapacitors between the Au-NPs and PTFE molecules, which serve as nano charge traps in the nanocomposite electret film under negative high-voltage corona charging. This work not only expands the practical applications of TENGs, but also opens up new possibilities for the development of high performance triboelectric materials.

Multilayered electret films based triboelectric nanogenerator

A triboelectric nanogenerator （TENG） is a simple and cost effective device that converts ambient mechanical energy into electricity based on the surface contact electrification of thin films. The limited surface charge density may affect the overall performance of the TENG. In this paper, a novel electret film based TENG （E-TENG） fabricated by corona charging is proposed that greatly enhances the effective surface charge density of the thin films as compared to those subjected to contact electrification. The short-circuit current, transferred electric charge density, and open-circuit voltage of the E-TENG have been investigated, using different corona charging voltages, pinpoint distances and times in order to explore the optimum experimental conditions. The short-circuit current, transferred electric charge density, and open-circuit voltage of the E-TENG are found to be about seven times larger than those of the ordinary polytetrafluoroethylene （PTFE） film based TENG. Based on corona charging, several multilayered E-TENGs have been fabricated, and the short-circuit current, transferred electric charge density, and open-circuit voltage of the E-TENGs with different number of layers are studied for achieving optimal performances. This work offers an effective approach for improving the effective surface charge density and thereby increasing the output capability of the TENG, which would greatly promote TENG applications in self-powered portable electronics and sensor networks.

Multi-block electret-based mechanical antenna model for low frequency communication

In an LF/VLF transmission system,the performance of the antenna is of great importance to the entire system.Currently,the electret-based mechanical LF/VLF antenna uses mechanical movement to accelerate electret charges to produce LF/VLF electromagnetic waves,and the frequency of these electromagnetic waves is limited by the rotation speed of the actuating motor.Based on research that addressed the relationship between antenna structure and electromagnetic wave frequency,this paper—in order to increase the frequency of electromagnetic waves—alters the charge distribution mode of the mechanical antenna while keeping the motor’s rotational speed constant to realize an increase of transmission signal frequency.The effectiveness of this method was verified by model simulation.

熔喷聚乳酸/聚偏氟乙烯电晕驻极空气过滤材料电荷存储与过滤性能相关性研究

针对空气颗粒物污染问题,为实现对空气中PM 2.5以及其它有害颗粒物的高效过滤,从而达到保护人体生命健康的目的,将介电性与极性良好的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)与生物可降解的聚乳酸(PLA)熔融共混,并经过熔喷纺丝工艺结合电晕驻极,制备出具有纤维直径细、孔径小、过滤效率高、过滤阻力低的环境友好型驻极体空气过滤材料。通过系统研究PVDF对PLA电晕驻极体空气过滤材料的结晶行为、电荷存储性能及其机制与过滤性能之间的关系,发现PVDF的引入对PLA/PVDF熔喷非织造布纤维的结晶性能具有重要影响,可使PLA结晶速度加快,结晶度增加。PLA/PVDF电晕驻极熔喷布的初始表面静电势高达3 kV以上,热刺激放电测试峰值更高,电荷存储量有明显提升。特别地,在85 L/min纺丝流速下测试,PLA/PVDF单层电晕驻极熔喷非织造布过滤性可达85%,过滤阻力小于40 Pa,相较于未添加PVDF的电晕驻极熔喷非织造布过滤效率提升20%以上;探讨了电晕驻极后PLA/PVDF熔喷非织造布的电荷存储机制,发现PLA/PVDF熔喷非织造布的电荷存储性能提升最终使过滤性能提高。

电晕驻极滤袋对荷电微细颗粒物捕集效率

本文利用单针-板电极负直流高压电晕放电装置对针刺毡滤袋进行电晕驻极处理,设计搭建了由线-板式预荷电器和驻极滤袋集尘装置组成的复合电/袋过滤实验平台,系统的研究了电晕驻极滤袋对未荷电、单极荷正电、单极荷负电以及双极荷电的0.3~10μm微细颗粒物捕集效率,对比了不同风速条件下驻极滤袋对不同荷电类型微细颗粒物捕集效率的稳定性.实验结果表明:相比于原始滤料捕集未荷电颗粒物,库仑作用的引入使得驻极滤料捕集荷电颗粒物具有更高的效率,尤其是对于粒径0.3μm颗粒物提升效果最为明显,荷正电、荷负电和双极荷电使其捕集效率从79.9%分别提升到99.9%、99.3%和98.6%;基于库仑力的静电捕集效率还能够补偿由于风速增大而造成的机械捕集效率降低幅度,对于粒径0.3μm颗粒物,荷正电、荷负电和双极荷电使其捕集效率差值从9.4%分别降低到0.06%、0.2%和5.2%.更具体地说,即库仑引力作用强于库仑斥力作用,且两者均优于异相荷电凝并作用.此外,利用扫描电镜技术分析了不同荷电类型颗粒物在驻极滤袋表面沉积的微观形貌结构,提出了相应的尘饼生长理想化模型用于进一步解释以上实验结果.该研究结果可为进一步发展静电-机械双效捕集脱除微细颗粒物提供参考.