Effects of electric pulse modification on liquid structure of Al-5%Cu alloy

The electric pulse modification （EP, EPM） of liquid metal is a novel method for grain refinement. The structure of EP-modified Al-5%Cu melt was characterized by high-temperature X-ray diffractometry. The results show that the Cu-containing Al clusters remarkably increase in the EP-modified melt, furthermore, these clusters in that case tend to contract due to the decrease of relevant atomic radius and the co-ordination number. This kind of liquid-phase structure leads to a more homogeneous Cu-rich phase distribution in the final solidification structure. Differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） tests indicate that the solidification super-cooling degree of the EP-modified liquid phase is 2.36 times that of the unmodified. These facts suggest that the atom cluster changes in EP-modified Al-5%Cu melt would disagree with that by EPM model previously proposed in liquid pure metal.

Heredity of Aluminum Melt Caused by Electric Pulse Modification (Ⅰ)

The heredity of aluminum melt under the action of pulse electric field was investigated by means of the remelt experiment. A new hereditary criterion under this condition was proposed; in the meantime, the differential transferability of genetic carrier in activated melt among filial generations was validated with the aid of DSC.

Oxidation Modification of Polyacrylonitrile-Based Carbon Fiber and Its Electro-Chemical Performance as Marine Electrode for Electric Field Test

A novel sensor for ocean electric field testing has been fabricated by polyacrylonitrile-based on carbon fibers with electro-chemical oxidation.The surface profile characteristics of the carbon fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscope,Fourier transform infrared spectra and contact angle.Cyclic voltammetry and Tafel curves have been used to study its electro-chemical performances.Two identical electrodes in sea water as the electric field sensor will swiftly respond to applied electric field which causes positive and negative ions to move in opposite direction,resulting in a electric potential difference(ΔE).Test result indicates that the offset potential is typically below 1 m V with a drift of 60-170μVd^-1.Typical self noise level is 1.07 nV√Hz^(1/2)@1 Hz.The electric field response indicates that the modified electrode pair shows better response to AC sine signal of amplitude and frequency(5 mV and 1 mHz)respectively than its blank.The electric field response model of the modified electrodes is creatively presented according to its electric double layer capacitance and Faraday pseudo-capacitance.Many advantages of the carbon fiber electric field electrode will make it have potential application prospect.

Heredity of Aluminum Melt by Electric Pulse Modification (Ⅱ)

Heredity of high pure aluminum melts under different pulse electric field was investigated by means of repetitious remelt experiment. The results indicate that the genetic coefficient by measurement of grain size of cast structure has a close relation with pulse voltage. Moreover, the hereditary law accords with the function of In = 1＋ e^-an＋β. The stability of genetic carrier （cluster） comprises in the competition between repetitious cooling and heating impulse and the effect of electric pulse modification.

Casting structure of pure aluminum by electric pulse modification at different superheated temperatures

Electric pulse modification （EPM） is a novel technique that reduces grain size by altering the structure of a melt. It was investigated that the response of the casting structure of high pure aluminum to EPM in different superheated melts. The results indicate that the grain refining effect of a given pulse electric field holds an optimal temperature range, moreover, a lower or higher superheated temperature will both disadvantage the improvements of casting structure. It essentially lies in the cooperative action between the distorted absorption of clusters and the activated capability of atoms in the aluminum melt.

Surface Modification Process by Electrical Discharge Machining with Ti Powder Green Compact Electrode

This paper describes a new method of surface modification by Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). By using ordinary EDM machine tool and kerosene fluid, a hard ceramic layer can be created on the workpiece surface with Ti or other compressed powder electrode in a certain condition. This new revolutionary method is called Electrical Discharge Coating (EDC). The process of EDC begins with electrode wear during EDM,then a kind of hard carbide is created through the thermal and chemical reaction between the worn electrode material and the carbon particle decomposed from kerosene fluid under high temperature. The carbide is piled up on a workpiece quickly and becomes a hard layer of ceramic about 20 μm in several minutes. This paper studies the principle and process of EDC systemically by using Ti powder green compact electrode. In order to obtain a layer of compact ceramic film, it is very important to select proper electric pulse parameters, such as pulse width, pulse interval, peak current. Meantime, the electrode materials and its forming mode will effect the machining surface quality greatly. This paper presents a series of experiment results to study the EDC process by adopt different technology parameters. Experiments and analyses show that a compact TiC ceramic layer can be created on the surface of metal workpiece. The hardness of ceramic layer is more 3 times higher than the base body, and the hardness changes gradiently from surface to base body. The method will have a great future because many materials can be easily added to the electrode and then be coated on the workpiece surface. Gearing the parameters ceramic can be created with different thickness. The switch between deposition and removal process is carried out easily by changing the polarity, thus the gear to the thickness and shape of the composite ceramic layer is carried out easily. This kind of composite ceramic layer will be used to deal with the surface of the cutting tools or molds possibly, in order to lengthen their life. It also can be found wide application in the fields of surface repairing and strengthening of the ship or aircraft.

Effects of filler loading and surface modification on electrical and thermal properties of epoxy/montmorillonite composite

Epoxy-based composites containing montmorillonite(MMT)modified by silylation reaction withγ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane(γ-APTES)and 3-(glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane(GPTMS)are successfully prepared.The effects of filler loading and surface modification on the electrical and thermal properties of the epoxy/MMT composites are investigated.Compared with the pure epoxy resin,the epoxy/MMT composite,whether MMT is surface-treated or not,shows low dielectric permittivity,low dielectric loss,and enhanced dielectric strength.The MMT in the epoxy/MMT composite also influences the thermal properties of the composite by improving the thermal conductivity and stability.Surface functionalization of MMT not only conduces to the better dispersion of the nanoparticles,but also significantly affects the electric and thermal properties of the hybrid by influencing the interfaces between MMT and epoxy resin.Improved interfaces are good for enhancing the electric and thermal properties of nanocomposites.What is more,the MMT modified with GPTMS rather thanγ-APTES is found to have greater influence on improving the interface between the MMT filler and polymer matrices,thus resulting in lower dielectric loss,lower electric conductivity,higher breakdown strength,lower thermal conductivity,and higher thermal stability.

Surface modification and functionalization by electrical discharge coating:a comprehensive review

Hard coatings are extensively required in industry for protecting mechanical/structural parts that withstand extremely high temperature,stress,chemical corrosion,and other hostile environments.Electrical discharge coating(EDC)is an emerging surface modification technology to produce such hard coatings by using electrical discharges to coat a layer of material on workpiece surface to modify and enhance the surface characteristics or create new surface functions.This paper presents a comprehensive overview of EDC technologies for various materials,and summarises the types and key parameters of EDC processes as well as the characteristics of resulting coatings.It provides a systematic summary of the fundamentals and key features of the EDC processes,as well as its applications and future trends.

Further study on heredity of liquid aluminum modified by electric pulse

The remarkable heredity of liquid aluminum modified by electric pulse (EP, EPM) has been uncovered. For better understanding from all aspects on the hereditary properties, the present research deals with the heredity destruction and the secondary EPM procedure. It is shown that the secondary EPM is capable of preventing the heredity reduction of EP-modified liquid aluminum, and that the final refining effect has a close relationship with technique parameters of the secondary EPM. Furthermore, at a certain superheated temperature depending on the initial EPM technique parameters, the heredity relationship of EP-modified liquid aluminum can be cut off during remelting. High temperature X-ray diffraction combining with the DSC tests also indicates that the EP-induced structure changes have almost disappeared at an elevated remelting temperature.

Synergistic Promotion of Electrical, Mechanical and Thermal Properties for Silicone Rubber-based Field Grading Material via Compound Modification

Use of nonlinearconductive SiC/silicone rubber(SR)field grading material(FGM)can improve the local field concentration of composite insulators.Adding large volume fraction and large-size SiC particles(SiCp)into SR can obtain a good field grading effect,but it is accompanied by the deterioration of mechanical properties.Compounding SiC with different shapes can solve this contradiction.By incorporating one-dimensional SiC whiskers(SiCw)to synergize with granular SiCp,SiC/SR FGM with better field-dependent conductivity,mechanical properties and thermal conductivity than large-size SiCp and large volume fraction filling case can be obtained by using smaller size SiCp and lower filling contents.The simulations of 500 kv line insulators show that the modified SiC/SR FGM can reduce the maximum field strength along the insulator surface and at sheath-core rod interfaces by 55%and 71.4%,respectively.The combined application of FGM and grading ring can achieve a complementary effect.Using FGM to partially replace the role of the grading rings,the field strength indicators can still meet the operational requirements after the tube radius and shielding depth of the grading rings at both ends are reduced by 36.2%and 40%separately,which is a benefit to alleviating the problems of high weight and large volume faced by traditional field grading methods.

Synthesis and modification of nanowires anchored on electrodes for electrochemical and electrophysical applications

The integration of nanowires onto electrode surfaces marks a significant advancement over traditional electrode materials,conferring upon nanowire-modified electrodes a vast array of applications within electrochemical and electrophysical domains.The nanowires used for electrode modification can be catalogized into two distinct types:anchored nanowires and free-standing nanowires.A critical advantage of anchored nanowires lies in their enhanced electrical connectivity with the substrate,which reduces electrode resistance and facilitates charge transport.Furthermore,the anchorage of nanowires onto electrodes provides additional mechanical support,bolstering the structural stability of the nanowire assembly.Here,we review the development of anchored nanowires designed for applications in energy storage,electrocatalysis,and electric field treatment(EFT)over the past decade.We focus on the synthesis and modification strategies employed for anchored nanowires,culminating in the evaluation of these fabrication and enhancement techniques.Through this analysis,we aim to furnish comprehensive insights into the preparation of anchored nanowires,guiding the selection of appropriate fabrication processes and subsequent functional modifications.

Influences of electric pulse on solidification structure of LM-29 Al-Si alloy

The metallographic structure of LM-29 aluminum-silicon alloy modified by electric pulse treatment has been investigated and compared with those untreated.The solidification structure of LM-29 alloy has been analyzed by means of M1AP3 Quantimet image processing and analysis system,and then the solidification process has been analyzed by means of differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).The results indicate that the primary silicon phase was refined remarkably by electric pulse while the tensile strength and elongation properties increased accordingly.Electric pulse treatment can also increase the binding power between silicon clusters and alloy melt matrix,as a result,the precipitation of primary silicon phase is suppressed to meet the demand of supercooling degree for nucleating,correspondingly.The electric pulse modification has great influence on the size of silicon atomic cluster as well as its distribution in the melt,subsequently,leads to the refinement of solidification structure.

INFLUENCES OF TRACE ADDITIONS OF STRONTIUM AND PHOSPHORUS ON ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY AND VISCOSITY OF LIQUID Al-Si ALLOYS

The electrical resistivity and viscosity of liquid hypoeutectic Al 7%Si and hypereutectic Al 18%Si alloys, and the influences of trace strontium and phosphorus on them were investigated. The trace additions of the two elements increase the electrical resistivity. At the precipitation temperatures of primary phase, the electrical resistivity exhibits a discontinuity for all experimental Al Si alloys. In the discontinuity the electrical resistivity, respectively, decreases and increases abruptly for Al 7%Si alloys and Al 18%Si alloys. Phosphorus and strontium both have some effects on the discontinuity temperature and the jump value of electrical resistivity of Al 18%Si alloys, but strontium hardly has effect on them in Al 7%Si alloys. The trace additions of strontium and phosphorus increase the viscosity of the experimental alloy.

Formation and characterization of self-lubricated carbide layer on AA6082 Al-Mg-Si aluminum alloy by electrical discharge alloying process

The surface modification on the AA6082 Al?Mg?Si aging-hardenable aluminum alloy was investigated by electricaldischarge alloying (EDA) process. Kerosene, used as a dielectric fluid, was pyrolytically decomposed into carbon for the formationof a self-lubricated carbide layer on the aluminum alloy surface during EDA process. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)image found that the self-lubricated carbide layer was a multi-phase material with carbides and graphite. As a result, theEDA-modified aluminum alloy had a negligible wear rate of ~2?10?4 mg/m (c. f. ~1.1?10?2 mg/m for aluminum alloy substrate).Notably, a new characteristic was found that the EDA-processed carbide layer was a soft magnet, which improved theelectromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance of the alloy.

Study on electrical discharge coating with TiC ceramic layer

The method of electrical discharge coating with TiC ceramic layer in ordinary electrical discharge machining(EDM) tool was studied systematically. Through the metallography, X-ray diffraction, sector scanning research and wear test, the characteristics of the ceramic layer were studied, and the effect of the discharge parameters on the quality and the thickness of the coating was also discussed. The results show that this method is a very potential surface modification method. Comparing with other surface peeling technologies, that coating layer thickness is more than 20μm, the hardness is increased by 2-3 times, the wearing resistance is increased by 5 times and the product life is increased by 3-5 times.

Surface modification of polyester film by glow discharge tunnel at atmospheric pressure

A large-area improved dielectric barrier glow discharge tunnel has been developed for modifying the surface of polyester film at atmospheric pressure with argon and oxygen gas mixtures. The electrical properties of the glow discharge tunnel were studied by simultaneous measurement of the voltage and current. In addition, the effect of the glow discharge tunnel treatment on the surface of polyester film were studied. The resultant modifications of the surface properties of the treated samples were investigated through scanning probe microscopy and contact angle measurement.

木材用于水伏发电的研究进展

化石能源的过度使用带来能源枯竭与环境恶化问题,绿色可持续成为发展的首要目标。水能作为目前较为优质的清洁能源,其中一部分潜在的能量有待转化利用。近年来,水伏发电受到国内外学者的广泛关注,被认为是一种新兴的深度挖掘水能资源的手段,研究者们取得了一系列关于功能材料与水滴、水波、水蒸发与湿气等相互作用输出电能的研究成果。开发生物质基水伏发电材料有助于推动可再生能源的充分利用。木材是一种储量充足、可再生、易加工的材料,同时具有独特的多级孔道结构,内部富含极性基团,有良好的机械强度,因此木材在水伏发电领域具有一定应用前景。笔者总结了水伏发电技术的研究进展,阐述了水伏发电的理论基础,基于水伏效应的能量转换方式及其器件材料的选择,介绍了木材用作水伏发电器件材料的研究成果,归纳了研究者为提高水伏发电器件的输出功率,对木材进行表面修饰、孔道调控、材料负载、碳化处理的功能化改性方法,并对其面临的挑战与应用前景进行展望。

基于氢谱修饰指数的润滑油添加剂抗磨损性能的预测研究

润滑油添加剂对保障机械运行的稳定性和安全性、延长设备的使用寿命、节约能耗具有重要作用,由于通过实验获得数据费时费力,故用定量结构摩擦性能关系研究方法,来获取抗磨损性能数据成为一种简便而高效的方法.为研究酰肼类及磷酸类润滑油添加剂抗磨损性能与结构的关系,定义并建构了新的氢谱修饰指数^(0)H,并计算36个酰肼类及磷酸类分子的电性距离矢量,筛选了M_(2)、M_(3)、M_(21)和M_(59),将这5个结构描述符作为BP神经网络的输入变量,磨损体积量度V s作为神经网络输出变量,用5-3-1的神经网络结构,构建了神经网络法预测模型,模型相关系数0.944,磨损体积量度V s的预测值与文献实验值的平均相对误差为2.61%,优于文献方法结果.结果表明:酰肼类及磷酸类润滑油添加剂抗磨损性能与氢谱修饰指数有良好的非线性关系,影响抗磨损性能的主要因素是分子中原子特性、基团片段的—CH_(3)、—CH_(2)—、>CH—、—O、—N—和—P—等.该研究对指导合成新型抗磨损性能好的化合物分子有理论意义.

接枝聚丙烯电缆绝缘材料的电树枝特性及机理

开发高性能的可回收聚丙烯电缆绝缘材料已成为近年来电绝缘领域的研究热点之一。该文对纯聚丙烯(PP)及甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)接枝改性聚丙烯试样的电树枝引发和生长特性进行了研究。试验结果发现,相较于纯聚丙烯试样,接枝试样的电树枝引发时间显著提高,电树枝劣化区域和生长速率明显减小。分析表明,接枝MMA单体在聚丙烯试样内部引入了大量深陷阱,并减小了球晶尺寸,有利于抑制载流子的输运行为并显著压缩了非晶区通道的空间尺度,进而改善了接枝试样的电树枝引发特性。此外,接枝试样的球晶尺寸减小使得非晶区通道更为曲折狭长,显著增加了电树枝沿着电场方向生长的阻力,进而改善了接枝试样的电树枝生长特性。随着MMA单体掺杂含量的增多,接枝试样的电树枝引发和生长特性逐渐提升。研究结果可为高性能接枝聚丙烯电缆绝缘材料的研发提供参考。

石墨烯基薄膜的表面改性与电输运性能研究

文章以天然鳞片石墨为原料,采用改进Hummers方法制备氧化石墨烯(graphene oxide,GO)薄膜,再利用氮离子注入和热处理得到表面改性的氮掺杂还原氧化石墨烯(nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide,NrGO)薄膜;利用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、拉曼(Raman)光谱和X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)表征并系统研究氮离子注入对石墨烯基薄膜表面形貌和微观结构的影响。结果表明:氮离子注入会造成石墨烯基薄膜表面层内碳原子的缺失和氮原子的替代掺杂,从而在NrGO薄膜表面层内实现氮掺杂并产生纳米级孔洞;氮掺杂氧化石墨烯(nitrogen-doped graphene oxide,NGO)薄膜表面层氮掺杂量(质量分数)高达10.86%,热处理后的NrGO薄膜表面层氮掺杂量(质量分数)可达9.90%;I-V测试发现,氮离子注入和热处理对石墨烯基薄膜的电输运性能也产生显著影响。