Integrated Active Suspension and Anti-Lock Braking Control for Four-Wheel-Independent-Drive Electric Vehicles

This paper presents an integrated control scheme for enhancing the ride comfort and handling performance of a four-wheel-independent-drive electric vehicle through the coordination of active suspension system(ASS)and anti-lock braking system(ABS).First,a longitudinal-vertical coupled vehicle dynamics model is established by integrating a road input model.Then the coupling mechanisms between longitudinal and vertical vehicle dynamics are analyzed.An ASS-ABS integrated control system is proposed,utilizing an H∞controller for ASS to optimize load transfer effect and a neural network sliding mode control for ABS implementation.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is evaluated through comprehensive tests conducted on a hardware-in-loop(HIL)test platform.The HIL test results demonstrate that the proposed control scheme can significantly improve the braking performance and ride comfort compared to conventional ABS control methods.

Design and Analysis of Electro-mechanical Hybrid Anti-lock Braking System for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Utilizing Motor Regenerative Braking

Braking on low adhesion-coefficient roads, hybrid electric vehicle＇s motor regenerative torque is switched off to safeguard the normal anti-lock braking system （ABS） fimction. When the ABS control is terminated, the motor regenerative braking is readmitted. Aiming at avoiding permanent cycles from hydraulic anti-lock braking to motor regenerative braking, a novel electro-mechanical hybrid anti-lock braking system using fuzzy logic is designed. Different from the traditional single control structure, this system has a two-layered hierarchical structure, The first layer is responsible for harmonious adjustment or interaction between regenerative system and anti-lock braking system. The second layer is responsible for braking torque distribution and adjustment. The closed-loop simulation model is built. Control strategy and method for coordination between regenerative and anti-lock braking are developed. Simulation braking on low adhesion-coefficient roads with fuzzy logic control and real vehicle braking field test are presented. The results from simulating analysis and experiment show braking performance of the vehicle is perfect, harmonious coordination between regenerative and anti-lock braking function, significant amount of braking energy can be recovered and the proposed control strategy and method are effective.

A new braking force distribution strategy for electric vehicle based on regenerative braking strength continuity

Regenerative braking was the process of converting the kinetic energy and potential energy, which were stored in the vehicle body when vehicle braked or went downhill, into electrical energy and storing it into battery. The problem on how to distribute braking forces of front wheel and rear wheel for electric vehicles with four-wheel drive was more complex than that for electric vehicles with front-wheel drive or rear-wheel drive. In this work, the frictional braking forces distribution curve of front wheel and rear wheel is determined by optimizing the braking force distribution curve of hydraulic proportional-adjustable valve, and then the safety brake range is obtained correspondingly. A new braking force distribution strategy based on regenerative braking strength continuity is proposed to solve the braking force distribution problem for electric vehicles with four-wheel drive. Highway fuel economy test(HWFET) driving condition is used to provide the speed signals, the braking force equations of front wheel and rear wheel are expressed with linear equations. The feasibility, effectiveness, and practicality of the new braking force distribution strategy based on regenerative braking strength continuity are verified by regenerative braking strength simulation curve and braking force distribution simulation curves of front wheel and rear wheel. The proposed strategy is simple in structure, easy to be implemented and worthy being spread.

An Investigation into Regenerative Braking Control Strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Energy regeneration during braking is an important technique for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) to improve their fuel economy and extend their driving range. Due to the effect of regenerative braking torque which is added by electric motor, the braking torque distribution between front and rear axles should be changed and the control logic of anti-lock braking system (ABS) ought to be adjusted according to the regenerative braking torque. This paper put forward a braking control strategy for hybrid electric vehicle; the control strategy is implemented with eight DOFs (Degree-of-Freedom) nonlinear vehicle forward simulation model which is built under the environment of Matlab/Simulink. Based on target wheel slip ratio, a fuzzy logic approach was applied to maintain the optimal target slip ratio so that best compromise between hydraulic torque and regenerative torque can be obtained for the vehicle.

Regenerative braking control for hybrid electric vehicles under decelerating condition

The operating mode of a single shaft hybrid electric vehicle （SSHEV） in which the electric motor exerts negative torque on the shaft to imitate engine braking is analyzed. The method of determining the quantity of regenerative braking torque is proposed with the premise that the braking intensity required by the driver is satisfied. On this basis, factors that affect torque generated by the motor are listed, and how the battery＇ s temperature and state of charge （ SOC ） restrict and correct the braking torque is expounded. Finally, road test results show that the motor＇ s constant power or constant torque control is an effective way to recover the mechanical energy during decelerating.

New Method to Restrain Pumping Voltage of Braking Procedure for Brushless DC Motor of Electric Armored Vehicle

In order to restrain the high pumping voltage of braking procedure which is harmful to the system of electric armored vehicle. Based on the analysis of pumping voltage of the braking procedure, the relation between pumping voltage and PWM ratio is derived and a new digital control method to restrain the pumping voltage by changing PWM ratio is put forward. Because the capacitance is decreased effectively, the volume of controller is reduced and the performance to price ratio is improved. The results of computer simulation and experiment proved that this method is feasible and valid.

Driving and Braking Control of PM Synchronous Motor Based on Low-resolution Hall Sensor for Battery Electric Vehicle

Resolvers are normally employed for rotor positioning in motors for electric vehicles, but resolvers are expensive and vulnerable to vibrations. Hall sensors have the advantages of low cost and high reliability, but the positioning accuracy is low. Motors with Hall sensors are typically controlled by six-step commutation algorithm, which brings high torque ripple. This paper studies the high-performance driving and braking control of the in-wheel permanent magnetic synchronous motor （PMSM） based on low-resolution Hall sensors. Field oriented control （FOC） based on Hall-effect sensors is developed to reduce the torque ripple. The positioning accuracy of the Hall sensors is improved by interpolation between two consecutive Hall signals using the estimated motor speed. The position error from the misalignment of the Hall sensors is compensated by the precise calibration of Hall transition timing. The braking control algorithms based on six-step commutation and FOC are studied. Two variants of the six-step commutation braking control, namely, half-bridge commutation and full-bridge commutation, are discussed and compared, which shows that the full-bridge commutation could better explore the potential of the back electro-motive forces （EMF）, thus can deliver higher efficiency and smaller current ripple. The FOC braking is analyzed with the phasor diagrams. At a given motor speed, the motor turns from the regenerative braking mode into the plug braking mode if the braking torque exceeds a certain limit, which is proportional to the motor speed. Tests in the dynamometer show that a smooth control could be realized by FOC driving control and the highest efficiency and the smallest current ripple could be achieved by FOC braking control, compared to six-step commutation braking control. Therefore, FOC braking is selected as the braking control algorithm for electric vehicles. The proposed research ensures a good motor control performance while maintaining low cost and high reliability.

Energy-Optimal Braking Control Using a Double-Layer Scheme for Trajectory Planning and Tracking of Connected Electric Vehicles

Most researches focus on the regenerative braking system design in vehicle components control and braking torque distribution,few combine the connected vehicle technologies into braking velocity planning.If the braking intention is accessed by the vehicle-to-everything communication,the electric vehicles(EVs)could plan the braking velocity for recovering more vehicle kinetic energy.Therefore,this paper presents an energy-optimal braking strategy(EOBS)to improve the energy efficiency of EVs with the consideration of shared braking intention.First,a double-layer control scheme is formulated.In the upper-layer,an energy-optimal braking problem with accessed braking intention is formulated and solved by the distance-based dynamic programming algorithm,which could derive the energy-optimal braking trajectory.In the lower-layer,the nonlinear time-varying vehicle longitudinal dynamics is transformed to the linear time-varying system,then an efficient model predictive controller is designed and solved by quadratic programming algorithm to track the original energy-optimal braking trajectory while ensuring braking comfort and safety.Several simulations are conducted by jointing MATLAB and CarSim,the results demonstrated the proposed EOBS achieves prominent regeneration energy improvement than the regular constant deceleration braking strategy.Finally,the energy-optimal braking mechanism of EVs is investigated based on the analysis of braking deceleration,battery charging power,and motor efficiency,which could be a guide to real-time control.

A Novel Braking Control Strategy for Hybrid Electric Buses Based on Vehicle Mass and Road Slope Estimation

Proper braking force distribution strategies can improve both stability and economy performance of hybrid electric vehicles,which is prominently proved by many studies.To achieve better dynamic stable performance and higher energy recovery efficiency,an effective braking control strategy for hybrid electric buses(HEB)based on vehicle mass and road slope estimation is proposed in this paper.Firstly,the road slope and the vehicle mass are estimated by a hybrid algorithm of extended Kalman filter(EKF)and recursive least square(RLS).Secondly,the total braking torque of HEB is calculated by the sliding mode controller(SMC),which uses the information of brake intensity,whole vehicle mass,and road slope.Finally,comprehensively considering driver’s braking intention and regulations of the Economic Commission for Europe(ECE),the optimal proportional relationship between regenerative braking and pneumatic braking is obtained.Furthermore,related simulations and experiments are carried out on the hardware-in-the-loop test bench.Results show that the proposed strategy can effectively improve the braking performance and increase the recovered energy through precise control of the braking torque.

Electro-mechanical Braking Method in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Feedback Control Theory

In this paper, the hybrid electric vehicle braking process is researched, by using variables consists of HEV speed, motor speed, and state of charge established, fimctions of mechanical braking force, regenerative braking force and efficiency of energy recovery are constructed, and the control goal is to maximization the energy recovery efficiency. Under the feedback control strategy, with the constrain condition of braking strength and braking stability, combining experiments in ADVISOR, in different experiments of different working conditions, we can see that in UDDS Cycle, the regenerative braking efficiency is the best. What＇s more, compared with strategies in ADVISOR, strategy proposed in this paper is obviously better.

A CONTROL STRATEGY OF SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE APPLICATION

A control strategy of switched reluctance motor (SRM)for electric vehicle applications is proposed. In electric vehicle application, the switched reluctance motor is a good choice with its flexible control method, compactness, robustness, high efficiency and high starting torque. In this paper, the control strategy of motoring and regenerative braking for electric vehicle application is presented. Computer simulations are employed to analyze the steady state behavior of SRM propulsion system. Experimental results in electric motorcycle are provided to demonstrate the validity of SRM propulsion system.

Regenerative Braking Algorithm for an ISG HEV Based on Regenerative Torque Optimization

A novel regenerative braking algorithm based on regenerative torque optimization with emulate engine compression braking (EECB) was proposed to make effective and maximum use of brake energy in order to improve fuel economy.The actual brake oil pressure of driving wheel which is reduced by the amount of the regenerative braking force is supplied from the electronic hydraulic brake system.Regenerative torque optimization maximizes the actual regenerative power recuperation by energy storage component,and EECB is a useful extended type of regenerative braking.The simulation results show that actual regenerative power recuperation for the novel regenerative braking algorithm is more than using conventional one,and life-span of brake disks is prolonged for the novel algorithm.

Regenerative Braking Experimental Tests and Results for Formula Student Car

In this paper, the tuning process of a regenerative braking system for a full electric Formula Student car is reported. Experimental results will be discussed and recovered energy will be measured. In order to obtain the best tuning some preliminary requirements have been decided: no-slip motion of traction wheels during braking phase, no over current and over voltage of Li-ion cells and the best feeling from the braking pedal for the driver. The main target of the regenerative braking system is to obtain the maximum recovered energy during the Endurance event in a typical Formula Student Competition (FS Germany, Hockenheim ring). First, an accurate estimation of the admissible braking torques with the tires used was carried out, starting from the magic formula of Pacejka of the tires. The maximum electric braking torque that the installed engine can provide at various speeds was then estimated, compatibly with the charging currents allowed by the storage system. Subsequently, a mechanical regulating device for regenerative braking was designed and described here, installed directly on the gear lever system that connects the brake pedal to the brake pumps. The proposed system is able to appropriately delay the entry into action of the hydraulic brake pumps and this delay is mechanically adjustable by acting on threaded pins. In this way, the interval of actuation of the brake pedal which activates only the electric braking can be adjusted and tuned. Finally, the overall project was tested on the track, in order to validate the hypotheses previously calculated and determine the setting capable of optimizing the energy recovered during a test equivalent to the Endurance event, compatibly with the constraints of the installed systems on board.

基于模糊控制的电动汽车低速再生ABS研究

为使电动汽车在低附着系数路面上再生制动时车轮具有防抱死功能,提出了一种通过控制电机的再生制动力与反接制动力来防止车轮抱死的方法。阐述了电动汽车低速再生ABS工作原理,建立了电动汽车单轮车辆动力学模型;根据电机低速再生制动的电路稳态条件,利用模糊控制理论设计了基于滑移率控制模式的再生ABS控制系统。仿真结果表明:系统不但鲁棒性强,而且反应迅速,控制精度高;制动过程由占主体的再生制动和制动末期出现的反接制动组成;在电机峰值工作能力内,随地面附着性能的提高,再生ABS回收的制动能也随之增加。

电动汽车再生摩擦集成制动系统ABS控制性能研究

提出电动汽车再生摩擦集成制动系统,建立了集成制动系统动力学模型和仿真系统;针对小型电动乘用车,分别在高附着路面直行、低附着路面直行、高附着弯道行驶3种典型工况下,对集成制动系统进行ABS性能仿真试验研究。研究中,以各轮制动转矩、滑移率和质心纵向加速度表征ABS控制性能参数,以纵向位移和质心侧偏角表征车辆行驶稳定性参数,以制动能回收率表征车辆能量回馈性能参数。研究结果表明,电动汽车再生摩擦集成制动系统具有较高制动性能、良好的ABS控制性能及较好的前后轮制动力分配性能,同时显著提高了制动能回收率。

电动汽车再生制动与液压ABS系统集成控制研究

文章根据制动系统的结构制定了常规制动和防抱死制动的控制策略,在Matlab/Simulink平台上建立了控制策略的仿真模型。仿真结果表明,控制策略能满足制动安全性和驾驶员感觉的要求,并能回收相当比例的制动能量。文中建立了实车测试系统来验证该控制策略,试验结果与仿真结果类似,表明集成控制系统满足设计要求。

城市电动客车再生ABS系统的建模与仿真

为使城市电动客车在冰雪路面上再生制动时车轮具有防抱死功能,提出了通过控制驱动电机的再生制动力与反接制动力的方法来防止车轮抱死。建立了城市电动客车1/4车辆动力学模型;根据电机低速再生制动电路稳态条件,基于变结构控制理论设计了低速再生ABS控制器。仿真结果表明:系统具有足够的鲁棒性;制动过程由占主体的再生制动和制动末期的反接制动组成;在电机峰值工作能力内,再生ABS制动能回收量随路面附着条件的改善而增加。研究结果对城市电动客车的制动系设计具有一定的参考价值。

PWM调制方案对无刷直流电机电动汽车再生ABS的影响

为研究PWM调制方案对无刷直流电机电动汽车再生ABS的影响,在分析单、双管PWM调制方案下的无刷直流电机再生制动原理基础上,通过调节占空比的方法来防止再生制动时驱动轮抱死。建立了单轮车辆再生制动动力学模型,设计了再生ABS双闭环控制系统,外环控制滑移率,内环控制制动电流。以系统在结冰路面上再生制动为例,对系统在单、双管PWM调制方案下的防抱死制动性能进行了仿真试验。结果表明:与单管调制相比,双管调制时系统的制动距离短,回收能量多。

基于PID控制的电动汽车电机制动ABS研究

为解决电动汽车电机制动时出现抱死的问题,对全桥调制与半桥调制下永磁无刷直流电机制动转矩进行比较,发现全桥调制下电机制动能量回收具有明显优势;分析了全桥调制下电机制动实现防抱死控制基本原理,利用PID控制设计了基于滑移率控制的电动汽车电机制动ABS控制系统。根据全桥调制下电机制动电气模型,在车辆单轮制动动力学模型基础上,建立了基于Matlab/Simulink的电动汽车电机制动模型。在高、中、低3种附着系数路况以及对接情况下进行仿真,仿真结果表明:系统反应迅速,控制精确;通过PID控制器控制,滑移率保持在理想值,系统稳定性强,能够较好地实现ABS功能。

再生制动优先作用的电动汽车ABS控制策略

为使电动汽车的驱动轮在紧急制动时,既能防抱死,又能回收制动能,提出了再生制动力矩优先作用的机电协同防抱死制动控制策略。即在任何制动工况下,只要再生制动力矩有效,均优先使用再生制动力矩来防止驱动轮抱死。分析了再生ABS优先作用的工作模式及其制动力分配原则,给出了相应的控制逻辑;然后以1/4车辆模型为例,建立了再生ABS优先作用的动力学模型,设计了基于车轮滑移率的PID控制律。在此基础上,建立了该策略的MATLAB/SIMULINK仿真模型。仿真结果表明:随着路面附着系数的提高,制动模式将由纯再生ABS转为再生制动优先作用的机电复合再生ABS,机械制动力矩也将相应增大;其次,与传统液压ABS的对比仿真试验表明,采用该策略能使制动系统的反应速度至少提高21.8%,车辆制动距离缩短4.9%。