Learning-based force servoing control of a robot with vision in an unknown environment

A learning-based control approach is presented for force servoing of a robot with vision in an unknown environment. Firstly, mapping relationships between image features of the servoing object and the joint angles of the robot are derived and learned by a neural network. Secondly, a learning controller based on the neural network is designed for the robot to trace the object. Thirdly, a discrete time impedance control law is obtained for the force servoing of the robot, the on-line learning algorithms for three neural networks are developed to adjust the impedance parameters of the robot in the unknown environment. Lastly, wiping experiments are carried out by using a 6 DOF industrial robot with a CCD camera and a force/torque sensor in its end effector, and the experimental results confirm the effecti veness of the approach.

Pneumatic force servo system based on disturbance observer

In order to design a low-cost pneumatic force servo system with large output forces,a scheme of a booster cylinder controlled by high speed solenoid valves is proposed.A nonlinear model of the system is established,in which the hysteresis of high speed solenoid valve is considered.In order to deal with parameter uncertainty and disturbances of noise and friction,a feed-forward control method based on a disturbance observer is proposed.A practical pneumatic force servo system is used to testify the feasibility of the proposed controller.The experimental results show that pneumatic force servo system based on the proposed controller has high force tracking accuracy and quick response.

FORCE FEEDBACK MODEL OF ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC SERVO TELE-OPERATION ROBOT BASED ON VELOCITY CONTROL

The tele-operation robotic system which consists of an excavator as the construction robot, and two joysticks for operating the robot from a safe place are useful for performing restoration in damaged areas. In order to accomplish a precise task, the operator needs to feel a realistic sense of task force brought about from a feedback force between the fork glove of slave robot and unfamiliar environment. A novel force feedback model is proposed based on velocity control of cylinder to determine environment force acting on fork glove. Namely, the feedback force is formed by the error of displacement of joystick with velocity and driving force of piston, and the gain is calculated by the driving force and threshold of driving force of hydraulic cylinder. Moreover, the variable gain improved algorithm is developed to overcome the defect for grasping soft object. Experimental results for fork glove freedom of robotic system are provided to demonstrate the developed algorithm is available for grasping soft object.

Dynamic Characteristics of the Jet Force on the Flapper of the Pilot Stage in a Flapper Nozzle Servo Valve Under the Flow-Solid Interaction

Nowadays,more and more attention has been paid to improve the performance of the nozzle flapper servo valve.As a core part of nozzle flapper servo valve,the armature assembly is affected by electromagnetic force,jet force and feedback force at the same time.Due to the complex structure of the pilot stage flow field and the high jet pressure,the prediction of the jet force has always been difficult in modeling the transient motion of the servo valve.Whereupon,a numerical simulation method based on the flow-solid interaction(FSI)is applied to observe the variation of the jet force when the flapper is moving.Different parameters are employed to seek a suitable numerical simulation model which can balance the accuracy and computational cost.By comparing with the experiment results,the effectiveness of numerical simulation method in predicting the variation of the jet force and cavitation is verified.By this numerical simulation model,the distribution of flow field and the force on the flapper predicted by the moving and fixed flapper are compared.The results show that more dynamic details are achieved by the transient simulation.By analyzing the numerical simulation results of different inlet pressures and flapper vibration frequencies,the relationship between the movement of the flapper,the flow field distribution,the jet force and the inlet pressure is established,which provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent modeling of the armature assembly.

Blank Holder Force Control System Driven by Servo-Motor

Blank holder force (BHF) control is used to prevent wrinkles of sheet metal in deep drawing process. Based on a novel conception of BHF control technique driven by servo-motor, a new BHF device with six-bar linkage mechanism has been designed and manufactured. Whole control system of the new BHF technique was developed, and the basic structure of the hardware configuration of the system was given. Software analysis, implementation and division of the functional modules have been done. Also, the control software in data acquisition and processing module has been developed in the relevant technology of the BHF control system for the requirements of real-time, stability and accuracy. By the new BHF device combined with the hardware and the software system, the BHF can be regulated accurately variation with the predefined BHF profile in deep drawing process.

Multi-Channel Force Control System for Static Loading

An eight-channel force loading system is presented, which adopts position control system and force control system switching model, small flow servo valve controlled capacious cylinder system scheme, intelligent PID algorithm and distributed load approach. Through the analyses of the equivalent model of valve controlled cylinder force subsystem, a controller based on intelligent PID algorithm is designed, which is not sensitive to the variation of parameters such as environmental stiffness. According to the coupling of multiple load channels, a distributed load approach is employed in the superior monitor computer. Experimental results show that the system designed has high precision and robustness.

Synchronization control for electro-hydraulic dual-cylinder system based on force/position switching

If the rigidity of a mechanism is stiff enough, the position synchronous error of the two cylinders driving one degree-of-freedom （DOF） of the mechanism may be less than the resolution of position sensors. To handle this synchronization problem this paper proposes a force/position switching scheme, which partitions the two cylinders into a master cylinder and a slave cylinder. The master cylinder is always position tracking controlled by a second-order sliding mode controller and the slave cylinder is integrated with a force tracking controller which is a first order sliding mode controller. When the position tracking error is less than a given value, the slave cylinder switches to be force controlled. Two synchronization control methods are presented based on the switching scheme： the master - master ＋ force/position switching control and the master - slave ＋ force/position switching control. Simulations show that the formance compared with two given proposed synchronization control position-based control methods. methods can get a better per-

Performance analysis of a pneumatic to servo converted system for electrode actuation in resistance spot welding using 304L austenitic stainless steel

A high current, AC waveform controller with C-type body frame of spot welder(75 k VA), was examined for the electrode actuating system whose pneumatically driven system has been redesigned and refitted for the servo based system without any vertical spring assistance in the 50 mm movable distance. Moreover, the pressing mechanism was carefully handled during the entire pressing tasks as to ensure that no catastrophic reaction happens for the electrodes' caps, electrodes' holders as well as the other part of mechanical assembly. With the mechanically originated-pneumatic and also the converted-servo systems, the stainless steels are welded for both systems to characterize the improvements. While the welding processes were carried out, the electrical signals have been captured to compute the signals' representation of entire sequences. Later, the welded samples were underwent the tensile shear test, metallurgical observation and hardness test. The analytical results show distinct changes in the force profiles which has led to profound changes in mechanical properties of welded specimens.

Research of novel oscillating wire feeding system using the AC servo motor

With the background of the control of additional mechanical force droplet transfer in MIG/MAG welding, regarding the AC servo motor as core, a novel oscillating wire feeding system has been developed with excellent performances of control and dynamic acceleration which is tested. System constitution and operation principle are introduced in this paper. Influences of parameters on dynamic acceleration performance are analyzed and discussed emphatically, such as oscillating frequency, oscillating amplitude and draw-back speed. Experimental result indicates that according to the technique of welding control, the novel wire feeding system responds rapidly to various kinds of control orders of wire feeding and draw-back, and realizes flexible control of welding wire axial movement, including dynamic shifting,oscillating and so on.

比例伺服阀非线性液动力模型修正与特性分析

比例伺服阀的高速运行以及油液流动状态直接影响液动力的变化,进而影响比例伺服阀和伺服机构的动静态性能。基于此,为明确比例伺服阀液动力的变化规律和特性,首先基于阀芯和阀体配合的节流口结构建立液动力的理论数学模型。然后结合流场仿真,分析不同开度和不同压差下液动力变化情况,明确液动力仿真结果和理论结果的偏差,修订液动力理论数学模型。最后,基于液动力测试平台,验证了不同开度和压差下液动力变化情况。结果表明:射流角的减小会导致稳态液动力不断增大,阀口开度的增大使稳态液动力呈现先增大后减小的趋势,同时在小开度下压差越大对应稳态液动力的峰值也越大,研究成果为比例伺服阀非线性补偿控制提供理论基础。

高压阀口液动力补偿控制策略仿真分析

直动式比例伺服阀是一种新型的单级伺服阀,采用比例电磁铁或线性力马达直接驱动滑阀运动,具有成本低、频响高、抗污染能力强等优点,广泛应用于注塑机进给控制、轧机板厚控制系统等高速高精度液压控制系统中。传统的直动式比例伺服阀采用PID控制策略实现阀芯的精确位置控制,在高压大流量工况下(供油压力达到20 MPa、流量大于100 L/min),阀芯受到液动力扰动变得更加剧烈,易出现响应速度慢、阀芯抖动的现象,影响了比例伺服阀的控制精度。为了解决大液动力扰动的问题,提出了一种基于指数收敛干扰观测器的滑模控制器。通过建立阀芯动力学模型来设计滑模控制器,保证阀芯位置的高动态跟踪性能;使用基于指数收敛的干扰观测器,估计阀芯动力学模型中液动力的不确定性扰动,解决高压大流量工况下的阀芯液动力扰动补偿问题。搭建了比例伺服阀系统的联合仿真模型进行仿真验证,结果表明,提出的控制器可以解决高压大流量工况下阀芯液动力扰动对阀芯位置控制的干扰问题。

基于ADRC和模型预测控制的直驱伺服阀振荡抑制研究

直驱伺服阀因构造简单、抗污染能力强、输出功率大等突出优势,逐渐扩展其应用场景。作为飞控系统的关键部件之一,电液伺服阀的特性与可靠性直接关乎飞行性能与安全。本文针对某型航空用双系统直驱伺服阀存在的阀芯振荡问题,探究基于方法的伺服阀振荡抑制策略。建立了该直驱伺服阀系统的部件级数学模型,并与突变液流力模型联合运算;设计了自抗扰控制器(ADRC)和模型预测的复合控制方法,并与传统比例积分微分(PID)控制方法进行仿真对比。结果表明,ADRC和模型预测的复合控制方法对直线电机电流的高频小范围调节可有效抵消突变液流力对阀芯运动的影响,从而为直驱伺服阀在复杂受力环境下的控制器设计提供理论参考。

机翼弯曲模拟系统的建模与仿真研究

某型飞机在飞行过程中,机翼将产生最大可达3米的变形,该变形将严重影响安装在飞机机翼上钢索传动装置的操控性能,同时考虑操控性能在真实飞行过程中的成本、难度、风险问题,构建了地面机翼弯曲模拟系统。首先,构建了由16套机构组成的全机翼半物理仿真模型,各机构均安装有一套位移伺服控制系统和一套角度伺服控制系统。然后对系统的角度控制及位移控制进行了建模、仿真研究,提出了有效的前馈和模糊控制相结合的控制策略。最后搭建了实验验证系统并进行了验证。结果表明:该系统设计合理,实用性强,满足钢索在机翼弯曲变形下的操控性能测试。

液压伺服阀阀芯结构优化及实验验证

以减小阀芯在工作中所受的液动力为目标,以阀芯的外形结构参数为优化变量,对液压伺服阀阀芯结构优化的方法进行了研究。使用SPEA2算法对阀芯的结构进行了多目标优化设计,获得了Pareto最优的阀芯结构设计方案。利用CFD仿真软件计算了优化前后阀芯流场和压力分布,验证了优化效果。搭建了一套实验平台,对优化前后的阀芯液动力进行测试,通过测量阀芯在工作时的速度以及受力情况等参数,计算出阀芯在工作过程中所受的稳态液动力。测试结果显示,经结构优化后的阀芯在不同开口位移下所受的液动力均出现了下降,稳态液动力平均下降14.86%,其变化趋势与仿真计算一致,均在阀口开口位移为0.6 mm时具有最大的优化效果,进一步验证了优化方案的可行性。

主动控制下软土基坑围护结构侧向变形与迎土面土压力演化规律

基于有限分析和原位试验,对主动控制下采用轴力伺服系统的软土基坑围护结构侧向变形和迎土面土压力演化规律进行分析。研究结果表明,主动控制下基坑迎土面土压力变化与钢支撑施加轴力、围护结构侧向变形有关;主动控制下围护结构侧向变形减小时迎土面土压力增大,土体开挖工况下围护结构侧向变形增大时迎土面土压力减小;轴力对本道钢支撑处围护结构侧向变形和迎土面土压力的影响最大,距离钢支撑越远轴力对二者的影响越小;主动控制下迎土面土压力介于静止土压力与主动土压力之间;软土流变影响下围护结构侧向变形缓慢增大,迎土面土压力变化不明显。

Force tracking control for electrohydraulic servo system based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system(ANFIS)controller

Purpose–The purpose of this paper is to apply a intelligent algorithm to conduct the force tracking control for electrohydraulic servo system(EHSS).Specifically,the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system(ANFIS)is selected to improve the control performance for EHSS.Design/methodology/approach–Two types of input–output data were chosen to train the ANFIS models.The inputs are the desired and actual forces,and the output is the current.The first type is to set a sinusoidal signal for the current to produce the actual driving force,and the desired force is chosen as same as the actual force.The other type is to give a sinusoidal signal for the desired force.Under the action of the PI controller,the actual force tracks the desired force,and the current is the output of the PI controller.Findings–The models built based on the two types of data are separately named as the ANFIS I controller and the ANFIS II controller.The results reveal that the ANFIS I controller possesses the best performance in terms of overshoot,rise time and mean absolute error and show adaptivity to different tracking conditions,including sinusoidal signal tracking and sudden change signal tracking.Originality/value–This paper is the first time to apply the ANFIS to optimize the force tracking control for EHSS.

100N静重式力标准装置的智能控制系统研究

针对100N静重式力标装置的原理和设计特点,需根据不同被校传感器的特点,选择合适的砝码组,并保证稳定可靠地加卸载。因此,为保证装置复现力值的准确性,实现工作的智能化,设计了一种智能控制系统,并进行试验验证。结果表明:该系统能可靠、准确地控制标准装置对不同外形、不同量程传感器提供稳定的标准力值。

柔索驱动单元的模型辨识与控制器设计

针对并联柔索驱动机器人力场模拟应用场景下驱动单元的力伺服控制系统设计,基于Links半物理仿真环境,运用Matlab System Identification工具箱,对柔索驱动单元系统数学模型进行模型辨识,并对系统的不确定性进行辨识。结果表明,考虑柔索驱动单元的不确定性因素后实际系统模型与理论模型相吻合,且系统理论模型具有较高的可靠性。在可靠的理论模型基础上,对柔索驱动单元进行控制器设计,并验证了模型辨识方法的有效性。基于模型辨识的控制器设计方法可以推广到其他类型系统的模型辨识。

直升机异常振动分析

对直升机振动过大的原因进行分析,通过频谱分析法找到引起直升机振动过大的特征频率,对特征频率进行分析和判断,通过试验验证最终确定引起直升机振动过大的原因:是由飞行控制系统介入引起的直升机强迫振荡问题。并进一步提出改进措施,最终使得直升机振动水平大大降低。

周边敏感环境下深基坑施工微扰动技术与主动补偿方法研究

为了研究周边敏感环境下深基坑施工微扰动技术与主动补偿方法,依托实际工程项目,确定了轴力伺服钢筋混凝土支撑系统的分级加载、保压方案,分析了轴力伺服加载前后基坑围护结构侧向位移变化。最终结论为:轴力伺服系统可以有效减小基坑围护结构侧向变形,实现对邻近地铁的微扰动;轴力伺服应分级加载,并依据围檩与地下连续墙脱开量确定最终保压值;应通过优先在邻近地铁处进行轴力伺服加载主动补偿该位置基坑围护侧向变形。