Review of Three-phase Soft Switching Inverters and Challenges for Motor Drives

For electric vehicles (EVs),it is necessary to improve endurance mileage by improving the efficiency.There exists a trend towards increasing the system voltage and switching frequency,contributing to improve charging speed and power density.However,this trend poses significant challenges for high-voltage and high-frequency motor controllers,which are plagued by increased switching losses and pronounced switching oscillations as consequences of hard switching.The deployment of soft switching technology presents a viable solution to mitigate these issues.This paper reviews the applications of soft switching technologies for three-phase inverters and classifies them based on distinct characteristics.For each type of inverter,the advantages and disadvantages are evaluated.Then,the paper introduces the research progress and control methods of soft switching inverters (SSIs).Moreover,it presents a comparative analysis among the conventional hard switching inverters (HSIs),an active clamping resonant DC link inverter (ACRDCLI) and an auxiliary resonant commuted pole inverter (ARCPI).Finally,the problems and prospects of soft switching technology applied to motor controllers for EVs are put forward.

A New Structure of Multilevel Inverter with Reduced Number of Switches for Electric Vehicle Applications

Both Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and Electric Vehicles (EVs) need a traction motor and a power in-verter to drive the traction motor. The requirements for the power inverter include high peak power, opti-mum consumption of energy, low output harmonics and inexpensive circuit. In this paper, a new structure of multilevel inverter with reduced number of switches is proposed for electric vehicle applications. It consists of an H-bridge and an inverter in each phase which produces multilevel voltage by switching the dc voltage sources in series. As the number of switches are reduced, both conduction and switching losses will be de-creased, which leads to increase the efficiency of converter. The size and power consumption of driving cir-cuits are also reduced. The proposed three phase inverter can produces more number of voltage levels in the same number of the voltage source and reduced number of switches compared to the conventional inverters. This structure minimizes the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output voltage waveforms. The structure of proposed multilevel inverter, modulation method, switching losses, THD calculation and simulation re-sults with PSCAD/EMTDC software are shown in this paper.

Technical Approaches Towards Ultra-High Power Density SiC Inverter in Electric Vehicle Applications

Along with the rapid growth in electric vehicle(EV)market,higher power density and more efficient motor drive inverters are required.It is well known that silicon carbide(SiC)has advantages of high temperature,high efficiency and high switching frequency.It is believed that the appropriate utilization of these merits can pave the way to ultra-high power density inverters.This paper presents issues about SiC chip’s current-carrying capability enhancement which is crucial for a compact inverter of tens and hundreds of kilowatts.Technical approaches towards ultra-high power density EV inverter including SiC module packaging,dc-link capacitor function analysis and system level integration are discussed.Different PWM algorithms which may improve efficiency and help to reduce the inverter volume are also studied.

Application of Single-to-Single Phase Matrix Conversion in Conventional Rectifier-Inverter

The principle of single to single phase matrix electric power conversioin is further studied and the conversioin switch function is introduced into conventional rectifier inverter, thus a general character of the two conversion techniques is discovered. It is characteristic of the switch functiion to follow mains voltage distortion and mains frequency drift. By utilizing the merit, unidirectional switch duty rations of the inverter follow the variation of DC link voltage automatically, thus the size of DC link electrolytic capacitor can be reduced considerably, bringing about improved mains side power factor. Corresponding topologies and theoretical and theoretical derivations are given, and so are the simulation results, based on which it is confirmed that the single to single phase matrix conversion technique is potentially useful in large scale production, and the introduction of switch function can yield good economic returns.

Multilevel Feature Moving Average Ratio Method for Fault Diagnosis of the Microgrid Inverter Switch

Multilevel feature moving average ratio method is proposed to realize an open-switch fault diagnosis for any switch of the microgrid inverter. The main steps of the proposed method include multilevel signal decomposition, coefficient reconstruction, absolute average ratio process and artificial neural network U+0028 ANN U+0029 classification. Specifically, multilevel signal decomposition is realized by using the means of multi resolution analysis to obtain the different frequency band coefficients of the three-phase current signal. The related coefficient reconstruction is executed to achieve signals decomposition in different levels. Furthermore, according to the obtained data, the absolute average ratio process is used to extract absolute moving average ratio of signal decomposition in different levels for the three-phase current. Finally, to intelligently classify the inverter switch fault and realize the adaptive ability, the ANN technology is applied. Compared to conventional fault diagnosis methods, the proposed method can accurately detect and locate the open-switch fault for any location of the microgrid inverter. Additionally, it need not set related threshold of algorithm and does not require normalization process, which is relatively easy to implement. The effectiveness of the proposed fault diagnosis method is demonstrated through detailed simulation results. © 2017 Chinese Association of Automation.

NETLAB-An Internet based laboratory for electrical engineering education

This article describes an Internet based laboratory (NETLAB) developed at Zhejiang University for electrical engi- neering education. A key feature of the project is the use of real experimental systems rather than simulation or virtual reality. NELTAB provides remote access to a wide variety of experiments, including not only basic electrical and electronic experiments but also many innovative control experiments. Students can effectively use the laboratory at any time and from anywhere. NETLAB has been in operation since July 2003.

Analysis of Capacitive Parasitism in PWM Inverter-Fed Motor

The effects of parasitic capacitance in induction motor system are unnoticed when it is fed from the AC line, but they are obvious when supplied directly from a PWM inverter. Consequently, many parasitic problems occur, such as motor to earth leakage current, bearing current, incoming line current distortion and uneven distribution of electrical stresses along the winding. On the basis of the uniform transmission line principle, a complete equivalent circuit of the PWM inverter fed motor system is presented, based on which all the capacitive parasitic problems mentioned above are analyzed and simulated by means of PSPICE. All the results are consistent with the existing ones.

Analysis of Electrical and Non-electrical Causes of Variable Frequency Drive Failures

VFDs （variable frequency drives） are an integral part of many industrial plants and stations. Reliable operation and maintenance of these drives is vital to ensure sustained plant operation and availability. Understanding of the principles of operation of VFD systems as well as knowledge about their required operating environment is necessary for all operating personnel. Many times the operating personnel do not get involved with different technical issues until a complete failure has occurred. Hence, the awareness of the most dominant failure causes has a significant impact on assisting operators to avoid catastrophic failures and tremendous economic losses due to VFD shutdown. Proper plant design, accurate monitoring and data logging, following manufacturer preventive maintenance schedule, and choosing qualified team of operators can be the key to an efficient operation and a long lifetime for any VFD system. In this paper, we have analyzed the electrical and non-electrical causes of VFD failures based on a case study of a typical medium voltage VFD pumping station. Finally, recommendations are given from field analysis and observations.

Testing PV Central Inverters＇ Compliance with International Grid Codes

In many electrical grids worldwide, the rising amount of installed PV （photovoltaic） power entails a considerable influence of PV systems on grid quality and stability. Consequently, in the wake of the revised German medium voltage directives issued in 2009, new requirements for PV inverters have been established internationally. At Fraunhofer ISE＇s Inverter Laboratory, approximately 25 large PV inverters with a nominal power of up to 880 kVA have been characterized in the past three years. In this period, the focus of many inverter manufacturers has begun to shift from traditional European markets towards an international perspective. Therefore, experiences with numerous different grid codes have been gained by our team. This work summarizes the similarities and differences between these grid codes. Additionally, several requirements that have proved to be critical will be examined. Finally, the adequacy of these grid codes to guarantee the safe and reliable operation of electrical grids is discussed.

Drive Train Cooling Options for Electric Vehicles

Electrification of vehicles intensifies their cooling demands due to the requirements of maintaining electronics/electrical systems below their maximum temperature threshold.In this paper,passive cooling approaches based on heat pipes have been considered for the thermal management of electric vehicle(EV)traction systems including battery,inverter,and motor.For the battery,a heat pipe base plate is used to provide high heat removal(180 W per module)and better thermal uniformity(<5°C)for the battery modules in a pack while downsizing the liquid cold plate system.In the case of Inverter,two phase cooling system based on heat pipes was designed to handle hot spots arising from high heat flux(∼100 W/cm2)–for liquid cooling and provide location independence and a dedicated cooling approach-for air cooling.For EV motors,heat pipebased systems are explored for stator and rotor cooling.The paper also provides a glimpse of development on high-performance microchannel-based cold plate technologies based on parallel fins and multi-layer 3D stacked structures.Specifically,this work extends the concept of hybridization of two-phase technology based on heat pipes with single-phase technology,predominately based on liquid cooling,to extend performance,functionalities,and operational regime of cooling solutions for components of EV drive trains.In summary,heat pipes will help to improve and extend the overall reliability,performance,and safety of air and liquid cooling systems in electric vehicles.

基于优化设计线性矩阵不等式的三相DC-AC变换器鲁棒性跟踪控制

介绍了一种优化设计的鲁棒性控制技术,针对逆变系统中可能存在的不确定性,如滤波电感值,滤波电容值,通过状态反馈和整合跟踪错误,优化设计线性矩阵不等式(LMI),获得状态估计器最佳增益,使收敛速度最大化,在同步dq坐标系中加以描述,采用空间矢量调制技术实施。仿真结果和实验测试证明该优化控制方法具有良好的跟踪性能。

On Designing of the Main Elements of a Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Driving System

The paper deals with the designing of an electric drive system used for hybrid electric vehicles. The driving system is realized with an induction motor and a voltage source inverter. Specifically, the application is for a series hybrid vehicle powered by electric storage batteries charged by solar batteries. In the first part of the paper the designing of the electric storage batteries and of the photoelectric system is presented. In the second part of the paper some aspects regarding the designing of the induction motor are presented. Then some aspects concerning the voltage source inverter designing are exposed.

光伏电站理论发电功率的优化计算模型与方法

光伏电站理论发电功率计算结果的准确性直接影响弃光电量的统计,对电网调度及光伏发展规划影响重大。理论发电功率的传统计算方法有样板逆变器法和气象数据外推法,当样板逆变器的出力受到限制时,样板逆变器法计算结果不准确,而气象数据外推法参数众多且难以确定。针对上述问题,提出了一种光伏电站理论发电功率优化计算方法。首先,介绍了样板逆变器法和气象数据外推法的计算原理,并分析了两种方法的特点和不足。然后,基于光伏电站历史出力及气象信息,提出了改进样板逆变器法和改进气象数据外推法。在实际应用中,当弃光未发生或者在弃光初始阶段采用计算精度更高的改进样板逆变器法开展计算,当样板逆变器出力受到限制时,切换至改进气象数据外推法进行求解。最后,对国内某光伏电站在不同气象条件下开展仿真计算,验证了所提方法的合理性和有效性。

舰船电力推进系统的分析与仿真研究

以最大程度保障舰船稳定运行为目标,展开舰船电力推进系统的分析与仿真研究,依据舰船电力推进系统结构组成,构建多种组成部分的数学模型,基于Matlab-Simulink仿真分析软件进行舰船电力推进系统模拟和计算,分析其在不同工况下的性能表现。仿真分析结果显示,直接正车启动表现出较快的响应速度,但螺旋桨转矩过载严重。相比之下,分级正车启动虽然启动过程相对较长,但螺旋桨转矩和舰船速度的变化更为平稳。突加负载工况下,本文方法表现出较好的性能,能够快速适应负载变化,调节时间短,且电机电流波动小,有利于保障电力推进系统的稳定运行。航速变化工况下,波动幅度和稳态误差均较小,具有较高的稳定性和控制精度。

超级电容技术支持下电力储能功率调节系统仿真

储能过程中,相电压、相电流的频繁变化是导致电力功率无法保持稳定状态的主要原因,为解决上述问题,针对超级电容技术支持下电力储能功率调节系统进行仿真设计。在主电路传输回路中,设置有源滤波器与并网逆变器,实现对储能功率的调节,完成电力储能功率调节系统硬件单元的仿真设计。定义超级电容模型,并将其串联在电力回路中,从而在控制电力脉冲功率的同时,实施对电功率的等效调试,完成对电力系统储能功率的全面调节。

新能源汽车驱动电机控制器深度解析

文章针对新能源汽车驱动电机控制器的结构原理进行深度解析,阐述电机控制器的基本结构、基本功能,深入分析逆变电路的逆变原理、能量回收整流原理、正弦交流电产生原理和变压与变频原理,介绍电机控制器驱动电路与控制电路的基本组成与结构特点,对职业院校新能源汽车技术专业教师和新能源汽车维修行业维修人员具有一定的参考和借鉴意义。

Energy Storage Modeling of Inverter Air Conditioning for Output Optimizing of Wind Generation in the Electricity Market

In order to achieve the compatibility of the air conditioning(AC)loads with the current dispatch models,this pa-per utilizes demand response(DR)technology as energy storage resources to optimize the aggregator’s behaviors in the real-time market for less economic loss caused by the fluctuations of wind power.The inverter AC,as a typical demand response resource,is constructed as a power type battery model(PTBM)and a capacity type battery model(CTBM)according to the different control methods,which are expressed through a circuit model and mathematical model to describe the energy storage characteristics of ACs.Moreover,the comparisons between the PTBM and CTBM are given analytically by their response speed,power&energy capacity and the cost of control,which will be helpful to guide the associated operators to choose the appropriate models to take part in demand response.Considering that the wind generation fluctuates frequently and greatly,the PTBM is chosen to take part of the demand response for output optimizing of the wind generation.The simulation results demonstrate that PTBMs can work in the way of conventional batteries(CBs)to optimize wind generation in the real-time market.

基于电容补偿法的变压器电流回路检测方法

为加快逆变电信号的回流速度,提升变压器电流回路对于电量信号的感应敏感性,针对基于电容补偿法的变压器电流回路检测方法展开研究。按照电容补偿法则,规划电容补偿线路,联合提取所得变电模量,求得电量补偿指标的具体数值,实现基于电容补偿法的变电回路建模。借助A/D转换器设备,定义电流互感参量的取值区间,结合已接入电量设备的内阻数值,计算电信号回流量的实值结果。对比实验结果可知,在电容补偿法作用下,逆变电信号的最大回流速度达到了9.5 A/ms,与限流控制方法相比,在提升变压器电流回路对于电量信号感应敏感性方面具有突出应用价值。

基于参数优化的VMD和PE的变频负载漏电信号提取方法

针对在室内建筑电气火灾风险管理中变频负载发生漏电故障时,线路中故障剩余电流包含大量噪声干扰容易造成误报警的问题,提出了一种基于参数优化的变分模态分解和排列熵的变频负载漏电信号提取方法。首先,对原始信号根据粒子群算法优化得到的分解个数和惩罚因子进行变分模态分解;然后,利用排列熵筛选出包含故障信息的本征模态分量,并重构得到故障剩余电流信号;最后,与完全集合经验模态分解算法结合排列熵进行比较。结果表明,所提算法能快速准确地提取出变频负载漏电时产生的故障剩余电流信号,为变频负载漏电信号提取提供了新的思路。

浅谈民用建筑光伏电气系统设计

“双碳”背景下,民用建筑光伏电气系统的设计需要结合当地政策、法律法规及资源气候的情况,依据建筑物情况选取合适的安装角度和与建筑物相适宜的光伏组件、逆变器等设备;依据安装容量及当地政策选取合理的并网点及并网原则。本文以某建筑物为例,简单介绍光伏电气系统设计。