Investigations on High-Speed Flash Boiling Atomization of Fuel Based on Numerical Simulations

Flash boiling atomization(FBA)is a promising approach for enhancing spray atomization,which can generate a fine and more evenly distributed spray by increasing the fuel injection temperature or reducing the ambient pressure.However,when the outlet speed of the nozzle exceeds 400 m/s,investigating high-speed flash boiling atomization(HFBA)becomes quite challenging.This difficulty arises fromthe involvement ofmany complex physical processes and the requirement for a very fine mesh in numerical simulations.In this study,an HFBA model for gasoline direct injection(GDI)is established.This model incorporates primary and secondary atomization,as well as vaporization and boilingmodels,to describe the development process of the flash boiling spray.Compared to lowspeed FBA,these physical processes significantly impact HFBA.In this model,the Eulerian description is utilized for modeling the gas,and the Lagrangian description is applied to model the droplets,which effectively captures the movement of the droplets and avoids excessive mesh in the Eulerian coordinates.Under various conditions,numerical solutions of the Sauter mean diameter(SMD)for GDI show good agreement with experimental data,validating the proposed model’s performance.Simulations based on this HFBA model investigate the influences of fuel injection temperature and ambient pressure on the atomization process.Numerical analyses of the velocity field,temperature field,vapor mass fraction distribution,particle size distribution,and spray penetration length under different superheat degrees reveal that high injection temperature or low ambient pressure significantly affects the formation of small and dispersed droplet distribution.This effect is conducive to the refinement of spray particles and enhances atomization.

Investigation of Electrostatic Atomization and Its Application for the Synthesis of Fine Ceramic Powder

In the present study,electrostatic atomization(EA)behavior of several test liquids having much higher viscosities(1 400 mPa·s)than have previously been studied was investigated by spraying at a series of applied voltages and flow rates.The results showed that to obtain stable cone-jet mode spraying and hence gain better monodispersity of droplets,electrical conductivity,viscosity and surface tension of the liquid are important controlling factors.The stable cone-jet mode could be easily established for liquids having shear viscosities in the range from 80 to 1 400 mPa·s and surface tensions below 65 mN·m-1.In contrast,methylcellulose aqueous solutions with shear viscosities ranging from 10 to 540 mPa·s and moderate surface tensions(50~56 mN·m-1)generated more complicated spraying modes.However,fine TiO2 powder(a few micrometers in size)could be prepared using the EA method from its precursor solutions.

The Future Trend of E-Mobility in Terms of Battery Electric Vehicles and Their Impact on Climate Change: A Case Study Applied in Hungary

The transportation sector is responsible for 25% of the total Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, whereas 60.6% of this sector represents small and medium passenger cars. However, as noted by the European Union Long-term strategy, there are two ways to reduce the amount of CO2 emissions in the transportation sector. The first way is characterized by creating more efficient vehicles. In contrast, the second way is characterized by changing the fuel used. The current study addressed the second way, changing the fuel type. The study examined the potential of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as an alternative fuel type to reduce CO2 emissions in Hungarys transportation sector. The study used secondary data retrieved from Statista and stata.com to analyze the future trends of BEVs in Hungary. The results showed that the percentage of BEVs in Hungary in 2022 was 0.4% compared to the total number of registered passenger cars, which is 3.8 million. The simple exponential smoothing (SES) time series forecast revealed that the number of BEVs is expected to reach 84,192 in 2030, indicating a percentage increase of 2.21% in the next eight years. The study suggests that increasing the number of BEVs is necessary to address the negative impact of CO2 emissions on society. The Hungarian Ministry of Innovation and Technologys strategy to reduce the cost of BEVs may increase the percentage of BEVs by 10%, resulting in a potential average reduction of 76,957,600 g/km of CO2 compared to gasoline, diesel, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs).

Numerical studies on the influences of gas temperature on atmospheric-pressure helium dielectric barrier discharge characteristics

A fast-rising gas temperature is due to frequent collisions of the heavy particles in an atmosphericpressure dielectric barrier discharge.In this paper,a two-dimensional fluid model is applied to investigate the influences of rising gas temperature on an atmospheric-pressure helium dielectric barrier discharge.With the increase in the gas temperature,it is found that:(1)a helium discharge can evolve from the discharge column to a homogeneous discharge;(2)the breakdown time is in advance and the gas breakdown voltage decreases;(3)the spatial distribution evolution of the electron density is similar to that of the helium atom density.The most significant discrepancy between them is that the electron densities are high at some positions where the helium atom densities are nevertheless low.Furthermore,the radial reduced electric fields are obtained under different gas temperatures.The physical reasons for the gas temperature effects are discussed.The simulation results provide a better understanding of the roles of the radial reduced electric field and the heavy particle.

Vibro-acoustic characteristics of multifunctional carbon fiber reinforced panel

This paper deals with the assessment of vibro-acoustic properties of a multifunctional carbon fiber reinfo rced panel manu factured by bulk infu sion,a modified resin film infusion process.The components of the epoxy resin were chosen to contrast the electrical insulating property and poor flame resistance of the epoxy resins impregnating carbon woven fabric.To confer electrical conductivity to the resin a percentage of 0.5 wt%of Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes(MWCNTs)was dispersed in the resin,whereas to increase flame resistance a percentage of 5 wt%of Glycidil Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes(GPOSS)was solubilized in the epoxy mixture.Furthermore,as hardener agents,a mixture of 4,4’-DiaminoDiphenyl Sulfone(DDS)(53.4 wt%)and Bis(3-Aminophenyl)Methyl Phosphine Oxide(BAMPO)(46.7 wt%)was used.The values of the electrical conductivity were found satisfactory enough,being4.02×10^(-2)S/m for the multifunctional resin and 1.39×10^(4)S/m for the in-plane conductivity of the panel,whereas the Limiting Oxygen Index(LOI)value of the multifunctional resin was found to increase from 27%to 36%.Considering these promising results,an experimental assessment of the vibro-acoustic properties of the manufactured multifunctional panel was also performed.The panel was tested mainly to evaluate its low-frequency vibration damping and sound insulation characteristics.The manufactured panel demonstrated an improved efficiency if compared to a baseline configuration,presenting almost the double modal damping and a gain of 10 dB on the global noise reduction.

Electric field intensity measurement by using doublet electromagnetically induced transparency of cold Rb Rydberg atoms

We demonstrate a simple method to measure electric field intensity by using doublet electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT) spectra of cold Rb Rydberg atoms, where the frequency of the coupling laser does not need to be locked. Based on the Stark splitting of the Rb Rydberg state, 10D_(3/2), under electric fields and the corresponding calculated polarizabilities, the real electric field intensity is calculated using the difference in radio-frequency diffraction between two acousto-optic modulators, which acts as a frequency criterion that allows us to measure the electrical field without locking the coupling laser. The value measured by this simple method shows a good agreement with our previous work [Opt.Express 29 1558(2021)] where the frequency of the coupling laser needs to be locked with an additional EIT spectrum based on atom vapor and a proportional–integral–differential feedback circuit. Our presented method can also be extended to the measurement of electric field based on hot Rydberg atom vapor, which has application in industry.

原子层沉积法制备鸡蛋清栅介质ZnO-TFT及其性能研究

采用原子层沉积法(ALD),以天然鸡蛋清作为栅介质制备双电层氧化锌薄膜晶体管(ZnO-TFT),并对其电性能进行测试与分析,研究了该器件在栅偏压应力条件下和空气环境下电学性能的稳定性。结果表明,氧化锌薄膜晶体管电特性表现良好,阈值电压为0.73 V,载流子饱和迁移率为9.95 cm^(2)/(V·s),开关电流比为1.8×10^(4),亚阈值摆幅为0.33 V/decade,工作电压可低至3.0 V。研究还发现,在正栅偏压应力作用下或在空气环境下器件的电性能皆呈现出不稳定性。栅偏压应力不稳定性主要与栅介质层界面处正电荷集聚及新缺陷态的产生有关;干燥空气环境下电性能的退化可解释为沟道有源层吸附空气中的氧气导致沟道层中载流子有所消耗,以及鸡蛋清电解质被氧化而引起双电层效应的退化。

基于里德伯原子天线的低频电场波形测量

里德伯原子的高极化率可以实现电磁场的多维度参数测量.本文利用室温里德伯原子构建原子天线,基于原子天线将低频电场幅度信息转化为强度信息,从而实现低频电场的参数测量.实验采用双光子激发制备铯原子里德伯态,通过阶梯型电磁感应透明(electromagnetically induced transparency,EIT)光谱实现里德伯原子量子态的检测,基于内置电极技术在室温原子气室导入k Hz频段低频电场.电场中里德伯原子的Stark频移会在EIT过程导致双光子失谐,从而引起EIT光谱频移和强度变化.在弱电场条件下,EIT光谱频移可以忽略,EIT透射强度与输入低频电场强度近似为线性关系,基于该效应可以实现低频电场的波形、幅度、频率等参数测量.

原子热运动对电场量子测量的影响及修正方法

基于里德堡原子电磁诱导透明(EIT)效应的电场量子测量方法,能够突破传统基于电学原理、光学原理测量法在测量精度和灵敏度上的极限,并且具有自校准性。采用热里德堡原子进行测量具有工程应用的便捷性,但是原子热运动形成的多普勒效应会导致EIT谱峰发生频移和形变,混淆电场对原子的相干效应,从而影响电场测量精度。基于激光、电场与原子的作用机理,以及原子热力学,该文提出通过调整探测光和耦合光频率,修正原子热运动对电场量子测量影响的方法。首先,假设里德堡原子静止不动,建立和求解密度矩阵方程,描述双光子阶梯型三能级系统的EIT光谱;然后,引入温度与原子运动数学关系,将温度造成的原子热运动多普勒影响量化为探测光和耦合光频率失谐量,通过修正探测光和耦合光的频率来抵消该影响。仿真实验表明,该文提出的修正方法效果良好,该研究有利于推进基于里德堡原子电场量子测量的实用化进程。

基于铷里德堡原子的频率可调谐微波电场测量

基于里德堡原子的能级调控特性实现了微波电场连续调谐测量。用铷原子气室作为微波电场传感器同时去感知待测微波场和调谐微波场,利用强调谐场对里德堡原子能级精细调节实现了待测场共振频率的同步改变,从而拓展了现有单频点微波测量的频率响应范围。在与68P_(3/2)→66D_(5/2)跃迁共振的调谐场作用下,利用测量的AT分裂光谱的幅值差来确定待测场共振频点的调谐变化,最终使共振的6.916 GHz待测场的共振频率的调谐范围从原有的30 MHz极限拓宽至150 MHz,为微波电场的量子计量及拓展应用奠定技术基础。

三维原子探针的电场结构模拟研究

本文针对目前世界上被广泛使用的局部电极原子探针的样品及局部电极几何结构,通过有限元方法,结合多物理场仿真技术,研究了局部电极与针状样品的距离z、样品尖端曲率半径ρ、局部电极的入口直径φ、厚度w、开口角度α和入口长度h等参数对样品尖端附近的局部电场的影响。模拟结果表明:当z与φ的取值满足z/φ≥1时,既能在样品尖端得到较高的蒸发电场强度,又能降低局部电极对离子轨迹的影响;局部电极的厚度w和开口角度α的取值对样品尖端的电场影响较小;增大局部电极入口长度h的值有利于提高样品尖端电场强度;随着原子的蒸发(样品尖端曲率半径ρ增大),为维持原子蒸发所需的电场强度,施加在样品上的电压V与样品尖端的曲率半径ρ成正比,且所需维持的电场强度越高,施加的电压V越大。

Extending microwave-frequency electric-field detection through single transmission peak method

The strength of microwave(MW)electric field can be observed with high precision by using the standard electromagnetically induced transparency and Aulter–Towns(EIT-AT)technique,when its frequency is resonant or nearly-resonant with the Rydberg transition frequency.As the detuning of MW field increases,one of the transmission peaks(single peak)is easier to measure due to its increased amplitude.It can be found that the central symmetry point of the two transmission peaks f_(1/2)is only related to the detuning of MW field△_(MW)and central symmetry point f_(0)of resonant MW field,satisfying the relation f_(1/2)=△_(MW)/2+f_(0).Thus,we demonstrate a single transmission peak method that the MW E-field can be determined by interval between the position of single peak and f_(1/2).We use this method to measure continuous frequencies in a band from-200 MHz to 200 MHz of the MW field.The experimental results and theoretical analysis are presented to describe the effectiveness of this method.For 50 MHz<△_(MW)<200 MHz,this method solves the problem that the AT splitting cannot be measured by using the standard EIT-AT techniques or multiple atomic-level Rydberg atom schemes.

混合动力通勤飞机推进系统气动布局研究

使用VSPAERO气动分析模块,以X-57机翼作为算例,对螺旋桨滑流气动特性进行计算,将气动分析结果与文献中的CFD分析数据进行对比,验证软件的精度和可靠性。将其应用于19座通勤类飞机,分别对1—3对电机+桨3种气动布局方案参数化建模,调整螺旋桨的位置、尺寸及性能参数,快速分析飞机以巡航马赫数飞行在不同迎角下的升阻特性。结果表明:3种方案中六桨方案最优,此方案能显著降低全机诱导阻力,使总升阻比较双桨可提高14.8%,相对于四桨可提高31.9%。

Zn和Cu对纯镁的微观组织与导电性能的影响研究

本文研究了Zn和Cu元素的添加对纯Mg微观组织和导电性能的影响。结果表明,Zn和Cu能明显细化纯Mg的铸态组织,且元素添加量越多,晶粒尺寸越细小。铸态Mg-Zn和Mg-Cu合金的导电率均随着元素添加量的增加而不断降低。Mg-Zn合金中,固溶在基体中的溶质原子是影响导电率的主要因素;Mg-Cu合金中,第二相是影响导电率的主要因素。当元素添加量相同时,Zn对导电率的降低作用比Cu要更加显著。分别选取Mg-2.5%Zn合金和Mg-4%Cu合金在不同挤压温度下(200℃、300℃、400℃)进行挤压变形。Mg-2.5%Zn合金随着挤压温度提高,晶粒尺寸增大,第二相数量减少,导电率先降低再升高,但均低于其铸态合金的导电率。Mg-4%Cu合金随着挤压温度提高,晶粒尺寸增大,第二相数量无明显变化,导电率不断升高,均高于其铸态合金的导电率。

基于里德堡原子的微波全信息测量

介绍了里德堡原子微波电场传感器的工作原理,阐述了基于里德堡原子测量微波电场强度、相位、极化、频率等信息的技术特点,分析了基于里德堡原子的微波全信息测量的研究现状,探讨了当前绝对自校准测量和连续宽带高灵敏测量面临的困难,指出可以通过外场调控实现测量灵敏度提升和宽带连续频率测量;并可通过各种调制及解调手段简化相位、极化的测量和读取。分析了在热原子系统中利用多光子激发消除多普勒展宽以及采用冷原子消除多普勒展宽对于提升微波测量灵敏度的潜在优势,提出未来可利用里德堡原子的高轨道角动量态、强关联等特性进一步提升里德堡原子微波电场传感器性能。

石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤中铅、镉的方法

土壤中的重金属污染已成为世界范围内环境保护的重要问题之一。铅和镉是常见的土壤重金属污染物,对人类健康和生态系统造成严重影响。因此,准确测定土壤中的铅和镉含量对于环境监测和土壤污染防治至关重要。本文介绍了一种使用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中铅和镉的方法,铅质量浓度0~600.0μg/L、镉质量浓度0~6.0μg/L范围内有良好的线性关系,相对标准偏差铅、镉分别为3.70%、4.29%,该方法具有高灵敏度、高选择性和较低的检测限,能满足土壤中铅、镉的监测要求。

Growth of nitrogen-doped p-type ZnO thin films prepared by atomic layer epitaxy

Nitrogen-doped, p-type ZnO thin films were grown successfully on sapphire (0001) substrates by using atomic layer epitaxy (ALE). Zn(C2H5)2 [Diethylzinc, DEZn], H2O and NH3 were used as a zinc precursor, an oxidant and a doping source gas, respectively. The lowest electrical resistivity of the p-type ZnO films grown by ALE and annealed at 1000 ℃ in an oxygen atmosphere for 1 h was 18.3 Ω·cm with a hole concentration of 3.71×1017 cm-3. Low temperature-photoluminescence analysis and time-dependent Hall measurement results support that the nitrogen-doped ZnO after annealing is a p-type semiconductor.

Static electric dipole polarizability of lithium atoms in Debye plasmas

The static electric dipole polarizabilities of the ground state and n ≤ 3 excited states of a lithium atom embedded in a weekly coupled plasma environment are investigated as a function of the plasma screening radium. The plasma screening of the Coulomb interaction is described by the Debye-Hiickel potential and the interaction between the valence electron and the atomic core is described by a model potential. The electron energies and wave functions for both the bound and continuum states are calculated by solving the SchrSdinger equation numerically using the symplectic integrator. The oscillator strengths, partial-wave, and total static dipole polarizabilities of the ground state and n ≤ 3 excited states of the lithium atom are calculated. Comparison of present results with those of other authors, when available, is made. The results for the 2s ground state demonstrated that the oscillator strengths and the static dipole polarizabilities from np orbitals do not always increase or decrease with the plasma screening effect increasing, unlike that for hydrogen-like ions, especially for 2s→3p transition there is a zero value for both the oscillator strength and the static dipole polarizability for screening length D = 10.3106a0, which is associated with the Cooper minima.

Investigation on the Effect of Film Thickness on the Surface Morphology, Electrical and Optical Properties of E-Beam Deposited Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Thin Film

The following article has been retracted due to the fact that the authors practise fraud. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter, and the Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry treats all unethical behavior seriously. This paper published in Vol. 4 No. 10 194-202, 2014 has been removed from this site. ? Title: Investigation on the Effect of Film Thickness on the Surface Morphology, Electrical and Optical Properties of E-Beam Deposited Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Thin Film ? Authors: Golam Saklayen, Shahinul Islam, Ferdous Rahman, Abu Bakar

Using KELEA (Kinetic Energy Limiting Electrostatic Attraction) to Improve the Efficiency of Fuel Combustion

There are many reports of devices and fuel additives being able to enhance the performance of automobiles and other forms of transportation that rely upon the combustion of gasoline or diesel fuels. The claims extend from increased mileage and power to significant reductions in toxic exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons. Progress towards more widespread applications of means of improving fuel efficiency has been impeded by the lack of a coherent explanation of the mechanism of action. Fuel combustion allows for the conversion of much of the available chemical energy in volatile hydrocarbons to mechanical energy, which moves the pistons within an engine. It is proposed that the amount of chemical energy in hydrocarbons can be increased by the absorption of an environmental force termed KELEA (kinetic energy limiting electrostatic attraction). In addition to providing greater mechanical energy with relatively less heat output, the combustion of KELEA activated fuels proceeds further with less toxic emissions of carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons from incomplete combustion. KELEA activation of fuels should become standard practice in the transportation industry, with potential additional benefits in slowing the rate of global warming.