MULTIAXIAL CREEP-FATIGUE LIFE EVALUATION UNDER PROPORTIONAL LOADING

A new method was proposed for the multiaxial creep-fatigue life evaluation under proportional loadings. Because this method was derived from the strain range partitioning method with a multiaxiality factor, it was possible to consider the influence of both creep-fatigue interaction and multiaxial stress state on fatigue life. In order to predict the combined axial-torsional fatigue life the damage under combined loading was defined as linear summation of the damages under axial loading and torsional loading. Axial-torsional creep-fatigue tests were carried out using tubular specimens of 316LC austenitic stainless steel and the ferritic rotor steel. This rotor steel was developed for the permanent magnet type eddy current retarder in heavy trucks. Experimentally obtained lives of both steels were well corresponded with the lives predicted by the proposed method. It was found that the proposed method was effective in multiaxial fatigue life evaluation under proportional creep-fatigue loadings.

Tri-state Modulation Power Driving of Electro-hydraulic Proportional Amplifier

Switch electro-hydraulic proportional amplifier（PA） widely employs single switch modulation power driving（SSMPD） or reverse discharging power driving（RDPD） at present. SSMPD has slow dynamic response, and can＇t adjust independently the dither signal＇s amplitude and frequency; RDPD accelerates the current decay; consequently, it increases current ripple and power loss. For the purpose of solving the above mentioned problem, the tri-state modulation power driving（TSMPD） scheme was proposed for improving the performance of power driving. Detailedly, the hardware circuit for the tri-state modulation power driving is designed; the tri-state modulation algorithm is realized by digital signal processor（DSP）. The tri-state modulation power driving is investigated by experiments, comparetive experiments among the single switch modulation power driving（SSMPD）, reverse discharging power driving（RDPD）, and the TSMPD are implemented, and the experimental results demonstrate that the linearity error of TSMDP meets the requirement of PA; the current response of TSMSP is the best; the amplitude of ripple current of the TSMPD can be reduced without increasing frequency of PWM, in addition, dither signal amplitude and frequency can be adjusted independently for each other. It is very meaningful to guide the development of high performance proportional amplifier for high frequency response proportional solenoid.

Fatigue characteristics and microcosmic mechanism of Al-Si-Mg alloys under multiaxial proportional loadings

With the increasing use of Al-Si-Mg alloys in the automotive industry,the fatigue performance of Al-Si-Mg alloy has become a major concern with regard to their reliability.The fatigue characteristics and microcosmic mechanism of an Al-Si-Mg alloy under multiaxial proportional loadings were investigated in this research.As low cycle fatigue life and material strengthening behavior are closely related,the effect of equivalent strain amplitude on the multiaxial fatigue properties was analyzed.Fatigue tests were conducted to determine the influence of equivalent strain amplitude on the multiaxial proportional fatigue properties.The fatigue life exhibits a stable behavior under multiaxial proportional loadings.The dislocation structures of the Al-Si-Mg alloy were observed by transmission electron microscopy（TEM）.The dislocation structure evolution of the Al-Si-Mg alloy under multiaxial proportional loadings during low cycle fatigue develops step by step by increasing fatigue cycles.Simultaneously,the dislocation structure changes with the change in equivalent strain amplitude under multiaxial proportional loadings.The experimental evidence indicates that the multiaxial fatigue behavior and life are strongly dependent on the microstructure of the material,which is caused by multiaxial proportional loadings.

Investigation of Semi-Active Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension for a Heavy Vehicle Based on Electro-Hydraulic Proportional Valve

Hydro-pneumatic suspension is widely used in heavy vehicles due to its nonlinear characteristics of stiffness and damping. However, the conventional passive hydro-pneumatic suspension can’t adjust parameters according to the complicated road environment of heavy vehicles to fulfill the requirements of the vehicle ride comfort. In this paper, a semi-active hydro-pneumatic suspension system based on the electro-hydraulic proportional valve control is proposed, and fuzzy control is used as the control strategy to adjust the?damping force of the semi-active hydro-pneumatic suspension. A 1/4?semi-active hydro-pneumatic suspension model is established, which is co-simulated with AMESim and MATLAB/Simulink. The co-simulation results show that the semi-active hydro-pneumatic suspension system can significantly reduce vibration of the vehicle body, and improve the suspension performance comparing with passive hydro-pneumatic suspension.

EFFECT OF NON-PROPORTIONAL OVERLOADING ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH

The effect of proportional and non-proportional overloading on mode l fatigue crack growth have been studied,and the influences of crack tip plastic zone,crack tip blunting as well as crack closure were discussed.Proportional(model I)overloading may cause more serious crack growth retardation than non-proportional(mixed mode)overloading.Therefore,for estimating the fatigue life of engineering structures to simplify a real overload which may of- ten be non-proportional as a proportional one is not always safe.

Morphological evolution and flow conduction characteristics of fracture channels in fractured sandstone under cyclic loading and unloading

In coal mining,rock strata are fractured under cyclic loading and unloading to form fracture channels.Fracture channels are the main flow narrows for gas.Therefore,expounding the flow conductivity of fracture channels in rocks on fluids is significant for gas flow in rock strata.In this regard,graded incremental cyclic loading and unloading experiments were conducted on sandstones with different initial stress levels.Then,the three-dimensional models for fracture channels in sandstones were established.Finally,the fracture channel percentages were used to reflect the flow conductivity of fracture channels.The study revealed how the particle size distribution of fractured sandstone affects the formation and expansion of fracture channels.It was found that a smaller proportion of large blocks and a higher proportion of small blocks after sandstone fails contribute more to the formation of fracture channels.The proportion of fracture channels in fractured rock can indicate the flow conductivity of those channels.When the proportion of fracture channels varies gently,fluids flow evenly through those channels.However,if the proportion of fracture channels varies significantly,it can greatly affect the flow rate of fluids.The research results contribute to revealing the morphological evolution and flow conductivity of fracture channels in sandstone and then provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the gas flow pattern in the rock strata of coal mines.

RESEARCH ON THE PERFORMANCE OF NEW TYPE OF PROPORTIONAL PESSURE AND FLOW CONTROL VALVE

A new closed loop flow controlling principle through correcting the valve'sopening area while load pressure is changing is carried out. Further more a principle using only oneproportional valve to compound control pressure and flow is suggested. By using very simpleproportional throttle valve in structure, the functions that five kinds of proportional valves orany two of them combined possess can be complimented. After analyzing, comparing, and testing thedynamic and static characteristics of valve with different controlling principles and main valvestructure styles, the optimized structure styles and control methods are achieved.

Water-Assisted Injection Molding System Based on Water Hydraulic Proportional Control Technique

Water-assisted injection molding（WAIM）, an innovative process to mold plastic parts with hollow sections, is characterized with intermittent, periodic process and large pressure and flow rate variation. Energy savings and injection pressure control can not be .attained based on conventional valve control system. Moreover, the injection water can not be supplied directly by water hydraulic proportional control system. Poor efficiency and control performance are presented by current trial systems, which pressurize injection water by compressed air. In this paper, a novel water hydraulic system is developed applying an accumulator for energy saving. And a new differential pressure control method is proposed by using pressure cylinder and water hydraulic proportional pressure relief valve for back pressure control. Aiming at design of linear controller for injection water pressure regulation, a linear load model is approximately built through computational fluid dynamics（CFD） simulation on two-phase flow cavity filling process with variable temperature and viscosity, and a linear model of pressure control system is built with the load model and linearization of water hydraulic components. According to the simulation, model based feedback is brought forward to compensate the pressure decrease during accumulator discharge and eliminate the derivative element of the system. Meanwhile, the steady-state error can be reduced and the capacity of resisting disturbance can be enhanced, by closed-loop control of load pressure with integral compensation. Through the developed experimental system in the State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, Zhejiang University, China, the static characteristic of the water hydraulic proportional relief valve was tested and output pressure control of the system in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene（ABS） parts molding experiments was also studied. The experiment results show that the dead band and hysteresis of the water hydraulic proportional pressure relief valve are large, but the control precision and linearity can be improved with feed-forward compensation. With the experimental results of injection water pressure control, the applicability of this WAIM system and the effect of its linear controller are verified. The novel proposed process of WAIM pressure control and study on characteristics of control system contribute to the application of water hydraulic proportional control and WAIM technology.

New Method to Improve Dynamic Stiffness of Electro-hydraulic Servo Systems

Most current researches working on improving stiffness focus on the application of control theories.But controller in closed-loop hydraulic control system takes effect only after the controlled position is deviated,so the control action is lagged.Thus dynamic performance against force disturbance and dynamic load stiffness can’t be improved evidently by advanced control algorithms.In this paper,the elementary principle of maintaining piston position unchanged under sudden external force load change by charging additional oil is analyzed.On this basis,the conception of raising dynamic stiffness of electro hydraulic position servo system by flow feedforward compensation is put forward.And a scheme using double servo valves to realize flow feedforward compensation is presented,in which another fast response servo valve is added to the regular electro hydraulic servo system and specially utilized to compensate the compressed oil volume caused by load impact in time.The two valves are arranged in parallel to control the cylinder jointly.Furthermore,the model of flow compensation is derived,by which the product of the amplitude and width of the valve’s pulse command signal can be calculated.And determination rules of the amplitude and width of pulse signal are concluded by analysis and simulations.Using the proposed scheme,simulations and experiments at different positions with different force changes are conducted.The simulation and experimental results show that the system dynamic performance against load force impact is largely improved with decreased maximal dynamic position deviation and shortened settling time.That is,system dynamic load stiffness is evidently raised.This paper proposes a new method which can effectively improve the dynamic stiffness of electro-hydraulic servo systems.

DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LARGE FLOW RATING ELECTROHYDRAULIC PROPORTIONAL CARTRIDGE VALVE

A kind of cartridge servo proportional valve is discussed, which can be used for controlling large flow rate with high performance. By analyzing the structure principle of the valve, the transfer fimction of the valve is derived. With the transfer function, some structure elements that may affect its performance are investigated. Through the numerical simulation and test study, some principles of optimality and effective methods for improving the dynamic performance of the valve are proposed. The test results conform to the results of the theoretical analysis and simulation, which proves the correctness of the study and simulation works. The paper provides theoretical basis for engineering applications and series expanding design works

Design and Experiment of Electronic-hydraulic Loading Test-bed Based on Tractor's Hydraulic Steering By-wire

An Electro-hydraulic loading system is designed based on a test-bed of tractor's hydraulic steering by-wire. To simulate the steering resistance driving tractor in many kinds of soils and roads,the loading force is controlled to make proportional and continuous variable by an electro-hydraulic proportional relief valve. A steering resistance loading test-bed is built to test three kinds of steering resistance including constant,step and sine style. Tire lateral resistance is also tested under different steering conditions. The result shows that the electro-hydraulic loading system has high stability and following performance. Besides,the system's steady state error is lower than 3. 1%,and it meets the test requirement of tractor's hydraulic steering by-wire.

Experimental Study on Non-proportional Multiaxial Strain Cyclic Characteristics and Ratcheting of U71Mn Rail Steel

An experimental study was carried out on the strain cyclic characteristics and ratcheting of U71Mn rail steel subjected to non-proportional multiaxial cyclic loading. The strain cyclic characteristics were researched under the strain-controlled circular load path. The ratcheting was investigated for the stress-controlled multiaxial circular, elliptical and rhombic load paths with different mean stresses, stress amplitudes and their histories. The experiment shows that U71Mn rail steel features the cyclic non-hardening/softening, and its strain cyclic characteristics depend greatly on the strain amplitude but slightly on its history. However, the ratcheting of U71Mn rail steel depends greatly not only on the values of mean stress and stress amplitude, but also on their histories. In the meantime, the shape of load path and its history also apparently influence the ratcheting. The ratcheting changes with the different loading paths.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION UNDER TENSION-TORSION LOADING

Various proportional and nonproportional tension-torsion fatigue tests are conducted on aeronautical material-LY12CZ aluminum alloy. The stress and strain states under tension-torsion loading are analyzed by an elastic-plastic finite element method. The relation between the orientation of crack propagation and each stress and strain component is investigated. Analytical results are compared with experimental data. Results demonstrate that the fatigue cracks tend to be propagated perpendicular to the direction of the largest principle strains under proportional loading, and grow alone one of the maximum shear strain planes under 45° and 90° out-of-phase loadings.

Multi-Channel Force Control System for Static Loading

An eight-channel force loading system is presented, which adopts position control system and force control system switching model, small flow servo valve controlled capacious cylinder system scheme, intelligent PID algorithm and distributed load approach. Through the analyses of the equivalent model of valve controlled cylinder force subsystem, a controller based on intelligent PID algorithm is designed, which is not sensitive to the variation of parameters such as environmental stiffness. According to the coupling of multiple load channels, a distributed load approach is employed in the superior monitor computer. Experimental results show that the system designed has high precision and robustness.

ROBUST CONTROL OF AN ELECTROHYDRAULIC PROPORTIONAL SPEED CONTROL SYSTEM WITH A SINGLEROD HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR

A robust control algorithm is proposed to focus on the non-linearity and parameters＇ uncertainties of an electro-hydraulic proportional speed control system （EHPSCS） with a single-rod hydraulic actuator. The robust controller proposed does not need to design stable compensator in advance, is simple in design and has large scope of uncertainty applications. The feedback gains of the robust controller proposed are small, so it is easily implemented in engineering applications. Experimental research on the speed control under the different conditions is carried out for an EHPSCS. Experimental results show that the robust controller proposed has better robustness subject to parametric uncertainties, and adaptability of parameters＇ variation of control system itself and plant parameter variation.

APPLICATION OF NONLINEAR PID CONTROLLER IN AERODYNAMICS LOADING SYSTEM

The design idea of tracking-differentiator and the nonlinear PID controllerare introduced, the applicable algorithm and its real result for distributed aerodynamicsloading control system are discussed, and the construction of the test & contro1 system arealso presented. The application shows that the nonlinear PID algorithm has the advan-tages of high reliability, short run time and strong stability.

进气歧管喷水对发动机燃烧性能的试验研究

为研究进气歧管喷水技术对汽油发动机热效率的提升潜力,基于一台研究型单缸汽油发动机,采用试验的手段对比研究了不同的喷水比例、不同的负荷工况及不同的压缩比下进气歧管喷水对发动机燃烧性能的影响。结果表明,采用进气歧管喷水技术可有效降低发动机的爆震趋势,随着喷水比例的增加,CA50逐渐提前,燃料的滞燃期及燃烧持续期增加,同时伴随着传热损失逐渐增加。相比于无喷水(w/o PWI)的结果,喷水的引入虽然导致未燃损失增加,但有利于排气能量损失大幅降低,最终反应到经济性的表现为热效率随着喷水比例的增大呈先增加后降低的趋势,油耗率的表现同热效率的结果相反;此时最佳的净指示热效率(GITE)为43.1%,相比于w/o PWI的结果升高了2.5%;最佳的净指示油耗率(GISFC)为197.9 g/(kW·h),相比于w/o PWI的结果降低了11.8 g/(kW·h)。高负荷运用喷水技术将达到更显著的热效率改善及油耗改善效果;同时,喷水技术的引入使得发动机高压缩比的应用成为可能。

基于储能有功功率与OLTC协调的配电网电压控制

高比例光伏系统接入配电网会引起电压越限,传统无功电压调整方案在高阻抗比配网中失效,利用储能系统有功功率实现电压控制的技术方案被广泛采用,但现有技术方案中的储能系统在电压控制过程中可能产生过度充放电问题。针对这些问题,提出了一种基于储能有功功率与有载调压变压器(on-loadtapchanger,OLTC)协调的配电网电压控制策略。在分析光伏接入对配电网电压影响的基础上,利用测量得到的电压数据控制储能有功功率,实现对接入节点电压水平的快速调控;同时在OLTC控制环节加入储能荷电状态参考量,利用节点电压信息与储能荷电状态共同控制OLTC分接头动作,实现对配电网整体电压水平调控的同时避免了储能系统过度充放电。最后在IEEE 13节点系统中进行仿真验证,结果表明所提策略能够解决配电网内电压越限问题,避免储能系统过度充放电,从而延长储能系统的使用寿命,实现对配电网内资源的合理利用。

考虑准线需求响应的高比例新能源电力系统调度优化

随着新能源装机容量与发电量占比的快速攀升,传统火电机组装机容量大幅降低,为平移新能源出力的随机性和波动性,迫切需要将负荷侧纳入调度优化。为此,提出一种考虑准线需求响应的高比例新能源电力系统调度模型。首先,构建考虑新能源出力存在极端出力和极端爬坡情况的不确定性场景集;其次,根据各节点负荷结构特点,刻画节点负荷响应能力差异,并加入正则化项对准线形状进行约束,在此基础上提出了考虑负荷响应能力的节点负荷准线模型;再次,将准线需求响应引入日前调度,建立高比例新能源电力系统两阶段调度优化模型;最后,通过对IEEE-30节点系统的算例分析表明,所提调度方法能够有效抑制新能源的不确定性,增强高比例新能源电力系统的新能源消纳能力和电力可靠供应能力。

基于预期动态方程的含高比例可再生能源孤岛运行微电网负荷频率控制

针对高比例可再生能源并入微电网带来的负荷频率控制问题,提出基于预期动态方程的比例-积分-微分(PID)控制策略.在分析微电网负荷频率控制模型和控制难点的基础上,设计基于预期动态方程的PID控制策略,采用单一变量法分析控制器参数对控制效果的影响,总结了简单、实用的参数整定流程,并在微电网负荷频率控制系统中应用.在不同工况下与多种控制器进行仿真对比,结果表明:所提控制策略能够在保证鲁棒性的前提下取得最佳控制效果,展现出很高的工程应用价值.