Physical Diffusion and Electron-transfer Dynamics of Electroactive Solutes in Polymer Electrolytes Ⅲ. Effect of the Polymer Solvents

The diffusion coefficients(Dapp) and the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants(ks)for ferrocene in several polymer solvents were determined by using steady-stae voltammetry. Thetemperature dependence of the two parameters indicates Arrhenius behavior. The polymer solventeffects on diffusion and electron transfer dynamics of ferrocene were discussed

SOLID STATE VOLTAMMETRY OF ELECTROACTIVE SOLUTES IN POLYMER SOLVENTS(PEO)AT MICROELECTRODE

The present paper describes experiments aimed at delineating significant chemical characteristics of electrochemical reactions in polymeric solutions, including how rigid solvent environments affect mass transport rates, and also discusses the possibility that the microelectrode coated with poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO) film can be used as gas sensor.

Physical Diffusion and Electron-transfer Dynamics of Electroactive Solutes in Polymer Electrolytes Ⅰ. Effect of the Nature of Electroactive Solutes

The diffusion coefficients(Dapp) and the heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constants(ks)for ferrocene and its seven derivatives in MPEG/LiClO4 electrolyte were determined by using steadystate voltammetry. The two parameters increase with increasing temperature, indicating Arrhenius behavior. The effects of the nature of electroactive solute molecules on Dapp, ks, and the half-wave potentials(E1/2) are discussed.

Physical Diffusion and Electron-transfer Dynamics of Electroactive Solutes in Polymer Electrolytes Ⅱ. Effect of the Ionic Size of Supporting Electrolytes

The ditheion coefficients(Dapp) and the heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constan(ks)for ferrocene in MPEG/salt electrolytes were determined by using Steady-stae voltammetry. The temperature dependence of the two parameters obeys the Arrhenius equstion. The effect of the ionic size of sir supporting electrolytes on diffusion and electron transfer dynamics of fermcene was discussed

Model Study of IPMC Beam Electroactive Response Based on Root Deformation

Ionic polymer-metal composite （IPMC） is a type of electroactive polymer （EAP）. In this paper, based on Nemat-Nasser model, an improved model is developed to explain the initial nonlinear response of electric actuation on the fixed end deformation. Three IPMC strip samples with different surface resistance are chosen for analysis. Further, from simulation and experiment results, it is found that the root deformation made the tip movement of the IPMC strip with little surface resistance, but this effect was less and less when the surface resistance reduced. The calculation results of this model for the fixed end show a more accurate simulation for the actual deformation of IPMC strips.

Electromechanical responses and instability of electro-active polymer cylindrical shells

Based on the theories of finite deformation elasticity, electromechanical responses and instability of an incompressible electro-active polymer （EAP） cylindrical shell, which is subjected to an internal pressure and a static electric field, are studied. Deformation curves and distribution of stresses are obtained. It is found that an internal pressure together with an electric field may cause the unstable non-monotonic deforma- tion of the shell. It is also shown that a critical thickness for the shell exists, and the shell may undergo the unstable deformation if its thickness is less than this critical value. In addition, the effects of the electric field, axial stretch, thickness, and internal pressure on the instability of the shell are discussed.

超弹性介电型EAP圆柱形驱动器变激励电压下动态响应分析

超弹性电活性聚合物(electroactive polymer,EAP)圆柱形驱动器的动态特性是进行合理设计、使用及优化驱动器的重要依据。结合介电型EAP机电耦合方程,构建了驱动器轴向线性运动的动力学方程。通过计算得到驱动器的电压-轴向位移曲线,研究了驱动器在准静态点附近的稳定性。最后,分析了驱动器在施加阶跃和周期电压激励时的动态响应。结果表明,在有效工作范围内驱动器是稳定的,阶跃电压激励使驱动器在准静态点附近产生轴向振动,周期电压使驱动器产生包含自振的拟周期轴向振动。进一步分析表明,阶跃电压激励更易导致驱动器的电击穿失效。

EAP换能单元发电量的影响因素分析

电活性聚合物(EAP)作为一种新型电活性软体功能材料,具有多种优点,用于能量收集具有巨大的应用潜力。该文从宏观和微观两个层面阐述了介电材料用于能量收集的机电转化原理,以EAP换能单元为例,说明了EAP换能单元怎样将机械能转化为电能,并阐述了介电弹性体发电机理,为后面EAP换能单元的发电提供理论依据。以其他学者研究得到影响EAP换能单元发电量的因素为基础,通过正交试验得到EAP换能单元发电特性和最佳工作条件,并对试验的可靠性进行了分析。实验结果表明,各因素对EAP材料发电的影响大小顺序为:EAP膜面积>拉伸位移>预加电压>预拉伸率>EAP膜厚度。换能单元最佳工作条件为预加电压1 000 V,预拉伸率400%,拉伸位移4 cm,膜面积62.41 cm^2,EAP膜厚度1 mm。

Ionic Electroactive Polymers Used in Bionic Robots： A Review

Ionic electroactive polymers （IEAPs） are a category of intelligent soft materials exhibiting large displacement under electric excitation, based on inner ion or solvent transport. Due to their unique advantages such as flexibility, low driving voltage, large bending displacement and aquatic-environment adaptability, IEAPs have been documented as very promising actuators for the applications in bionic robots. This review presents an analysis to the current research status of IEAPs exploited in bionic robots. According to the specific bionic parts, those robots are divided into four classes： imitation of fins, limbs, joints and trunks. Their dimension, weight, voltage amplitude, frequency and maximum speed were summarized to show the optimum design range. The results show that the approach velocity of the current robots were higher （〉 35 mm· s-1） when the robot weighted 60 g - 180 g and the body was 90 mm - 130 mm long. For voltage from 1 V - 3 V and frequencies from 0.7 Hz - 1.2 Hz, the speed was relatively higher （〉 35 mm·s-1）.To some extent, the maximum speed decreases when the area of the IEAP material used in bionic robot increases. For underwater circumstances, IEAP materials are most suitable for designing bionic robots swimming with Body and/or Caudal Fin （BCF）. This review provides important guidance for the design of lEAP bionic robots.

Electroactive polymeric nanofibrous composite to drive in situ construction of lithiophilic SEI for stable lithium metal anodes

Uncontrolled lithium dendrite growth hinders the practical application of lithium metal batteries(LMBs).Herein,we report a novel Li^(+) flux distributor achieved by placing an electroactive polyvinylidene fluoride/polymethyl methacrylate(PVDF/PMMA)composite nanofiber interlayer on a current collector,inducing uniform lithium deposition to mitigate the dendrite problem.Specifically,the released PMMA reacts with Liþto form abundant C–O–Li bonds and generate in situ a stable lithiophilic PMMA-Li solid electrolyte interphase layer.Theoretical calculations reveal that polar C–F groups in the PVDF framework and lithiophilic PMMA-Li provide homo-dispersed Li^(+) migration pathways with low energy barriers.Consequently,uniform Li nucleation is achieved at the molecular level,resulting in ultrahigh cycling stability with dendrite-free Li deposition at 5 mA cm^(-2) and 5 mAh cm^(-2)for over 500 h.The PVDF/PMMA||Li||LiFePO_(4)(LFP)full cell presents an increased rate capacity of 110 mAh g^(-1) at 10 C.In addition,a soft-package battery demonstrates a high energy density of 289 Wh kg^(-1).This work provides a facile design for stable lithium metal anodes to promote the practical use of LMBs and other alkali metal batteries.

Electroactive shape-memory polymer nanocomposites incorporating carbon nanofiber paper

A conductive carbon nanofiber(CNF)paper is described for the actuation of shape recovery of a shape-memory polymer(SMP)by electrically resistive Joule heating.The CNF paper was manufactured using a traditional physical vapor deposition process and the microscale morphology and structure of the CNF paper were observed using a scanning electron microscope.The CNF paper was found to be porous,with the pore size determined by the weight concentration of CNF.The excellent electrical properties of pure CNF papers and their SMP composites were characterized by the four-point probe method.Shape recovery actuation of this type of SMP composite induced by electrically resistive heating was achieved with a 12 V voltage.Additionally,the thermomechanical properties of the SMP composite were studied with respect to the volume fraction of CNF paper.

Printed unmanned aerial vehicles using paper-based electroactive polymer actuators and organic ion gel transistors

We combined lightweight and mechanically flexible printed transistors and actuators with a paper unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)glider prototype to demonstrate electrically controlled glide path modification in a lightweight,disposable UAV system.The integration of lightweight and mechanically flexible electronics that is offered by printed electronics is uniquely attractive in this regard because it enables flight control in an inexpensive,disposable,and easily integrated system.Here,we demonstrate electroactive polymer(EAP)actuators that are directly printed into paper that act as steering elements for low cost,lightweight paper UAVs.We drive these actuators by using ion gel-gated organic thin film transistors(OTFTs)that are ideally suited as drive transistors for these actuators in terms of drive current and frequency requirements.By using a printing-based fabrication process on a paper glider,we are able to deliver an attractive path to the realization of inexpensive UAVs for ubiquitous sensing and monitoring flight applications.

Influence of conductive network composite structure on the electromechanical performance of ionic electroactive polymer actuators

The influence of the nanostructure of the conductive network composite(CNC)on the performance of ionic electroactive polymer(IEAP)actuators has been examined in detail.We have studied IEAP actuators consisting of CNCs with different volume densities of gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)and the polymer network.Varying the concentration of AuNPs in CNC thin films was used as a means to control the CNC-ion interfacial area and the electrical resistance of the CNC,with minimum effect on the mechanical properties of the actuator.Increasing the interfacial area and reducing the resistance,while maintaining porosity of the composite,provide means for generating motion of more ions into the CNC at a significantly shorter time,which results in generation of strain at a faster rate.We have demonstrated that cationic strain in actuators with denser CNCs is improved by more than 460%.Denser CNC structures have larger interfacial areas,which results in attraction/repulsion of more ions in a shorter time,thus generation of a larger mechanical strain at a faster rate.Also,time-dependent response to a square-wave voltage was improved by increasing the AuNP concentration in the CNC.Under 0.1 Hz frequency,the cationic strain was increased by 64%when the AuNP concentration was increased from 4 to 20 ppm.

Correlation of Direct Piezoelectric Effect on EAPap under Ambient Factors

Direct piezoelectricity of electro-active papers （EAPap） is analysed in this paper. The test setups for direct effect are designed and determined. Different ambient factors impacting the piezoelectricity of EAPap, such as temperature, humidity, and strain rate, are applied and analyzed. Strong piezoelectricity of EAPap is found on the basis of the test results and in comparison with polyvinylidene fluoride （PVDF） and lead zirconate titanate （PZT）-5H. The maximum piezoelectric constant is achieved to be 504 pC/N. The reason of strong piezoelectricity of EAPap is discussed in this paper. The potential of EAPap as a biomimetic actuator and sensor is also investigated.

EAP在浮标电源上的应用

简述了浮标电源的发展;电活性聚合物(EAP)是一种可以实现机械能和电能相互转换的智能材料,针对其在发电模式下工作时的发电原理进行了简要的分析研究;通过综述国外学者针对EAP发电方面的研究,证明了EAP波浪能发电的可能性,并进一步分析了EAP发电机作为浮标电源的新发展的可能性。

Wireless Power Generation Strategy Using EAP Actuated Energy Harvester for Marine Information Acquisition

The energy of a radio wave is reduced through the dispersion, the refraction and the absorption because the medium transferring the vibration of a radio wave is the seawater. In the end the reduced energy of a radio wave causes the reduced transmitting length for communication, the long postponed communication and the frequent error. The subsea communication for the marine environment monitoring which must overcome the weak points of the RF wave and the most practical method for the marine sensor network realization is to use the acoustic wave method, but the energy consumption rate of the acoustic wave communication method is about 100 times greater than the one of the RF wave method. So, the power supply of the sensor node in the marine sensor network system is the most important interest field. In this study, the sample which consists of an acrylic elastomer(VHB4905 film from 3M), conductible carbon grease(from MG chemical) and electric wire for the basic study of an energy harvesting strategy and technique using EAP actuator was fabricated, and the conductible carbon grease was used for an electrode. The characteristics of the fabricated sample were analyzed through the experiment. We also mixed carbon grease with aluminum powder for conductibility improvement, and the effect of the mixed electrode was confirmed through the conductivity measurement.

基于电介质薄膜的器件自愈性能的研究现状

随着能源与电力技术的不断发展,对电容器的需求越来越大,而各种资源的稀缺强调了利用各种能源的必要性,对于各种储能器件如金属化薄膜电容器以及基于电活性聚合物(electroactive polymers,EAP)的能量转换装置提出了更高的要求。然而这两类装置却极易发生电击穿,在工作循环中有着极高的故障率,因此器件的自愈性具有十分重要的意义。文中综述了金属化薄膜电容器和EAP能量转换装置自愈性能的国内外研究现状,首先重点关注了金属化薄膜电容器中自愈理论发展以及各种关键参数对自愈的影响,其自愈最为稳定且研究相对完善。随着介电弹性体的兴起,想要其拥有自愈性能,参考金属化薄膜电容器的结构是一个可行的思路。但如何使得金属电极满足大应力大形变的需求成为一种柔性电极是一个很大的挑战。碳电极是弹性体中应用最为广泛的电极材料,它拥有极好的形变能力,但对于其自愈性能的深入研究较少且缺乏成熟的理论支撑,使得其在工业领域中难以应用和改善。最后总结对比了金属电极以及碳电极在自愈性能上的差异,并预测了可自愈柔性电极新的发展方向,进一步拓展自愈性的器件在工业领域中的应用。

基于CMWCNT/Nafion的增强型离子聚合物金属复合材料的制备及致动性能

离子聚合物金属复合材料(IPMC)是一种新型的电活性材料,具有体积小、质量轻、驱动电压低等优点,但驱动力小、稳定工作时间短等问题限制着其柔性致动性能。提出了一种基于银基IPMC的增强型致动器,通过在IPMC的基底聚合物中掺杂羧基化多壁碳纳米管(CMWCNT),来提高IPMC的整体机械性能和致动性能。其中,掺杂质量分数0.5%CMWCNT的IPMC的最大尖端位移和驱动力分别增加至未优化银基IPMC的1.60倍与2.32倍,该性能的提升归因于CMWCNT良好的导电性和羧基对水合阳离子迁移的加速作用。与未优化的银基IPMC相比,掺杂质量分数0.5%CMWCNT时IPMC驱动速率可提升至3.57倍。研究结果可为IPMC在各领域的应用发展提供参考。