Electrochemical and colorimetric dual-signal detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B based on AuPt bimetallic nanoparticles loaded Fe-N-C single atom nanocomposite

Sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B(SEB)is of importance for preventing food poisoning from threatening human health.In this work,an electrochemical and colorimetric dual-signal detection assay of SEB was developed.The probe(Ab2/AuPt@Fe-N-C)was bound to SEB captured by Ab1,where the Ab2/AuPt@Fe-N-C triggered methylene blue degradation and resulted in the decrease of electrochemical signal.Furthermore,the probe catalyzed the oxidation of 3,3’,5,5’-tetramethyl biphenyl to generate a colorimetric absorbance at 652 nm.Once the target was captured and formed a sandwich-like complex,the color changed from colorless to blue.SEB detection by colorimetric and electrochemical methods showed a linear relationship in the concentration ranges of 0.0002-10.0000 and 0.0005-10.0000 ng/mL,with limits of detection of 0.0667 and 0.1670 pg/mL,respectively.The dual-signal biosensor was successfully used to detect SEB in milk and water samples,which has great potential in toxin detection in food and the environment.

Mesoporous SiO_(2) Sphere-Based Electrochemical Impedance Immunosensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Bovine Interferon-γ

Interferon-γis a kind of protein with a wide range of biological activities,which can regulate the immune function of the body,and can be used as an important marker to detect and treat bovine tuberculosis diseases.Here,a picogram-level bovine interferon-γ(BoIFN-γ)electrochemical impedance immunosensor was constructed for the first time using mesoporous silica nanospheres(MS Ns)to immobilize specific monoclonal BoIFN-y antibodies.The MS Ns and BoIFN-γimmuno sensors were characterized using scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscope,nitrogen adsorption experiment,X-ray photoelectron spectra,and contact angle measurements.MSNs possess a substantial specific surface area and significant hydrophilicity,and can immobilize many antibody molecules,thereby improving detection sensitivity.The immunosensor has a linear detection range from 0.001 to 10.0 ng/mL with an exceptionally low detection limit of 0.62 pg/mL.Compared to the traditional BoIFN-γanalysis method,BoIFN-γimmunosensor presents superiorities in sensitivity,wide linear range as well as short processing time.More importantly,the BoIFN-γsensor exhibits high selectivity,reliable repeatability as well as stability,providing a promising application prospect for the early diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection.

Electrochemical Biosensors for Detecting Microbial Toxins by Graphene‑Based Nanocomposites

It is important to develop methods to determine microbial toxins at trace levels since these toxins are ubiquitous commonly found in water and foods,and pose potential threats to both human health and ecosystem safety.Taking the advantages of ultrahigh electron-transfer capability,extra-large surface area and easily functionalized ability,the graphene-based nanocomposites have been employed to fabricate electrochemical biosensors including immunosensors and aptasensors for detecting microbial toxins with high sensitivity.The specificity and selectivity of the electrochemical biosensors for targeting toxins can be achieved by combining graphene nanocomposites with antibodies and/or aptamers.The graphene nanocompositebased electrochemical biosensors could become a promising technique in the detection of microbial toxins for public and environmental health protection.

Electrochemical Immunosensor for Detection of Atrazine Based on Polyaniline/Graphene

In this study, a novel layer-by-layer polyaniline/graphene （PANi/Gr） structure for electrochemical detec- tion of atrazine was developed. Gr film was synthesized by thermal chemical vapor deposition （CVD） method and transferred onto the PANi-predeposited microelectrode. The properties of PANi/Gr film were thoroughly investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman techniques. The most attractive feature of this system is a suitable microenvironment, which could provide an amplifi- cation of the conductive signal, thus may contribute to enhancing electron transfer and subsequently improve the sensitivity in electrochemical measurements. With low detection limit （- 43 × 10 -12 g/L）, ac-ceptable stability and good reproducibility, the proposed electrochemical immunosensor could be advantageously extended for multiplexed detection of other agents of environmental pollution.

Electrochemical Immunosensor for a-Fetoprotein Based on Gold Nanoparticles/Graphene-Prussian Blue

The electrochemical immunosensor for a-fetoprotein （AFP） was fabricated based on the platform of gold nanoparticles （GNP）/graphene （Gr）-prussian blue （PB）. By electrodeposition, GNP were modified on the surface of the prepared Gr-PB. The anti-AFP-1, l＇-ferrocenedicarboxylic acid （FcDA） as label was directly immobilized on the platform of GNP/Gr-PB. And after the immunoreactions, the formed complex inhibited the electron transfer and decreased the catalytic current of FcDA toward the reduction of H2O2. And in the range of 10-3200 pgomL^-1, the decreased current is linear with the concentration of AFP, with a detection limit of 3 pg.mL-1. The developed im- munoassay method showed good precision, high sensitivity, acceptable stability and reproducibility, and could be used for the detection of real samples with consistent results in comparison with those obtained by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） method.

Gold nanolabels and enzymatic recycling dual amplification-based electrochemical immunosensor for the highly sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen

A sensitive electrochemical immunoassay system for the detection of a protein tumor biomarker through a dual amplified strategy was reported. Firstly, this protocol involves in the electropolymerization of o-aminobenzoic acid (o-ABA) on a glass carbon electrode (GCE). Subsequently, capture anti-CEA (Abl) is covalently linked to poly(o-ABA) (PAB) film, via N-(3-dimethylamminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimid sodium salt (NHS) activation of the carboxyl groups and surface blocking with ethanolamine. Later, the target, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), is sandwiched between an electrode surface confined Ab1 and the alkaline phosphatase-labeled signal anti-CEA antibodies conjugated with gold nanoparticles (Ab2-ALP-AuNP bioconjugates). The dual biocatalytic signal amplification for CEA monitoring is achieved by coupling the numerous enzymes loaded on the AuNPs with redox-recycling of the enzymatic products in the presence of the secondary enzyme and the corresponding substrate. The novel dramatic signal amplification strategy, exhibits a good linearity at the studied concentration range from 0.005 to 50 ng mL-1 towards CEA with a detection limit of 2 pg mL-1 (S/N=3). There is a 5-100-fold improvement in detection limit compared to other similar studies. The developed dual signal amplified strategy shows good selectivity, regeneration, stability and acceptable reproducibility. Therefore, the signal amplification approach holds great potential applications in detection of ultra-trace protein biomarkers.

Biomimetic synthesis of all-inclusive organic-inorganic nanospheres for enhanced electrochemical immunoassay

A friendly biomimetic process was adopted for the mild preparation of"all-inclusive"organic-inorganic nanospheres,which effectively integrate biorecognition function and signal amplification function.The resulted Ca3(PO4)2-Ab2-BSA nanospheres were employed as signal labels for enhancing detection of nuclear matrix protein 22(NMP 22).The fabricated electrochemical immunosensor exhibited a linear range(0.08-77.00 U/mL)and an ultralow limit of detection(0.01 U/mL)towards NMP 22,which can be taken as a promising tool for clinical diagnosis of bladder cancer.

Ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor of carcinoembryonic antigen based on gold-label silver-stain signal amplification

A novel gold-label silver-stain electrochemical immunosensor was developed based on polythioninegold nanoparticles（PTh-Au） modified glassy carbon electrode（GCE） as a platform and secondary antibody labeled Au NPs（Ab;-Au） as immumoprobe for carcinoembryonic antigen（CEA） detection. The sandwich-type biosensor adopted anodic stripping voltammetry to detect silver stripping signal when the Ab;-Au of the formed immunocomplexes were stained with silver. The optimized detection conditions were investigated. The effect of different electrochemical responses at various concentrations of CEA was checked by anodic stripping voltammetry. This immunosensor showed a low detection limit of 0.055 ng/mL and a wide linear calibration of 0.1-120 ng/mL（R;=0.99856）. Moreover, this immunoassay also existed the advantages of good reproducibility, stability and selectivity. Thus, this immunosensing protocol may provide a potential application for effective clinical detection of CEA.

Sensitive detection of thyroid stimulating hormone by inkjet printed microchip with a double signal amplification strategy

An electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive detection of thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) has been developed by using an inkjet printed microchip and based on a double signal amplification strategy using magnetic beads(MBs), alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and p-aminophenyl phosphate(pAPP) reaction.Differential pulse voltammetry(DPV), cyclic voltammogram(CV) and amperometric i-t curve(i-t) were employed to characterize the immunosensor. High sensitivity and good selectivity were observed. The detection linear range was from 0.01 μIU/mL to 10 μIU/mL, in which the peak currents increased along with the concentration. The detection limit was 0.005 μIU/mL at S/N = 3. The immunosensor was also applied for TSH detection in human serum with recoveries from 98.0% to 101.8% and relative standard deviations from 1.3% to 3.1%, demonstrating potential value in clinical diagnosis.