Electrochemical migration behavior and mechanism of PCB-ImAg and PCB-HASL under adsorbed thin liquid films

The electrochemical migration（ECM） behavior and mechanism of immersion silver processing circuit board（PCB-ImAg）and hot air solder leveling circuit board（PCB-HASL） under the 0.1 mol/L Na2SO4 absorbed thin liquid films with different thicknesses were investigated using stereo microscopy and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）.Meanwhile,the corrosion tendency and kinetics rule of metal plates after bias application were analyzed with the aid of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS）and scanning Kelvin probe（SKP）.Results showed that under different humidity conditions,the amount of migrating corrosion products of silver for PCB-ImAg was limited,while on PCB-HASL both copper dendrites and precipitates such as sulfate and metal oxides of copper/tin were found under a high humidity condition（exceeding 85%）.SKP results indicated that the cathode plate of two kinds of PCB materials had a higher corrosion tendency after bias application.An ECM model involving multi-metal reactions was proposed and the differences of ECM behaviors for two kinds of PCB materials were compared.

Electrochemical migration behavior of Ag-plated Cu-filled electrically conductive adhesives

The electrochemical migration (ECM) behavior of the electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) filled with pure Ag powder or Ag-plated Cu composite powder with varied Ag:Cu ratios was investigated under the condition of applying constant voltage and distilled water environment.ECM resistance was determined from the current-time curves.The microstructure and composition of ECM dendrite products were analyzed by SEM/EDS and XRD.It was found that the ECM resistance of Ag-plated Cu composite powder-filled ECAs was evidently higher than that of pure Ag powder-filled ECAs.The Ag:Cu ratio of composite powder in ECAs had notable influence on ECM resistance,which was enhanced with the decrease of Ag:Cu ratios.The composition of dendrites formed between cathode and anode during ECM process was not uniform for Ag-plated Cu-filled ECAs.An ECM inhibiting mechanism of Ag-plated Cu composite powder was proposed according to analysis of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,Tafel plot and dendrite composition.

工件振动辅助管电极电解加工方孔仿真与试验研究

为解决管电极电解加工方孔过程中因流场分布不均造成加工质量差等问题,提出一种工件振动辅助管电极电解加工方孔的方法。流场仿真结果表明,工件振动辅助电解加工能够在加工间隙内不同位置产生明显的脉动流场,改善加工间隙内的电解液流动状态,有效消除传统电解加工方孔中加工间隙内存在的“死水”区,从而有利于电解产物的排出,提升电解加工的稳定性。同时开展试验研究,结果表明,采用工件振动辅助管电极电解加工可以提升方孔加工的轮廓精度和表面质量,并且采用脉冲电流可以进一步提升方孔的加工质量。最终采用振幅0.04 mm、振频20Hz、脉冲占空比80%、脉冲频率5000 Hz、进给速度1.5 mm/min,加工出平均宽度1.218 mm、宽度标准偏差0.026 mm、侧壁表面粗糙度0.703μm的方孔。

表面织构电解加工技术研究进展

表面织构在能源、光学、电子、信息技术、生物和摩擦学等领域具有重要应用,其加工工艺是制造技术研究的重要内容。由于所加工表面织构具有无毛刺、翻边等优点,电解加工成为表面织构的重要制造技术方法和技术研究热点,故详细介绍了五种典型表面织构电解加工技术在方法创新、材料去除机制、加工过程建模及加工工艺等方面的研究进展,给出了电解加工表面织构的典型结构和材料,指出提高加工效率和加工自动化程度是未来表面织构电解加工技术的发展趋势。

复杂型腔电解加工成形规律分析及试验研究

电解加工适用于包含复杂型腔的难加工材料整体构件的高效加工,但复杂型腔电解加工时加工余量的分布需进一步深入研究。针对阴极曲面上各点法向与进给方向夹角不同时工件成形过程存在差异的问题,对阴极建立特定夹角处加工间隙的微分方程,模拟不同法向与进给方向夹角,并采用规则形状阴极开展直流电解加工和脉冲振动耦合电解加工工艺对比试验,以优选合适的微分方程模拟复杂型腔在上述加工模式下的成形过程。研究成果已应用于闭式整体叶盘叶间流道的电解加工。

电解放电复合加工技术现状与展望

电解放电复合加工是实现电加工技术创新和突破的重要途径,可通过耦合放电与电解能场,利用其时/空协同效应实现在可加工性、加工精度及表面质量等方面的提升,故在介绍电解放电复合加工技术概念和原理分类的基础上,着重概述该领域近十年来的关键性研究进展和新技术创新,对除电火花-电解组合加工和电弧复合加工之外的各类电解放电复合加工技术的未来发展方向进行了展望,指出该技术的规模化工程应用仍需在性能突破、精确建模、加工过程智能控制、复合加工装备等方面取得突破性进展。

Aviation-oriented Micromachining Technology—Micro-ECM in Pure Water

This article proposes a precise and ecofriendly micromachining technology for aerospace application called electrochemical machining in pure water （PW-ECM）. On the basis of the principles of water dissociation, a series of test setups and tests are devised and performed under different conditions. These tests explain the need for technological conditions realizing PW-ECM, and further explore the technological principles. The results from the tests demonstrate a successful removal of electrolytic slime by means of ultrasonic vibration of the workpiece. To ensure the stability and reliability of PW-ECM process, a new combined machining method of PW-ECM assisted with ultrasonic vibration （PW-ECM/USV） is devised. Trilateral and square cavities and holes as well as a group of English alphabets are worked out on a stainless steel plate. It is confirmed that PW-ECM will be probably an efficient new aviation precision machining method.

深小孔电解加工阴极侧壁绝缘层制备及试验

航空发动机零部件中存在大量深小孔,不仅孔径小、深径比大,而且要求孔表面没有再铸层,这些特点给孔的加工带来了很多困难。电解加工是一种有效的加工方法,针对大深径比小孔电解加工所用的阴极侧壁绝缘层制备困难,且使用过程中容易损坏的问题,尝试了多种材料、多种方式的绝缘层制备方法,并对其在加工过程中的性能稳定性进行了试验研究,最终提出了一种基于弹性石英毛细管的新型多层复合绝缘层制备方法,并借助该方法制作管阴极,在不锈钢材料上成功加工出直径1.1 mm、深径比达181的深小孔。

等效电路模型法预测动态工况下微型直接甲醇燃料电池剩余使用寿命

微型直接甲醇燃料电池(μDMFC)具有能量密度高、可便携使用、快速补能以及环境友好等优点.然而,由于膜电极在电化学反应中会退化,μDMFC的有效使用寿命有限,所以需要对其健康状态与剩余使用寿命进行评估,为燃料电池改性和控制策略提供决策支持.在结合数据驱动和机理模型预测方法的基础上,针对动态运行工况,提出一种基于等效电路模型(ECM)的μDMFC剩余使用寿命预测方法.在燃料电池的性能退化指标中,电池输出电压可以被实时监测从而获得电池的退化趋势,但这一指标无法单独提供精确的预测结果.通过测量电化学阻抗谱并结合ECM可以得到电池内部阻抗等深层信息,但这些深层信息不易被实时监测,通常只能低频离线测量.此外,燃料电池在实际应用中多处于变工况状态,其退化趋势和使用寿命受工作环境影响,传统基于电压退化趋势回归的预测方法无法应对工况的动态变化.因此,可通过定期离线获取内部退化参量建立预测模型.实验结果表明:与传统数据驱动的方法相比,基于内部退化参量的预测方法能更好地适应变工况环境,在燃料电池剩余使用寿命预测中具有更好的性能.

高压蒸煮试验下镀锡引脚腐蚀行为及机理研究

引脚金属镀层化学腐蚀是一种典型的封装缺陷,通常在高温、高压、高湿条件下容易出现,并对产品的可靠性和使用寿命造成严重影响。为研究镀锡引脚在高压蒸煮试验下的腐蚀情况,通过金相分析、扫描电镜分析、X射线光电子能谱等分析手段,对高压蒸煮条件下的镀锡引脚化学腐蚀情况进行了研究。结果表明,引脚上化学腐蚀主要是由于锡层-铜层-薄液膜之间的电化学反应造成的,镀锡层表面形貌粗糙会加剧腐蚀的形成。对此,提出了相应的改善措施,对于提高镀层的耐腐蚀性能具有重要的参考意义。

多层挠性印制电路板的CAF失效分析方法探讨

随着电子产品向高密度、小型化的发展,使得由印制电路板(PCB)产生的导电性阳极丝(CAF)现象成为影响产品可靠性的一个重要因素。介绍挠性印制电路板(FPCB)的CAF分析思路和方法,通过聚焦离子束(FIB)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等工具找到多层FPCB的CAF失效模式及失效现象,同时结合傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF),以及电磁场仿真结果确定了CAF失效原因,为多层FPCB产品CAF问题的分析改善提供了解决思路。

Dissolution Characteristics of New Titanium Alloys in Electrochemical Machining

We focus on the electrochemical dissolution characteristics of new titanium alloys such as near-αtitanium alloy Ti60,α+βtitanium alloy TC4andβtitanium alloy Ti40 which are often used for aerospace industry.The experiments are carried out by electrochemical machining tool,and the surface morphology of the specimens is observed by the scanning electron microscope(SEM)and three-dimensional video microscope(DVM).The appropriate electrolyte is selected and the relationships between surface roughness and current density are achieved.The results show that the single-phase titanium alloy Ti40 has a better surface roughness after ECM compared with theα+βtitanium alloy TC4 and the near-αtitanium alloy Ti60.The best surface roughness is Ra 0.28μm when the current density is 75A/cm2.Furthermore,the surface roughness of the near-αtitanium alloy Ti60 is the most sensitive with the current density because of the different electrochemical equivalents of substitutional elements and larger grains than TC4.Finally,the suitable current density for each titanium alloy is achieved.

Electrochemical Machining Analysis on Grid Cathode Composed of Square Cells

During the electrochemical machining (ECM), the cathodes designed by the existing methods are mainly unitary cathodes, which can be only used to produce the workpieces with the same shapes. However, there are few researches on designing cathodes for machining the different workpieces with the different surfaces. This paper presents the grid cathode composed of the square cells to produce the workpieces with different shapes. Three types of the square cells, 2.5 mm′2.5 mm, 3 mm′3 mm, and 4 mm′4 mm, are utilized to construct the plane, the slant, and the blade cathode. The material of the cathode and the anode is CrNi 18 Ti 9 , and the ingredient of electrolyte is 15% NaCl and 15% NaNO 3 . The machining equilibrium machining current and time are acquired and analyzed, the machining process and the workpiece quality are compared between using the grid cathode and the unitary cathode. Moreover, the machining errors on the workpiece surface are measured and analyzed, and the error reasons are traced and discussed to obtain the better surface quality of the workpiece. The experiment and analysis results show that the grid cathode can be used to manufacture the workpieces with complex shapes in certain range of the error. The workpiece quality improves with the size of the square cell being reduced, and if the square element is small enough, the workpiece quality is almost equal to the one machined by the unitary cathode. The proposed research realizes a single cathode machining the different workpieces with the different surfaces.

用细胞跟踪系统确定在外细胞间质(ECMs)上的细胞迁移(英文)

大部分哺乳动物具有细胞迁移容量.细胞迁移对于生命中的许多生物学现象有重要作用.在胚胎形成中,细胞迁移是在重要的形态形成过程中重复出现的主题.在成年人的组织中、在正常的生理学以及病理学中,细胞迁移都有其重要性.在炎症反应中,白血球迁移到受伤区域,在哪里它们进行吞噬细胞和实现免疫功能.虽然在现在已有创伤愈合细胞迁移测定等几种方法,但是这些细胞迁移的测定方法对于各类问题并不是总有效的[1-6].我们发展了一种由计算机辅助的时间流逝显示微观复制系统,它包括影象形成过程软件,其程序编制含有自动影象分析和自设计CO2微小细胞培育器,它的功能是在一个倒置显微镜平台上对于细胞迁移进行迅速而精确的分析从而形成细胞的培育.我们运用这一计算机辅助系统计算了外细胞间质(ECMs)覆盖表面的细胞迁移.

ELECTROCHEMICAL MEASUREMENT OF FLOW PARAMETERS IN DILUTE SOLUTION

A new theoretical method is proposed in the electrochemical measurement to obtain therelationship between flow parameter and the electrode current under the existence of ion migration ef-fect.In this way the measurement of local mass transfer coefficient,wall shear stress and liquid veloc-ity are presented and the experiment results are also described.

电场对高含水率淤泥中Cd2+迁移及去除的影响

为验证淤泥电动修复技术去除重金属污染的有效性,以淤泥典型重金属污染物Cd^(2+)为对象,结合低压直流淤泥扰动模拟装置,研究了电场作用下淤泥土的吸附特性及重金属离子扩散迁移规律。结果表明电场作用下淤泥土对Cd^(2+)的饱和吸附量从0.438 mg/g提升至0.498 mg/g。淤泥土的XRD表征证实了矿物晶体的变化导致Zeta电位下降使得吸附能力提升。30 V电压下液相中的Cd^(2+)向固相及电极网的迁移量增加,其中阴极电极网中Cd原子含量由0.05%提升至0.19%,主要原因是液相中Cd^(2+)发生了电絮凝。此外,扰动条件下可以加速Cd^(2+)吸附及电化学反应过程。

阵列变截面球槽结构电解加工流场设计及试验研究

变截面球槽结构表面硬度高、三维形状复杂,采用电解加工具有较好的技术经济优势,但其加工精度和加工稳定性受流场影响比较明显。为提高电解液流场均匀性,基于流场仿真分析探讨了通液方式、流道结构对流场分布的影响规律,并开展了电解加工试验研究。仿真和试验结果表明:采用定向流道供液的分域通液方式有利于提高流场稳定性和流速分布一致性,可以有效提高工艺稳定性;优化出入口流道结构可以进一步提高球槽表面质量,能够满足加工稳定性和加工精度要求。

Effects of operating conditions on the performance degradation and anode microstructure evolution of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells

Performance degradation shortens the life of solid oxide fuel cells in practical applications.Revealing the degradation mechanism is crucial for the continuous improvement of cell durability.In this work,the effects of cell operating conditions on the terminal voltage and anode microstructure of a Ni-yttria-stabilized zirconia anode-supported single cell were investigated.The microstructure of the anode active area near the electrolyte was characterized by laser optical microscopy and focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy.Ni depletion at the anode/electrolyte interface region was observed after 100 h discharge tests.In addition,the long-term stability of the single cell was evaluated at 700℃for 3000 h.After an initial decline,the anode-supported single cell exhibits good durability with a voltage decay rate of 0.72%/kh and an electrode polarization resistance decay rate of 0.17%/kh.The main performance loss of the cell originates from the initial degradation.

电化学吸附提锂中Li^(+)传输机制概述

近年来受新能源汽车及电子数码行业的影响,锂资源供应市场呈现高价、高需求的趋势。以盐湖卤水为代表的液体锂资源储量丰富、成本低廉,有着广阔的开发市场。在众多锂分离技术中,电化学吸附法在液态锂资源提取方面显示出一定的技术先进性,该方法能够实现低浓度下目标离子的高选择性分离提取,且更加高效环保。针对电化学吸附技术,电场作用下的离子传输过程对提锂性能会产生重要影响。依据离子传输的三个过程,溶液体相、电极-溶液界面以及电极内部,概述了电化学吸附的Li^(+)传输机制,并且总结在各阶段改善离子传输速率的方法,为研究人员开发和应用电吸附体系时提供了参考。

多工位内齿轮电解加工机床的研制

航空发动机和新能源汽车传动轴上的内齿或花键很多是在盲孔内壁上加工,现在大多采用逐齿插削,效率低、刀损大,后续还有去毛刺要求;挤压工艺设备昂贵、工艺复杂、对高硬材料并不适合。提出一种内齿电解加工新工艺,研制了一台多工位电动汽车传动轴内齿加工机床,主要工作包括机床结构设计、控制系统开发等,进行了基础工艺实验,效果良好,设计达到预期目的。