Study on Influencing Factors of Methane Production Efficiency of Microbial Electrolytic Cell with CO_(2) as Carbon Source

Reducing CO_(2) to produce methane through microbial electrolytic cell(MEC)is one of the important methods of CO_(2) resource utilization.In view of the problem of low methanogenesis rate and weak CO_(2) conversion rate in the reduction process,theflowfield environment of the cathode chamber is changed by changing the upper gas cir-culation rate and the lower liquid circulation rate of the cathode chamber to explore the impact on the reactor startup and operation and products.The results showed that under certain conditions,the CO_(2) consumption and methane production rate could be increased by changing the upper gas recirculation rate alone,but the increase effect was not obvious,but the by-product hydrogen production decreased significantly.Changing the lower liquid circulation rate alone can effectively promote the growth of biofilm,and change the properties of biofilm at the later stage of the experiment,with the peak current density increased by 16%;The methanogenic rate decreased from the peak value of 0.561 to 0.3 mmol/d,and the CO_(2) consumption did not change signifi-cantly,which indicated that CO_(2) was converted into other organic substances instead of methane.The data after coupling the upper gas circulation rate with the lower liquid circulation rate is similar to that of only changing the lower liquid circulation rate,but changing the upper gas circulation rate can alleviate the decline of methane pro-duction rate caused by the change of biofilm properties,which not only improves the current density,but also increases the methane production rate by 0.05 mmol/d in the stable period.This study can provide theoretical and technical support for the industrial application scenario offlowfield regulation intervention of microbial elec-trolytic cell methanogenesis.

Sulfur resource recovery based on electrolytic manganese residue calcination and manganese oxide ore desulfurization for the clean production of electrolytic manganese

An environmentally friendly and resource-conserving route to the clean production of electrolytic manganese was developed,in which the electrolytic manganese residue(EMR)was initially calcined for cement buffering;then the generated SO2-containing flue gas was managed using manganese oxide ore and anolyte(MOOA)desulfurization;at last,the desulfurized slurry was introduced to the electrolytic manganese production(EMP).Results showed that 4.0 wt%coke addition reduced the sulfur of calcined EMR to 0.9%,thereby satisfying the cement-buffer requirement.Pilot-scale desulfurization showed that about 7.5 vol%of high SO2 containing flue gas can be cleaned to less than 0.1 vol%through a five-stage countercurrent MOOA desulfurization.The desulfurized slurry had 42.44 g·L-Mn2+and 1.92 g·L-1 S2 O62-,which was suitable for electrowinning after purification,and the purity of manganese product was 99.93%,satisfy the National Standard of China YB/T051-2015.This new integrated technology fulfilled 99.7%of sulfur reutilization from the EMR and 94.1%was effectively used to the EMP.The MOOA desulfurization linked the EMP a closed cycle without any pollutant discharge,which promoted the cleaner production of EMP industry.

Reducing Sharp Fluctuations in Body Temperature and Optimizing Production Index of Broilers Using Dietary Electrolytes

A degree centigrade fall or rise in body temperature of broiler chickens is sufficient to reduce performance, alter sound physiological state and divert nutritional metabolism in quest for ensuring thermal balance. Thermoregulatory mechanisms of newly hatched chicks are poorly developed, and fluctuations in brooding temperature coupled with severe environmental temperatures in the tropics could threaten the survivability, production and economic integrity of fast-growing strains of broilers. However, information on the effect of sharp fluctuations in body temperature on nutrient intake and European production index (EPI) of broilers fed dietary electrolytes is scanty and thus investigated. Using a total of 300, one-day-old unsexed broiler chicks (Arbor Acre) that were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments (T1-210, T2-240, T3270, T4-300, T5-330 and T6-360 mEq/kg electrolyte balance), data on performance characteristics and their correlations with body temperature and EPI at prestarter, starter and finisher phases were determined using standard procedures. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α = 0.05. At prestarter phase, feed intake (FI) had a strong and positive relationship with protein intake (r = 1.00;p < 0.01), EPI (r = 0.96;p < 0.01) and potassium (K) intake (r = 0.66;p < 0.01), but was negatively correlated with temperature change (r = ?0.39;p < 0.05). However, FI was not significantly correlated with body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), sodium (Na) and water intake. At starter phase, EPI was positively correlated to K intake (r = 0.38;p < 0.05), but not Na and chloride (Cl) intake. European production index of starter chicks could be enhanced by increasing the level of K intake through dietary supplementation up to 1.02%. Weight gain was adversely affected by sharp changes in temperature at finisher phase. Increase in water intake may not be a remedial tool in lowering sharp fluctuations in body temperature. However, sharp fluctuation in body temperature of broilers was reduced with DEB of 330, 270 and 240 mEq/kg at prestarter, starter and finisher phases, respectively.

Thermal Transformations in the System NaF-CaF₂-AlF₃and X-Ray Diffraction Control of Ca-Containing Electrolytes for Aluminum Production

The details of ternary fluoride crystallization in the system NaF-CaF2-AlF3 have been specified. The phases NaCaAlF6, Na2Ca3Al2F14 and NaAlF4 have been obtained by high-temperature synthesis. Their thermal transformations have been studied using high-temperature X-ray diffraction. The occurring transformations can be considered in a quasibinary system CaF2-NaAlF4, where at T = 745°C - 750°C invariant equilibrium is established with the phases CaF2-NaCaAlF6-Na2Ca3Al2F14-(NaAlF4). The compounds NaCaAlF6 and Na2Ca3Al2F14 are stable in different temperature ranges. The phase NaCaAlF6 was fixed by rapid quenching from the melt. It decomposes at heating before 640°C yielding Na2Ca3Al2F14 and NaAlF4. Direct and inverse transformations between NaCaAlF6 and Na2Ca3Al2F14 occur in the bulk samples of the electrolyte. A thermal treatment procedure was proposed for the solid electrolyte sample to get a sample corresponding to the composition of the melt and providing high phase crystallinity for the purposes of quantitative X-ray phase diffraction analysis.

Production of Hydrogen by Electrolysis of Water: Effects of the Electrolyte Type on the Electrolysis Performances

The production of hydrogen, vector of energy, by electrolysis way and by using photovoltaic solar energy can be optimized by suitable choice of electrolytes. Distilled water, usually used, due to membrane presence may be substituted by wastewaters, which enters more in their treatment. Waste water such as those of the Cleansing National Office, and also of the factories such as those referring with ammonia, the margines, and even urines that make it possible to produce much more hydrogen as distilled or salted water, more especially as they do not even require an additive or membranes: conventional electrolysers with two electrodes. This study seeks to optimize the choice among waste water and this, by electrolysis in laboratory or over the sun according to produced hydrogen flow criteria, electrolysis efficiency and electric power consumption. The additive used is NaCl. The most significant results are on the one hand the significant increase in the produced hydrogen flow by the addition of the additive;on the other hand the advantage of gas liquor and urine compared to the others tested electrolytes.

Effect of boron on hot strips of low carbon steel produced by compact strip production

The effect of boron on hot strips of low carbon steel produced by compact strip production （CSP） to reduce the strength to a certain degree was investigated, which is quite different from that of high-strength low alloy steel. The mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of the hot strip were studied using optical microscopy and tensile tests. By means of an electrolytic dissolution technique and Thermo-Cal calculation, the precipitates containing boron were analyzed and detected. From the electron backscattered diffraction analysis, it can be deciphered whether the microstructure has recrystallized or not. Furthermore, the effect of boron segregation on the recrystallization or non-recrystallization conditions can be distinguished. The segregation behavior of boron was investigated in boron-containing steel. The nonequilibrium segregation of boron during processing was discussed on the basis of the forming complexes with vacancies that migrate to the boundaries prior to annihilation, which was confirmed by the subsequent cold rolling with annealing experiments.

固体氧化物电解槽辅助煤电机组深度调峰技术可行性研究

常规的煤电机组灵活性改造方案,难以消除频繁快速变负荷对热力系统造成的潜在寿命折损与设备安全风险。为提高煤电机组参与深度调峰的长期安全性与经济性,以某国产超超临界二次再热1000 MW燃煤机组为应用对象,提出了基于氢储能系统的煤电机组“健康调峰”技术路线,并论证了调峰煤电制氢的间接碳减排意义。在此基础上,分析比较了不同制氢工艺与煤电厂生产条件的匹配程度,认为固体氧化物电解槽(SOEC)制氢为综合最优方案,据此给出了SOEC耦合煤电调峰的原理性设计方案,最后以年度负荷曲线对新方案进行了财务分析。计算结果表明,示例机组自第6年起每年可获得1.07亿元/年的净利润,每年减少碳排放281.92 t,同时获得设备延寿、降耗减碳等其他收益。相关结论对于指导调峰煤电机组的健康安全运行具有参考意义。

融合设备状态和产品要求的电解铜箔制造工艺参数优化

针对当前电解铜箔制造工艺参数的优化仅考虑产品要求的问题,提出了一种融合设备状态和产品要求的电解铜箔制造工艺参数优化方法。首先,为辨识铜箔制造中工艺、设备与产品参数之间的非线性关系,建立了基于神经网络的“工艺-设备”与产品参数的映射模型,并通过构建当前生产模式与历史生产模式的相似性度量方法,确定当前工艺参数的优化初始点;然后,基于所建立的映射模型、设备状态和产品要求构建多目标约束函数,并利用遗传算法优化工艺参数,获得同时满足设备状态和产品要求的最佳工艺参数。企业的生产验证表明:相较于仅考虑产品要求的工艺优化方法,所提方法优化后的工艺参数能在相同的设备状态下获得质量更好的产品,在常温/高温抗拉强度、常温/高温延伸率和树脂剥离强度这5项关键指标上,分别提升了6.1 MPa、6.1 MPa、1.9%、0.7%和0.22 N/mm,生箔制备和表面处理的生产效率也提高了2.65%和7.5%,能够有效保证并提高铜箔的质量和生产效益。

电解锰行业清洁生产评价指标体系研究与应用

清洁生产评价指标体系研究对行业深入推进清洁生产具有重要意义,提出了适用于一般工业行业的“源头控制-过程减排-末端治理-循环利用”全过程清洁生产评价框架模型;构建了由生产工艺及装备等9个一级指标、45个二级指标组成的电解锰行业清洁生产评价指标体系,采用专家咨询-层次分析法确定各指标权重,其中电解锰渣无害化处理率和直流电耗指标的权重分别为0.092和0.050,反映出行业清洁生产的重点和关键点。对3家典型企业的清洁生产水平评价结果表明,案例企业对标Ⅰ级基准得分为40.78~77.26,与清洁生产Ⅰ级水平有差距,指标体系能有效反映电解锰企业的清洁生产水平。结合企业1实际情况,从生产工艺及装备等方面提出10项针对性的清洁生产改造措施建议,为企业推进清洁生产提供参考,也可为行业绿色低碳政策制定提供依据。

光——氢建筑能源系统园区容量配置鲁棒优化

碳中和目标促使全球建筑行业能源结构向低碳化、无碳化与清洁化的方向转型。为了开发更清洁、更高效的光伏耦合技术,零碳排燃料——氢能提供了一个新路径。同时,为了提高可再生能源消纳水平,促进能源系统综合发展,针对光——氢建筑电热不确定性,以年均综合成本最优为目标,考虑系统能量平衡条件、系统设备效力等约束条件,引入鲁棒性对偶变量,提出一种包含云储能(CES)的电-氢-热能源系统(EHT-ES)鲁棒优化方法,得到基于氢储能的微电网热电容量配置方案。结果表明,考虑光伏资源和电力负荷需求不确定性时,需增加10.05%光伏发电投建设备容量配置规模。

利用化工废水电解制氢电极及电解槽系统

中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所研究团队发展出以复合过渡金属为主要组成的复合电极作为AEM电解槽的阳极,镍基复合电极作为阴极的电极系统,可连续运行100 d,产氢的电效率可达到60%,该技术攻克了电解槽膜堵塞的难题,实现了化工废水的资源化利用转化为绿氢.

基于隐私保护的电解铝生产决策方法

在电解铝生产过程中,传统的人工控制决策方式已经难以适应现代铝电解生产要求,当下深度学习算法处理此类时间序列数据得到广泛应用,决策是否高效影响铝电解槽的稳定运行和高效产出铝。同时,数据隐私问题也不容忽视,隐私安全既影响电解铝生产过程又影响其正常使用,误用、滥用数据挖掘可能导致用户数据特别是敏感信息的泄露,而信息一旦丢失或泄漏将造成重大的损失。针对以上问题,提出一种利用改进LSTM模型结构结合优化ElGamal算法的电解铝决策方法:首先针对数据隐私问题提出了优化后的ElGamal算法;再针对电解铝数据特性改进LSTM模型结构与优化ElGamal算法的双结合。实验结果表明,本方法可以在保证决策隐私安全的情况下,性能优于传统方法,在实际情况中有参考的价值。

光伏电解水制氢储氢技术标准体系框架研究

为保障光伏制氢产业高质量发展,发挥标准的引领、支撑作用,通过分析我国光伏发电、电解水制氢、储氢技术现状及趋势,汇总了氢能终端应用的类型,并梳理了光伏电解水制氢储氢系统的应用场景,结合现行光伏产业标准体系、氢能产业标准体系,提炼光伏电解水制氢储氢标准需求,进而构建光伏电解水制氢储氢技术标准体系框架。

饲粮电解质平衡的生物学作用及其在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展

电解质是指在水溶液中能够解离成带电离子的化合物,其主要组成元素包括钠(Na^(+))、钾(K^(+))、氯(Cl^(-))、钙(Ca^(2+))、镁(Mg^(2+))等离子。饲粮电解质平衡(dEB)是指在畜禽饲粮中,不同电解质或正、负离子的含量和比例均达到适宜范围,以满足动物的生理需求并维持其正常生理功能。作为饲粮配方设计的关键要素之一,适当的dEB值可以有效提高饲粮营养物质利用率,改善动物健康状况,促进生长发育,对提高养殖业的经济和社会效益具有重要意义。因此,本文旨在对dEB的生物学作用及其在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展进行综述,以期为养殖业的可持续发展提供参考。

适用于光伏直驱的碱液电解制氢高效变流控制策略

电解水制氢技术的应用可更好地促进可再生能源的消纳,提升含高比例可再生能源的电力系统调节灵活性,碱性电解槽因成本低、结构简单、技术成熟等特征广泛应用于工业电解领域。然而,由于其低载工况电解效率较低,导致其难以全范围跟踪波动性可再生能源。针对这一问题,该文首先从电解槽激励电场分布的角度揭示高低载效率差异机理,并提出基于激励电场重塑的最优功率脉宽调制(OP-PWM)策略,然后设计适用于脉冲电解的双级式变流器,并对关键性控制参数进行分析。最后,通过搭建的光伏直驱电解制氢平台对所述理论进行验证。实验结果表明:相比于传统直流电解模式,OP-PWM策略可显著提升低载效率,提升幅度达到1.8倍。若将最小电解效率约束条件定为48%,则OP-PWM控制策略可将电解槽运行范围由28%~100%额定功率扩展至20%~100%额定功率。

考虑氢储能的多目标综合能源优化配置方案研究

针对可再生能源大规模并网带来的能源消纳需求,电制氢技术因其可将电能清洁高效地转换为氢能储存的特性,提供了一种有效的能源消纳方案。文中旨在研究考虑氢储能的多目标综合能源优化配置方案,首先提出包含可再生能源发电、电制氢、储能等环节的能源框架,进一步构建以投资成本低、可再生能源机组的弃风弃光量小和碳排放量低为目标的多目标调度模型,最后通过小生境粒子群算法在多个目标之间寻找最优解集。仿真结果表明,本方法可以得到系统投资成本低、可再生能源利用率高和碳排放量低的配置方案,以推动能源结构绿色转型。

适用于可再生能源制氢的大容量碱液电解槽建模研究

考虑分布式参数的影响,研究外部电场激励下大容量碱液电解槽的反应特性,发现电解槽的宏观物理结构对系统的运行特性有较大影响,基于此提出一种新型碱液制氢电解槽等效电路模型。通过对不同工况下电解槽的工作状态和反应过程进行分析,揭示外部电场对大容量碱液电解槽反应的激励机理。研究发现:相比于电极材料微观特性,电解槽的结构尺寸对宽范围工况下系统的运行特性起到更为关键的作用。最后,基于自制的碱液电解槽原理样机进行宽范围电解制氢实验,发现在不同工况下,所提模型均能较好地刻画电解槽的运行特性,并验证了模型的有效性。

可再生能源电解制氢宽范围运行控制策略

首先分析碱液电解制氢低载低效率的机理,发现通过重塑激励电场可有效提升系统低载效率。基于此,提出多模态自寻优(MMSO)电解制氢变流技术及其对应的变流器原理样机,并将所提控制策略应用于光伏直驱的2 Nm^(3)/h碱液电解槽(约10 kW)。发现相比于传统直流供电策略,所提策略具有以下优势:1)低载工况下,MMSO电解制氢变流控制策略最大效率提升超过两倍;2)效率≥50%约束下,系统运行范围从30%~100%扩大至10%~100%;3)碱液电解槽可全范围跟踪可再生能源出力。

水电解制氢的危险性与气体探测器设置的探讨

氢气作为推动绿色能源转型的重要候选燃料,具有易燃性,小分子结构,可通过脆化作用破坏管道和容器材料,易发生泄漏,具有较大的潜在风险。详细介绍了水电解制备氢气的危险性,包括相关的安全隐患和潜在风险,重点关注电解装置厂房气体探测系统的设计。根据IEC61511的建议,设计与电解装置相关的自动停机系统和恢复安全状态的控制策略,结合ISATR84.00.07推荐的气体探测布点方法,确定探测器的布设数量及位置,从而确保系统的有效性和准确性。

电解水制氢技术的研究现状及未来发展趋势

氢能作为向绿色低碳能源转型的重要抓手,受到了世界各国的广泛关注和极大重视。电解水制氢作为重要的绿色制氢技术,尤其是利用可再生能源转化的电力制氢,未来具有广阔的市场前景。通过分析4种主要电解水制氢技术和电解槽技术的研究现状,总结了电解水制氢技术的未来发展趋势。以期本研究可为碱性电解水制氢、质子交换膜电解水制氢、固体氧化物电解水制氢和阴离子交换膜电解水制氢技术的研究方向提供参考思路,助力电解水制氢技术的研发和商业化进程。